Viral Infections and Global Change

Herausgegeben von Singh, Sunit K.

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

A timely exploration of the impact of global change on the emergence, reemergence, and control of vector-borne and zoonotic viral infections

From massively destructive "superstorms" to rapidly rising sea levels, the world media is abuzz with talk of the threats to civilization posed by global warming. But one hazard that is rarely discussed is the dramatic rise in the number and magnitude of tropical virus outbreaks among human populations. One need only consider recent developments, such as the spread of chikungunya across southern Europe and dengue in Singapore, Brazil, and the southern United States, to appreciate the seriousness of that threat.

Representing a major addition to the world literature on the subject, Viral Infections and Global Change explores trends of paramount concern globally, regarding the emergence and reemergence of vector-borne and zoonotic viruses. It also provides up-to-date coverage of both the clinical aspects and basic science behind an array of specific emerging and reemerging infections, including everything from West Nile fever and Rift Valley fever to zoonotic hepatitis E and human bunyavirus.

Important topics covered include:
Epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, and evolutionary mechanisms
Host-pathogen interactions in an array of viral infections
The impact of climate change on historical viral outbreaks
The roles of socioeconomics, human behavior, and animal and human migrations
The growing prevalence of drug and pesticide resistance
The introduction of microbes and vectors through increased transboundary travel
Spillover transmissions and the emergence of viral outbreaks
Detecting and responding to threats from bioterrorism and emerging viral infections
Predictive modeling for emerging viral infections

Viral Infections and Global Change is an indispensable resource for research scientists, epidemiologists, and medical and veterinary students working in ecology, environmental management, climatology, neurovirology, virology, and infectious disease.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 660
• Erscheinungstermin: 9. Dezember 2013
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 254mm x 183mm x 36mm
• Gewicht: 1315g
• ISBN-13: 9781118297872
• ISBN-10: 1118297873
• Artikelnr.: 38020534

Autorenporträt

Dr. Sunit Kumar Singh is a Scientist & Project Leader in the Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunobiology, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India, Dr. Singh leads a research group in neurovirology, and his broad?areas of expertise?are in?neurovirology and neuroinflammation. Dr. Singh is a serving editorial board member for several journals in the field of infectious disease, including the PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases journal, and he has been the recipient of numerous awards including the Young Scientist Award, the Skinner Memorial Award and the AFS travel grant award.

