Provides a thorough overview of the process, equipment, and techniques used for softening water with potassium chloride (KCl) regenerant Sodium chloride (NaCl) is typically used to soften water, yet the resulting sodium-rich runoff has no benefits and poses human health and environmental problems. Water Softening with Potassium Chloride lays out an alternative approach that offers a "win-win" for both the environment and softening performance. Written by the pioneer of the process, this unique resource presents the background, research data and studies, pro and con arguments, and practical…mehr
Provides a thorough overview of the process, equipment, and techniques used for softening water with potassium chloride (KCl) regenerant Sodium chloride (NaCl) is typically used to soften water, yet the resulting sodium-rich runoff has no benefits and poses human health and environmental problems. Water Softening with Potassium Chloride lays out an alternative approach that offers a "win-win" for both the environment and softening performance. Written by the pioneer of the process, this unique resource presents the background, research data and studies, pro and con arguments, and practical applications involved in using potassium chloride for water softening. The coverage in this comprehensive reference includes: * What is potassium chloride? * What is hard water? * Lowering water hardness * The ion exchange process * Basic chemistry of ion exchange * Operation and types of water softeners * Potassium chloride regenerant for water softening * Comparison of KCl and NaCl as regenerants * Environmental Insiderations * Potassium and human health * Ongoing research Along with the above topics, appendices describe a standard test protocol for comparing sodium chloride and potassium chloride and provide data obtained from a comprehensive comparison study. Water Softening with Potassium Chloride is an unmatched reference for professional water treatment specialists, environmental science researchers, students in these and related fields, as well as members of the public interested in making a positive impact on the environment.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
WILLIAM WIST (deceased) spent eleven years at Central Canada Potash as a lab technician, senior chemist, and chief chemist. After joining Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan Inc. in 1980 as chief chemist, he set up and equipped a new research and development laboratory for them. From 1988 until his retirement in 2005, he was chief chemist and pilot plant supervisor. Bill spearheaded the research and development of the use of potassium chloride as a water softening regenerant, in addition to other projects involving potash product quality and analytical procedures. JAY H. LEHR holds a PhD in environmental science from the University of Arizona and an engineering degree from Princeton University. He is the author of twenty-eight books and over 600 journal and magazine articles. He has taught at the University of Arizona and The Ohio State University, directed a professional society of environmental scientists, and formed a variety of environmental teaching and consulting firms. ROD McEACHERN holds a PhD in chemistry from the University of Saskatchewan. He currently works as the Director of R&D with the Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan Inc. in Saskatoon, Canada. His research interests include the application of new technology to environmental stewardship through improved air pollution abatement equipment, improved waste management practices, and process improvements to potash operations.
Inhaltsangabe
PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii 1 WHAT IS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE? 1 Saskatchewan Potash History 2 Potash Mining 3 Solution Mining 9 Processing Potash Ore 13 Storage, Transportation, and Distribution of Potash 27 Potash Products 29 2 WHAT IS HARD WATER? 34 Definition of Hard Water 34 How Hard Water is Created 35 Problems Associated With Hard Water 37 How Hard Water is Measured 39 Uniform Degrees of Hardness 40 Types of Hardness 40 3 LOWERING WATER HARDNESS 43 Ion Exchange 44 Deionization or Demineralization 45 Reverse Osmosis 47 Distillation 49 Precipitation 50 4 THE ION EXCHANGE PROCESS 54 Synthesis and Structure of Ion Exchange Resins 55 Types of Ion Exchange Resins 56 Household Water Softening 57 Typical Household Water Softeners 59 Cocurrent and Countercurrent Regeneration 64 Mathematical Treatment of Ion Exchange Equilibria 66 Selectivity of Ion Exchange Reactions 75 5 BASIC CHEMISTRY OF ION EXCHANGE 78 The Building Blocks of Matter 78 Atomic and Molecular Weights 80 Cations and Anions 83 Chemical Reactions 84 6 OPERATION AND TYPES OF WATER SOFTENERS 86 Historical Methods of Regeneration 86 Operation of a Typical Water Softener 87 Common Sequences of Cycles 93 Types of Water Softeners 93 Sizing a Water Softener 96 7 POTASSIUM CHLORIDE REGENERANT FOR WATER SOFTENING 99 Alternate Regenerants 99 Potassium Chloride Regenerant 101 Initial Comparison of KCl and NaCl 102 Challenges When Using KCl as a Regenerant 110 Frequently Asked Questions 112 8 COMPARISON OF KCl AND NaCl AS REGENERANT 115 Definition of Terms 115 Theoretical Capacities of KCl and NaCl Regenerants 118 Calculation of Regeneration Efficiency 120 Sizing a Softener for Salt Efficiency 121 Implications for Salt Consumption 123 Total Salt Released to the Environment 127 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Solubility 129 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Speed of Dissolution 130 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Capacity 132 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Used and Unused Regenerant 135 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Release of Chlorides to the Environment 138 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Taste 139 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Generation of Fines 144 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Sodium