Every day, large quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere from both anthropogenic and natural sources. The formation of gaseous and particulate secondary products caused by oxidation of VOCs is one of the largest unknowns in the quantitative prediction of the earth's climate on a regional and global scale, and on the understanding of local air quality. To be able to model and control their impact, it is essential to understand the sources of VOCs, their distribution in the atmosphere and the chemical transformations which remove these compounds from the…mehr
Every day, large quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere from both anthropogenic and natural sources. The formation of gaseous and particulate secondary products caused by oxidation of VOCs is one of the largest unknowns in the quantitative prediction of the earth's climate on a regional and global scale, and on the understanding of local air quality. To be able to model and control their impact, it is essential to understand the sources of VOCs, their distribution in the atmosphere and the chemical transformations which remove these compounds from the atmosphere. In recent years techniques for the analysis of organic compounds in the atmosphere have been developed to increase the spectrum of detectable compounds and their detection limits. New methods have been introduced to increase the time resolution of those measurements and to resolve more complex mixtures of organic compounds. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere describes the current state of knowledge of the chemistry of VOCs as well as the methods and techniques to analyse gaseous and particulate organic compounds in the atmosphere. The aim is to provide an authoritative review to address the needs of both graduate students and active researchers in the field of atmospheric chemistry research.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Ralf Koppmann was until recently deputy director of the Institute for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, Institute II: Troposphere at the Research Centre Jülich, Germany and is now Professor of Physics and head of the Atmospheric Physics Department at the University of Wuppertal, Germany. Contributors: Dr Lucy J. Carpenter Dr Paolo Ciccioli Prof. Allen Goldstein Dr. Jacqui F. Hamilton Professor. Thorsten Hoffmann Dr Alastair C. Lewis Dr Michela Mannozzi Dr Simon O'Doherty Dr. Stefan Reimann Dr James Roberts Dr. Jochen Rudolph Dr Paul Shepson Dr. Allison Steiner Dr Joerg Warnke Dr. Jürgen Wildt Dr. Jonathan Williams
Inhaltsangabe
Preface ix List of Contributors xi 1 Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere: An Overview 1 Jonathan Williams and Ralf Koppmann 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Sources 3 1.3 Sinks 5 1.4 Atmospheric distribution 7 1.5 Measurement tools 9 1.6 Modelling tools 10 1.7 How organic species affect the atmosphere 12 1.8 Open questions and future directions 15 References 19 2 Anthropogenic VOCs 33 Stefan Reimann and Alastair C. Lewis 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Sources of anthropogenic VOCs 33 2.3 Atmospheric distribution of VOCs 45 2.4 Chemical behaviour of VOCs in the atmosphere 55 2.5 Measurement techniques 60 References 70 3 Biogenic VOCs 82 Allison H. Steiner and Allen L. Goldstein 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Sources of biogenic VOCs 83 3.3 Emission inventories of biogenic VOCs 97 3.4 Global distribution of biogenic VOCs 103 3.5 Impact on photooxidants and atmospheric chemistry 107 3.6 Sampling and measurement techniques 114 3.7 Future directions 116 References 117 4 Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds 129 Ralf Koppmann and Jürgen Wildt 4.1 Introduction 129 4.2 Tropospheric mixing ratios and global distribution 130 4.3 Sources of OVOCs 137 4.4 Sinks of OVOCs 149 4.5 Budgets and emission inventories 154 4.6 Sampling and measurement techniques 155 4.7 Future directions 160 Acknowledgement 160 References 160 5 Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds 173 Simon J. O'Doherty and Lucy J. Carpenter 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Sources of halogenated VOCs 179 5.3 Atmospheric concentrations: trends and distribution 187 5.4 Sinks of halogenated VOCs 192 5.5 Emission inventories 204 5.6 Sampling techniques 207 5.7 Measurement techniques 210 References 214 6 PAN and Related Compounds 221 James M. Roberts 6.1 The chemistry of PANs 222 6.2 Atmospheric formation 229 6.3 Measurement and calibration techniques 237 6.4 Atmospheric measurements 243 6.5 Modelling and interpretation of ambient measurements 249 6.6 Conclusions 255 Acknowledgements 256 References 256 7 Organic Nitrates 269 Paul B. Shepson 7.1 Introduction 269 7.2 Production mechanism 271 