Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. As the author of Fathering Behaviors, Plenum, 1985 and The American father, Plenum, 1996, W. C. Mackey is a social scientist who has researched topics in anthropology, criminal justice and criminology, psychology, and sociology in his academic and professional career. He also co-authored the 2000 book Gender Roles, Traditions and Generations to Come: The Collision of Competing Interests and the Feminist Paradox with Nancy S. Coney for Nova Science Publishing.One of his widely cited criminal justice articles is "Police Violence as a Function of Community Characteristics," (with Dr. Richard R. E. Kania) which appeared in Criminology in 1977. He revisited the topic in 2009 with Dr. Vance McLaughlin in an article in Criminal Justice Studies, Police-Caused Homicides in the U.S. as a Function of Community Characteristics: Revisiting a Set of Relationships froma Previous Generation. In both studies he and his colleagues demonstrated strong correlations between police decision-making in deadly-force situations and features of the communities the police served.