Inhaltsangabe

Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Contributors xxv
About the Editor xxix
Part I General aspects 1
1 Climate Change And Vector-Borne Viral Diseases 3
Ying Zhang, Alana Hansen, and Peng Bi
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Epidemiology of VVD 4
1.3 Association between climatic variables and emerging VVD 6
1.4 Invasion of nonzoonotic vvd to humans 14
1.5 Implications and recommendations for prevention and control 14
References 16
2 Impact Of Climate Change On Vector-Borne Arboviral Episystems 21
Walter J. Tabachnick and Jonathan F. Day
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 The complex factors influencing mosquito-borne arbovirus episystems 24
2.3 West Nile virus 25
2.4 Dengue in Florida 28
2.5 Bluetongue 29
2.6 Conclusions 31
Acknowledgement 32
References 32
3 Influence Of Climate Change On Mosquito Development And Blood-Feeding
Patterns 35
William E. Walton and William K. Reisen
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Mosquito development 37
3.3 Blood-feeding patterns 46
References 52
4 Environmental Perturbations That Influence Arboviral Host Range: Insights
Into Emergence Mechanisms 57
Aaron C. Brault and William K. Reisen
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 The changing environment 59
4.3 Deforestation and the epizootic emergence of venezuelan equine
encephalitis virus 62
4.4 Rice, mosquitoes, pigs, and japanese encephalitis virus 63
4.5 Culex pipiens complex, house sparrows, urbanization, and west Nile
virus 66
4.6 Urbanization, global trade, and the reemergence of chikungunya virus 70
4.7 Conclusions 71
References 71
5 The Socio-Ecology Of Viral Zoonotic Transfer 77
Jonathan D. Mayer and Sarah Paige
5.1 Introduction 78
5.2 Historical perspective 78
5.3 Human-animal interface 79
5.4 Surveillance 79
5.5 Deforestation and fragmentation 80
5.6 Urbanization 81
5.7 Examples 82
5.8 Conclusion 84
References 84
6 Human Behavior And The Epidemiology Of Viral Zoonoses 87
Satesh Bidaisee, Cheryl Cox Macpherson, and Calum N.L. Macpherson
6.1 Introduction 88
6.2 Societal changes and the epidemiology of viral zoonoses 89
6.3 Viral zoonoses and human societal values 92
6.4 Human behavior and the epidemiology of vector-borne viral zoonoses 93
6.5 Human behavior and the epidemiology of respiratory viral zoonoses 96
6.6 Human behavior and the epidemiology of waterborne viral zoonoses 98
6.7 Human behavior and the epidemiology of wildlife-associated viral
zoonoses 101
6.8 The role of human behavior in the control of viral zoonoses 103
References 104
7 Global Trave l, Trade, And The Spread Of Viral Infections 111
Brian D. Gushulak and Douglas W. MacPherson
7.1 Introduction 112
7.2 Basic principles 113
7.3 An overview of population mobility 113
7.4 The dynamics of modern population mobility 114
7.5 Human population mobility and the spread of viruses 115
7.6 The biological aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses
117
7.7 The demographic aspects of population mobility and the spread of
viruses 119
7.8 Potential impact of climate change 126
7.9 Conclusion 127
References 128
8 Effects Of Land-Use Changes And Agricultural Practices On The Emergence
And Reemergence Of Human Viral Diseases 133
Kimberly Fornace, Marco Liverani, Jonathan Rushton, and Richard Coker
8.1 Introduction 134
8.2 Ecological and environmental changes 136
8.3 Agricultural change 139
8.4 Demographic changes 141
8.5 Land use, disease emergence, and multifactorial causation 143
8.6 Conclusion 145
References 145
9 Animal Migration And Risk Of Spread Of Viral Infections 151
Diann J. Prosser, Jessica Nagel, and John Y. Takekawa
9.1 Introduction 152
9.2 Does animal migration increase risk of viral spread? 152
9.3 Examples of migratory animals and spread of viral disease 157
9.4 Climate change effects on animal migration and viral zoonoses 166
9.5 Shifts in timing of migration and range extents 166
9.6 Combined effects of climate change, disease, and migration 167
9.7 Conclusions and future directions 169
Acknowledgements 170
References 170
10 Illegal Animal And (Bush) Meat Trade Associated Risk Of Spread Of Viral
Infections 179
Christopher Kilonzo, Thomas J. Stopka, and Bruno Chomel
10.1 Introduction 180
10.2 Search strategy and selection criteria 180
10.3 The bushmeat trade 181
10.4 Bushmeat hunting and emerging infectious diseases 181
10.5 Risk factors and modes of transmission 183
10.6 Conservation and wildlife sustainability 184
10.7 Case study: The role of the bushmeat trade in the evolution of Hiv 185
10.8 Illegal trade of domestic animals and exotic pets 186
10.9 Discussion and future directions 187
10.10 Prevention and control: From supply and demand to health education
techniques 187
10.11 New technologies 188
10.12 Collaboration: Multidisciplinary advances and next steps 189
10.13 Conclusion 190
Conflicts of interest 190
References 190
11 Biological Significance Of Bats As A Natural Reservoir Of Emerging
Viruses 195
Angela M. Bosco-Lauth and Richard A. Bowen
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 Bats as exemplars of biodiversity 196
11.3 Bats are reservoir hosts for zoonotic and emerging pathogens 197
11.4 Contact rate as a driver for emergence of bat-associated zoonoses 203