7.3 Measurement methods 274 7.4 Atmospheric measurements 276 7.5 Fate 282 7.6 Conclusions 285 References 286 8 High-Molecular-Weight Carbonyls and Carboxylic Acids 292 Paolo Ciccioli and Michela Mannozzi 8.1 Introduction 292 8.2 Sources 293 8.3 Atmospheric levels 309 8.4 Reactivity and impact on the atmosphere 324 8.5 Sampling and analysis 329 8.6 Conclusions 333 References 334 9 Organic Aerosols 342 Thorsten Hoffmann and Jörg Warnke 9.1 Introduction 342 9.2 Carbonaceous aerosols 345 9.3 Analysis of organic aerosols 365 Further reading 375 References 375 10 Gas Chromatography-Isotope RatioMass Spectrometry 388 Jochen Rudolph 10.1 Introduction 388 10.2 Fundamentals of stable isotope ratios of VOCs 389 10.3 Experimental methods 405 10.4 Kinetic isotope effects 420 10.5 Stable isotope ratios of atmospheric VOC and their sources 447 10.6 Conclusions 458 References 460 11 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography 467 Jacqueline F. Hamilton and Alastair C. Lewis 11.1 Introduction 467 11.2 Fundamentals of comprehensive gas chromatography 468 11.3 Modulators 471 11.4 Detectors 474 11.5 Examples of GC × GC use in atmospheric samples 475 11.6 Conclusions 482 Further reading 486 References 486 Index 489 Color plate appears between pages 268 and 269
Preface ix List of Contributors xi 1 Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere: An Overview 1 Jonathan Williams and Ralf Koppmann 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Sources 3 1.3 Sinks 5 1.4 Atmospheric distribution 7 1.5 Measurement tools 9 1.6 Modelling tools 10 1.7 How organic species affect the atmosphere 12 1.8 Open questions and future directions 15 References 19 2 Anthropogenic VOCs 33 Stefan Reimann and Alastair C. Lewis 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Sources of anthropogenic VOCs 33 2.3 Atmospheric distribution of VOCs 45 2.4 Chemical behaviour of VOCs in the atmosphere 55 2.5 Measurement techniques 60 References 70 3 Biogenic VOCs 82 Allison H. Steiner and Allen L. Goldstein 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Sources of biogenic VOCs 83 3.3 Emission inventories of biogenic VOCs 97 3.4 Global distribution of biogenic VOCs 103 3.5 Impact on photooxidants and atmospheric chemistry 107 3.6 Sampling and measurement techniques 114 3.7 Future directions 116 References 117 4 Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds 129 Ralf Koppmann and Jürgen Wildt 4.1 Introduction 129 4.2 Tropospheric mixing ratios and global distribution 130 4.3 Sources of OVOCs 137 4.4 Sinks of OVOCs 149 4.5 Budgets and emission inventories 154 4.6 Sampling and measurement techniques 155 4.7 Future directions 160 Acknowledgement 160 References 160 5 Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds 173 Simon J. O'Doherty and Lucy J. Carpenter 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Sources of halogenated VOCs 179 5.3 Atmospheric concentrations: trends and distribution 187 5.4 Sinks of halogenated VOCs 192 5.5 Emission inventories 204 5.6 Sampling techniques 207 5.7 Measurement techniques 210 References 214 6 PAN and Related Compounds 221 James M. Roberts 6.1 The chemistry of PANs 222 6.2 Atmospheric formation 229 6.3 Measurement and calibration techniques 237 6.4 Atmospheric measurements 243 6.5 Modelling and interpretation of ambient measurements 249 6.6 Conclusions 255 Acknowledgements 256 References 256 7 Organic Nitrates 269 Paul B. Shepson 7.1 Introduction 269 7.2 Production mechanism 271 7.3 Measurement methods 274 7.4 Atmospheric measurements 276 7.5 Fate 282 7.6 Conclusions 285 References 286 8 High-Molecular-Weight Carbonyls and Carboxylic Acids 292 Paolo Ciccioli and Michela Mannozzi 8.1 Introduction 292 8.2 Sources 293 8.3 Atmospheric levels 309 8.4 Reactivity and impact on the atmosphere 324 8.5 Sampling and analysis 329 8.6 Conclusions 333 References 334 9 Organic Aerosols 342 Thorsten Hoffmann and Jörg Warnke 9.1 Introduction 342 9.2 Carbonaceous aerosols 345 9.3 Analysis of organic aerosols 365 Further reading 375 References 375 10 Gas Chromatography-Isotope RatioMass Spectrometry 388 Jochen Rudolph 10.1 Introduction 388 10.2 Fundamentals of stable isotope ratios of VOCs 389 10.3 Experimental methods 405 10.4 Kinetic isotope effects 420 10.5 Stable isotope ratios of atmospheric VOC and their sources 447 10.6 Conclusions 458 References 460 11 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography 467 Jacqueline F. Hamilton and Alastair C. Lewis 11.1 Introduction 467 11.2 Fundamentals of comprehensive gas chromatography 468 11.3 Modulators 471 11.4 Detectors 474 11.5 Examples of GC × GC use in atmospheric samples 475 11.6 Conclusions 482 Further reading 486 References 486 Index 489 Color plate appears between pages 268 and 269
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