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The Ottoman Empire was unprepared for the massive conflict of World War I. Lacking the infrastructure and resources necessary to wage a modern war, the empire's statesmen reached beyond the battlefield to sustain their war effort. They placed unprecedented hardships onto the shoulders of the Ottoman people: mass conscription, a state-controlled economy, widespread food shortages, and ethnic cleansing. By war's end, few aspects of Ottoman daily life remained untouched. When the War Came Home reveals the catastrophic impact of this global conflict on ordinary Ottomans. Drawing on a wide range of…mehr
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The Ottoman Empire was unprepared for the massive conflict of World War I. Lacking the infrastructure and resources necessary to wage a modern war, the empire's statesmen reached beyond the battlefield to sustain their war effort. They placed unprecedented hardships onto the shoulders of the Ottoman people: mass conscription, a state-controlled economy, widespread food shortages, and ethnic cleansing. By war's end, few aspects of Ottoman daily life remained untouched. When the War Came Home reveals the catastrophic impact of this global conflict on ordinary Ottomans. Drawing on a wide range of sources-from petitions, diaries, and newspapers to folk songs and religious texts-Yi¿it Ak¿n examines how Ottoman men and women experienced war on the home front as government authorities intervened ever more ruthlessly in their lives. The horrors of war brought home, paired with the empire's growing demands on its people, fundamentally reshaped interactions between Ottoman civilians, the military, and the state writ broadly. Ultimately, Ak¿n argues that even as the empire lost the war on the battlefield, it was the destructiveness of the Ottoman state's wartime policies on the home front that led to the empire's disintegration.
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Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: Stanford University Press
- Seitenzahl: 288
- Erscheinungstermin: 13. März 2018
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 226mm x 151mm x 22mm
- Gewicht: 400g
- ISBN-13: 9781503604902
- ISBN-10: 150360490X
- Artikelnr.: 48862594
- Verlag: Stanford University Press
- Seitenzahl: 288
- Erscheinungstermin: 13. März 2018
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 226mm x 151mm x 22mm
- Gewicht: 400g
- ISBN-13: 9781503604902
- ISBN-10: 150360490X
- Artikelnr.: 48862594
Yi¿it Ak¿n is Assistant Professor of History at Tulane University.
Contents and Abstracts
Introduction
chapter abstract
The Ottoman Empire's Great War lasted four years and required the most
comprehensive mobilization of men and resources in its long history. Four
interrelated factors influenced the CUP government's policies and played a
prominent role in shaping the empire's wartime experience: its
infrastructural deficiencies, which curtailed its ability to wage a
full-scale modern war; its lack of access to global resources and the need
to fight the war within its borders; its disastrous performance during the
Balkan Wars, immediately predating World War I; and, finally, the
Unionists' perception of the war as an opportunity to restructure the
empire demographically. The interweaving of these four factors rendered the
Ottoman experience of World War I not only different from that in earlier
wars, but also considerably distinct from the experiences of the other
World War I belligerents.
1From the Balkan Wars to the Great War
chapter abstract
This chapter discusses the profound impact the Balkan Wars (1912-13) had on
the way the Ottoman Empire waged World War I. At all levels of Ottoman
society, defeat in the First Balkan War by four smaller Balkan armies was
perceived as evidence of imperial decline and led to widespread
demoralization. It also sharpened the Ottoman leaders' awareness of the
empire's weaknesses, however, and inspired a new sense of urgency. The
defeat taught the CUP government that modern wars required much greater
preparation and much deeper penetration of the state into society than had
been the case in the past. This led to a series of reform measures
regarding the military, a tightened Unionist grip on the empire's political
and social life, an expanded civil society network, and a heavy use of
religious rhetoric in civil society activism and the army.
2From the Fields to the Ranks
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the first stage of turning of Ottoman civilians
into soldiers during the three months between August and October 1914 and
its impact on the civilian population. Mobilization not only forced
hundreds of thousands of conscripts into the ranks of the imperial army, it
heralded an entirely new situation for Ottoman civilians. The prevailing
sense of urgency in the CUP and an overwhelming fear of being caught
unprepared led to an unprecedentedly harsh intrusion of the state into
people's lives. These social and economic disruptions would have deeply
unsettling effects on millions on the home front.