11.5 Potential impact of climate change on viruses transmitted by bats 205
11.6 Conclusions 206
References 206
12 Role And Strategies Of Surveillance Networks In Handling Emerging And
Reemerging Viral Infections 213
Carlos Castillo-Salgado
12.1 Introduction 214
12.2 Global trend of viral infectious agents and diseases 214
12.3 Recognized importance of public health surveillance 215
12.4 Definition and scope of public health surveillance 216
12.5 Key functions and uses of disease surveillance 217
12.6 New expansion of surveillance by the ihr-2005 218
12.7 Emergence of new global surveillance networks 218
12.8 Global influenza surveillance and who's pandemic influenza
preparedness framework 219
12.9 Early warning surveillance systems 220
12.10 Innovative approaches for surveillance 222
12.11 Electronic and web-based information platforms for information
reporting, sharing, and dissemination 222
12.12 Real-time and near real-time information 223
12.13 New updated statistical methods for tracking viral and infectious
disease outbreaks 223
12.14 Using proxy and compiled web-based information from different sources
225
12.15 Incorporation of public-private partnerships in surveillance
activities 226
12.16 Use of volunteer sentinel physicians 226
12.17 Improving guidelines and protocols for viral surveillance 226
12.18 Incorporating health situation rooms or strategic command centers for
monitoring, analysis, and response in surveillance efforts 227
12.19 Challenges of viral and public health surveillance 228
References 229
13 Predictive Modeling Of Emerging Infections 233
Anna L. Buczak, Steven M. Babin, Brian H. Feighner, Phillip T. Koshute, and
Sheri H. Lewis
13.1 Introduction 233
13.2 Types of models 234
13.3 Remote sensing and its use in disease outbreak prediction 235
13.4 Approaches to modeling and their evaluation 241
13.5 Examples of prediction models 244
13.6 Conclusion 250
References 250
14 Developments And Challenges In Diagnostic Virology 255
Luisa Barzon, Laura Squarzon, Monia Pacenti, and Giorgio Palù
14.1 Introduction 256
14.2 Preparedness 258
14.3 Challenges in diagnosis of emerging viral infections 259
14.4 Approaches to the diagnosis of emerging viral infections 260
14.5 Conclusions 267
Acknowledgement 268
References 268
15 Advances In Detecting And Responding To Threats From Bioterrorism And
Emerging Viral Infections 275
Stephen A. Morse and Angela Weber
15.1 Introduction 276
15.2 Emerging, reemerging, and intentionally emerging diseases 276
15.3 Bioterrorism 278
15.4 Viruses as bioweapons 279
15.5 Impact of biotechnology 282
15.6 Deterrence, recognition, and response 284
15.7 Public health surveillance 288
15.8 Conclusion 291
References 291
16 Molecular And Evolutionary Mechanisms Of Viral Emergence 297
Juan Carlos Saiz, Francisco Sobrino, Noemí Sevilla, Verónica Martín, Celia
Perales, and Esteban Domingo
16.1 Introduction: Biosphere and virosphere diversities 298
16.2 Virus variation as a factor in viral emergence: a role of complexity
299
16.3 High error rates originate quasispecies swarms 300
16.4 Evolutionary mechanisms that may participate in viral disease
emergence 302
16.5 Ample genetic and host range variations of fmdv: a human epidemic to
be? 304
16.6 The arbovirus host alternations: high exposure to environmental
modifications 307
16.7 Arenaviruses: As an emerging threat 313
16.8 Conclusion 315
Acknowledgement 316
References 316
17 Drivers Of Emergence And Sources Of Future Emerging And Reemerging Viral
Infections 327
Leslie A. Reperant and Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus
17.1 Introduction 328
17.2 Prehistoric and historic unfolding of the drivers of disease emergence
329
17.3 Proximal drivers of disease emergence and sources of future emerging
and reemerging viral infections 334
17.4 Further insights from the theory of island biogeography 338
References 339
18 Spillover Transmission And Emergence Of Viral Outbreaks In Humans 343
Sunit K. Singh
18.1 Introduction 343
18.2 Major anthropogenic factors responsible for spillover 344
18.3 Major viral factors playing a role in spillover 347
18.4 Intermediate hosts and species barriers in viral transmission 349
18.5 Conclusion 349
References 349
Part II Specific Infections 353
19 New, Emerging, And Reemerging Respiratory Viruses 355
Fleur M. Moesker, Pieter L.A. Fraaij, and Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus
19.1 Introduction 356
19.2 Influenza viruses 359
19.3 Human metapneumovirus 362
19.4 Human coronaviruses: SARS and non-SARS 363
19.5 Human bocavirus 366
19.6 KI and WU polyomaviruses 367
19.7 Nipah and hendra viruses 368
19.8 Conclusion 369
19.9 List of abbreviations 369
References 370
20 Emergence Of Zoonotic Orthopox Virus Infections 377
Tomoki Yoshikawa, Masayuki Saijo, and Shigeru Morikawa
20.1 Smallpox, a representative orthopoxvirus infection: The eradicated
non-zoonotic orthopoxvirus 377
20.2 Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses 379
Acknowledgement 387
References 387
21 Biological Aspects Of The Interspecies Transmission Of Selected Coronavi
ruses 393
Anastasia N. Vlasova and Linda J. Saif
21.1 Introduction 393
21.2 Coronavirus classification and pathogenesis 397