Content of Softened Water 145 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Potassium Content of Softened Water 154 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Total Dissolved Solids 154 9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 157 Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Soil 159 Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Septic Systems 162 Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Sewage Treatment Systems 164 Potassium versus Sodium: Sewage Sludge 166 Potassium versus Sodium: Algae Growth 166 Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Plants and Animals 169 Potassium versus Sodium: Use of Recycled Graywater 170 Recycling Regenerant Wastewater 171 Use of Regenerant Wastewater Studies at University of California, Davis 172 In Conclusion 177 10 POTASSIUM AND HUMAN HEALTH 183 Overview 183 Introduction 184 Cellular Physiology of Potassium 184 Potassium Balance 186 Defects in Potassium Elimination 188 Medical Conditions Related to Potassium Excess 189 Medical Conditions Related to Potassium Deficit 191 Indirect Role of Potassium in Health 199 Summary 200 11 ONGOING RESEARCH 209 Iron and Manganese Removal 209 Grade of KCl Regenerant 213 Cocurrent versus Countercurrent Regeneration 215 Portable Exchange Tanks 217 Research into Alternate Regenerants 220 APPENDIX 1 STANDARD TEST PROTOCOL FOR COMPARISON OF KCl AND NaCl REGENERANTS 223 Protocol Development 223 Standard Test Protocol 226 APPENDIX 2 LABORATORY DATA OBTAINED WITH THE STANDARD TEST PROTOCOL 233 APPENDIX 3 ACCELERATED MUSH TEST 243 Apparatus 243 Method 244 INDEX 245
PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii 1 WHAT IS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE? 1 Saskatchewan Potash History 2 Potash Mining 3 Solution Mining 9 Processing Potash Ore 13 Storage, Transportation, and Distribution of Potash 27 Potash Products 29 2 WHAT IS HARD WATER? 34 Definition of Hard Water 34 How Hard Water is Created 35 Problems Associated With Hard Water 37 How Hard Water is Measured 39 Uniform Degrees of Hardness 40 Types of Hardness 40 3 LOWERING WATER HARDNESS 43 Ion Exchange 44 Deionization or Demineralization 45 Reverse Osmosis 47 Distillation 49 Precipitation 50 4 THE ION EXCHANGE PROCESS 54 Synthesis and Structure of Ion Exchange Resins 55 Types of Ion Exchange Resins 56 Household Water Softening 57 Typical Household Water Softeners 59 Cocurrent and Countercurrent Regeneration 64 Mathematical Treatment of Ion Exchange Equilibria 66 Selectivity of Ion Exchange Reactions 75 5 BASIC CHEMISTRY OF ION EXCHANGE 78 The Building Blocks of Matter 78 Atomic and Molecular Weights 80 Cations and Anions 83 Chemical Reactions 84 6 OPERATION AND TYPES OF WATER SOFTENERS 86 Historical Methods of Regeneration 86 Operation of a Typical Water Softener 87 Common Sequences of Cycles 93 Types of Water Softeners 93 Sizing a Water Softener 96 7 POTASSIUM CHLORIDE REGENERANT FOR WATER SOFTENING 99 Alternate Regenerants 99 Potassium Chloride Regenerant 101 Initial Comparison of KCl and NaCl 102 Challenges When Using KCl as a Regenerant 110 Frequently Asked Questions 112 8 COMPARISON OF KCl AND NaCl AS REGENERANT 115 Definition of Terms 115 Theoretical Capacities of KCl and NaCl Regenerants 118 Calculation of Regeneration Efficiency 120 Sizing a Softener for Salt Efficiency 121 Implications for Salt Consumption 123 Total Salt Released to the Environment 127 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Solubility 129 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Speed of Dissolution 130 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Capacity 132 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Used and Unused Regenerant 135 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Release of Chlorides to the Environment 138 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Taste 139 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Generation of Fines 144 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Sodium Content of Softened Water 145 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Potassium Content of Softened Water 154 Comparison of KCl and NaCl: Total Dissolved Solids 154 9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 157 Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Soil 159 Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Septic Systems 162 Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Sewage Treatment Systems 164 Potassium versus Sodium: Sewage Sludge 166 Potassium versus Sodium: Algae Growth 166 Potassium versus Sodium: Impact on Plants and Animals 169 Potassium versus Sodium: Use of Recycled Graywater 170 Recycling Regenerant Wastewater 171 Use of Regenerant Wastewater Studies at University of California, Davis 172 In Conclusion 177 10 POTASSIUM AND HUMAN HEALTH 183 Overview 183 Introduction 184 Cellular Physiology of Potassium 184 Potassium Balance 186 Defects in Potassium Elimination 188 Medical Conditions Related to Potassium Excess 189 Medical Conditions Related to Potassium Deficit 191 Indirect Role of Potassium in Health 199 Summary 200 11 ONGOING RESEARCH 209 Iron and Manganese Removal 209 Grade of KCl Regenerant 213 Cocurrent versus Countercurrent Regeneration 215 Portable Exchange Tanks 217 Research into Alternate Regenerants 220 APPENDIX 1 STANDARD TEST PROTOCOL FOR COMPARISON OF KCl AND NaCl REGENERANTS 223 Protocol Development 223 Standard Test Protocol 226 APPENDIX 2 LABORATORY DATA OBTAINED WITH THE STANDARD TEST PROTOCOL 233 APPENDIX 3 ACCELERATED MUSH TEST 243 Apparatus 243 Method 244 INDEX 245
Es gelten unsere Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen: www.buecher.de/agb
Impressum
www.buecher.de ist ein Internetauftritt der buecher.de internetstores GmbH
Geschäftsführung: Monica Sawhney | Roland Kölbl | Günter Hilger
Sitz der Gesellschaft: Batheyer Straße 115 - 117, 58099 Hagen
Postanschrift: Bürgermeister-Wegele-Str. 12, 86167 Augsburg
Amtsgericht Hagen HRB 13257
Steuernummer: 321/5800/1497
USt-IdNr: DE450055826