3Filling the Ranks, Emptying Homes
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the experiences of Ottoman soldiers and their
families throughout the conflict. Over the course of the war and despite
considerable odds, the Ottoman Empire succeeded in mobilizing hundreds of
thousands of civilians, dramatically altering the lives of millions.
Mobilization on such a massive scale was disruptive for society and ruinous
for the economy, even at the beginning of the conflict. As the war dragged
on, however, enormous losses compelled the authorities to hone the state's
extractive capacity to harness untapped manpower sources. Along with the
state's increasingly harsh wartime policies, this chapter also examines
real and figurative links between the battlefronts and the home front as
they became increasingly complicated over the course of the conflict.
4Feeding the Army, Starving the People
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the Ottoman state's provisioning policies during
the war. In the absence of external sources, the CUP government wrestled
with enormous difficulties in supplying the army's needs while preventing
starvation among the civilian population. The naval blockade of the empire,
frequent natural disasters, and, especially, the significant loss of
manpower to conscription and ethnic cleansing made it virtually impossible
for the government to meet the needs of the soldiers and the civilian
population at the same time. The government experimented with various
provisioning systems and policies to address the problem, all of which
dramatically increased the presence in people's everyday lives of the
state, its regulations, and its representatives, imposing new burdens upon
Ottoman civilians.
5In the Home: Wives and Mothers
chapter abstract
Although the war touched the lives of nearly everyone, it was Ottoman women
who bore the brunt of the conflict on the home front and suffered most of
its traumatic effects. The absence of men from communal life and the
state's ruthless encroachment altered the circumstances of Ottoman women
beyond all recognition. Everywhere they had to work much longer and harder,
doing conscripted men's work on top of the domestic work they already
performed. The war also upset the established patterns of Ottoman women's
personal, familial, and public presence in this largely patriarchal
society. Wartime conditions forced them to deal with issues beyond their
immediate households as they struggled to survive. As a result, Ottoman
women came into much more frequent and proximate contact with state
officials as well as with other men on the home front.
6On the Road: Refugees and Deportees
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the individual and collective experiences of the
Ottoman people as refugees and deportees in the cruel world of mass
migration. Throughout the war, the Ottoman Empire was the scene of
large-scale deportations and refugee movements. Millions of people either
fled their homes to escape the enemy or were forcibly deported. The Ottoman
government diligently worked to regulate and track the movement and
settlement of refugees and deportees. The relocation and settlement problem
was perceived by the Ottoman elites as a unique "opportunity" to redesign
Ottoman society demographically and eliminate or neutralize elements in it
perceived as "undesirable." By the end of the war, this policy had uprooted
Ottoman Armenians from their ancient homelands and led to their
devastation.
Conclusion
chapter abstract
By the time the guns fell silent in October 1918, Ottoman society had been
deeply traumatized by the enormous casualties it had sustained, a
devastated economic infrastructure, voluntary and involuntary displacement,
ethnic cleansing, political instability, and cultural anxiety. Virtually
every Ottoman citizen, regardless of age, gender, or ethno-religious
affiliation, had to cope with deprivation, bereavement, and hardships of
all kinds. By the war's end, the legitimacy of the state, the CUP, the
army, and, above all, of the empire itself had been significantly
diminished in the eyes of the majority.
Introduction
chapter abstract
The Ottoman Empire's Great War lasted four years and required the most
comprehensive mobilization of men and resources in its long history. Four
interrelated factors influenced the CUP government's policies and played a
prominent role in shaping the empire's wartime experience: its
infrastructural deficiencies, which curtailed its ability to wage a
full-scale modern war; its lack of access to global resources and the need
to fight the war within its borders; its disastrous performance during the
Balkan Wars, immediately predating World War I; and, finally, the
Unionists' perception of the war as an opportunity to restructure the
empire demographically. The interweaving of these four factors rendered the
Ottoman experience of World War I not only different from that in earlier
wars, but also considerably distinct from the experiences of the other
World War I belligerents.