21.3 Natural reservoirs and emergence of new coronaviruses 399
21.4 Alpha-, beta- and gamma coronaviruses: cross-species transmission 404
21.5 Anthropogenic factors and climate influence on coronavirus diversity
and outbreaks 407
21.6 Conclusion 410
References 410
22 Impac t Of Environmental And Social Factors On Ross River Virus
Outbreaks 419
Craig R. Williams and David O. Harley
22.1 Introduction 420
22.2 History of mosquito-borne epidemic polyarthritis outbreaks in
australia and the pacific 420
22.3 RRV transmission cycles have a variety of ecologies 421
22.4 Typical environmental determinants of RRV activity 422
22.5 Social determinants of RRV disease activity 423
22.6 A Conceptual framework for understanding the influence of
environmental and social factors on RRV disease activity 423
22.7 Climate Change and RRV 427
22.8 Conclusion 427
Acknowledgement 428
References 428
23 Infection Patterns And Emergence Of O'nyong-Nyong Virus 433
Ann M. Powers
23.1 Introduction 433
23.2 History of outbreaks 434
23.3 Clinical manifestations 435
23.4 Epidemiology 435
23.5 Factors affecting emergence 437
23.6 Conclusion 440
References 441
24 Zoonotic Hepa titis E: Animal Reservoirs, Emerging Risks, And Impact Of
Climate Change 445
Nicole Pavio and Jérôme Bouquet
24.1 Introduction 446
24.2 HEV biology and classification 446
24.3 Pathogenesis in humans 449
24.4 Animal Reservoirs 451
24.5 Zoonotic and Interspecies Transmission of HEV and HEV-like viruses 454
24.6 HEV in the environment 456
24.7 Climate change and impact on HEV exposure 457
24.8 Prevention 458
24.9 Conclusion 458
Acknowledgement 459
References 459
25 Impact Of Climate Change On Outbreaks Of Arenaviral Infections 467
James Christopher Clegg
25.1 Introduction 467
25.2 Natural history of arenaviruses 468
25.3 Predicted climate changes 470
25.4 Arenaviral diseases and climate change 471
References 473
26 Emerging And Reemerging Human Bunyavirus Infections And Climate Change
477
Laura J. Sutherland, Assaf Anyamba, and A. Desiree LaBeaud
26.1 Introduction 478
26.2 Bunyaviridae family 478
26.3 Climate Change and Bunyaviridae: Climatic influences on transmission
cycles and subsequent risk for transmission of bunyaviruses 482
26.4 Disease spread due to growing geographic distribution of competent
vectors 485
26.5 using climate as a means for outbreak prediction 486
26.6 Future problems 489
References 489
27 Emerging Trend Of Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, And Rotavi ruses
In Human Viral
Gastroenteritis 495
Daniel Cowley, Celeste Donato, and Carl D. Kirkwood
27.1 Introduction 496
27.2 Emerging trends in rotaviruses 497
27.3 Emerging trends in enteric adenoviruses 501
27.4 Emerging trends in astroviruses 504
28 Emerging Human Norovirus Infections 517
Melissa K. Jones, Shu Zhu, and Stephanie M. Karst
28.1 Introduction 517
28.2 Norovirus epidemiology 518
28.3 Features of norovirus outbreaks 519
28.4 Clinical features of norovirus infection 521
28.5 Host Susceptibility 522
28.6 Effect of increased size of immunocompromised population 522
28.7 Effect of globalization of the food market on norovirus spread 523
28.8 Effect of climate change 525
References 525
29 Emergence Of Novel Viruses (Toscana, Usutu) In Population And Climate
Change 535
Mari Paz Sánchez-Seco Fariñas and Ana Vazquez
29.1 Introduction 536
29.2 TOSV 536
29.3 USUV 542
29.4 Conclusions 550
30 Borna Disease Virus And The Search For Human Infection 557
Kathryn M. Carbone and Juan Carlos de la Torre
30.1 Introduction 558
30.2 Long-standing controversy around bdv as a human pathogen 559
30.3 A negative is impossible to prove, but do we have enough evidence to
stop looking? 560
30.4 Recent improvements in testing for evidence of bdv in human samples
562
30.4.1 Serology 562
30.4.2 Nucleic acid tests 563
30.5 The possibilities for clinical expression of human bdv infection are
myriad and almost impossible to predict 563
30.6 Epidemiology: the "new" frontier of human bdv studies? 565
30.7 Where do we go from here? 566
Acknowledgement 568
References 568
31 Tick-Transmitted Viruses And Climate Change 573
Agustín Estrada-Peña, Zdenek Hubálek, and Ivo Rudolf
31.1 Introduction 574
31.2 Ticks in nature 575
31.3 Family Flaviviridae 576
31.4 Family Bunyaviridae 583
31.5 Family Reoviridae 590
31.5.1 Colorado tick fever virus 590
31.5.2 Kemerovo virus 590
31.5.3 Tribeè virus 591
31.6 Family Orthomyxoviridae 591
31.6.1 Thogoto virus 591
31.6.2 Dhori virus 592
31.7 Other tick-transmitted viruses 592
31.8 Conclusions 592
Acknowledgements 594
References 594
32 The Tick-Virus Interface 603
Kristin L. McNally and Marshall E. Bloom
32.1 Introduction 604
32.2 Viruses within the tick vector 605
32.3 Saliva-assisted transmission 609
32.4 Summary and future directions 611
Acknowledgements 612
References 612
Index 617

Rezensionen

"I learnt so much from the book and enjoyed reading it. It is definitely a welcome and timely addition to the biomedical literature." (Microbiology Today, 1 August 2014)

"The healthcare professionals and scientists best equipped to prevent an actual viral apocalypse will have Viral Infections and Global Change at hand, rather than a machete. Or maybe both." (Clinical Infectious Diseases, 25 April 2014)