1From the Balkan Wars to the Great War
chapter abstract
This chapter discusses the profound impact the Balkan Wars (1912-13) had on
the way the Ottoman Empire waged World War I. At all levels of Ottoman
society, defeat in the First Balkan War by four smaller Balkan armies was
perceived as evidence of imperial decline and led to widespread
demoralization. It also sharpened the Ottoman leaders' awareness of the
empire's weaknesses, however, and inspired a new sense of urgency. The
defeat taught the CUP government that modern wars required much greater
preparation and much deeper penetration of the state into society than had
been the case in the past. This led to a series of reform measures
regarding the military, a tightened Unionist grip on the empire's political
and social life, an expanded civil society network, and a heavy use of
religious rhetoric in civil society activism and the army.
2From the Fields to the Ranks
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the first stage of turning of Ottoman civilians
into soldiers during the three months between August and October 1914 and
its impact on the civilian population. Mobilization not only forced
hundreds of thousands of conscripts into the ranks of the imperial army, it
heralded an entirely new situation for Ottoman civilians. The prevailing
sense of urgency in the CUP and an overwhelming fear of being caught
unprepared led to an unprecedentedly harsh intrusion of the state into
people's lives. These social and economic disruptions would have deeply
unsettling effects on millions on the home front.
3Filling the Ranks, Emptying Homes
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the experiences of Ottoman soldiers and their
families throughout the conflict. Over the course of the war and despite
considerable odds, the Ottoman Empire succeeded in mobilizing hundreds of
thousands of civilians, dramatically altering the lives of millions.
Mobilization on such a massive scale was disruptive for society and ruinous
for the economy, even at the beginning of the conflict. As the war dragged
on, however, enormous losses compelled the authorities to hone the state's
extractive capacity to harness untapped manpower sources. Along with the
state's increasingly harsh wartime policies, this chapter also examines
real and figurative links between the battlefronts and the home front as
they became increasingly complicated over the course of the conflict.
4Feeding the Army, Starving the People
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the Ottoman state's provisioning policies during
the war. In the absence of external sources, the CUP government wrestled
with enormous difficulties in supplying the army's needs while preventing
starvation among the civilian population. The naval blockade of the empire,
frequent natural disasters, and, especially, the significant loss of
manpower to conscription and ethnic cleansing made it virtually impossible
for the government to meet the needs of the soldiers and the civilian
population at the same time. The government experimented with various
provisioning systems and policies to address the problem, all of which
dramatically increased the presence in people's everyday lives of the
state, its regulations, and its representatives, imposing new burdens upon
Ottoman civilians.
5In the Home: Wives and Mothers
chapter abstract
Although the war touched the lives of nearly everyone, it was Ottoman women
who bore the brunt of the conflict on the home front and suffered most of
its traumatic effects. The absence of men from communal life and the
state's ruthless encroachment altered the circumstances of Ottoman women
beyond all recognition. Everywhere they had to work much longer and harder,
doing conscripted men's work on top of the domestic work they already
performed. The war also upset the established patterns of Ottoman women's
personal, familial, and public presence in this largely patriarchal
society. Wartime conditions forced them to deal with issues beyond their
immediate households as they struggled to survive. As a result, Ottoman
women came into much more frequent and proximate contact with state
officials as well as with other men on the home front.
6On the Road: Refugees and Deportees
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the individual and collective experiences of the
Ottoman people as refugees and deportees in the cruel world of mass
migration. Throughout the war, the Ottoman Empire was the scene of
large-scale deportations and refugee movements. Millions of people either
fled their homes to escape the enemy or were forcibly deported. The Ottoman
government diligently worked to regulate and track the movement and
settlement of refugees and deportees. The relocation and settlement problem
was perceived by the Ottoman elites as a unique "opportunity" to redesign
Ottoman society demographically and eliminate or neutralize elements in it
perceived as "undesirable." By the end of the war, this policy had uprooted
Ottoman Armenians from their ancient homelands and led to their
devastation.
Conclusion
chapter abstract
By the time the guns fell silent in October 1918, Ottoman society had been
deeply traumatized by the enormous casualties it had sustained, a
devastated economic infrastructure, voluntary and involuntary displacement,
ethnic cleansing, political instability, and cultural anxiety. Virtually
every Ottoman citizen, regardless of age, gender, or ethno-religious
affiliation, had to cope with deprivation, bereavement, and hardships of
all kinds. By the war's end, the legitimacy of the state, the CUP, the
army, and, above all, of the empire itself had been significantly
diminished in the eyes of the majority.
Contents and Abstracts
Introduction
chapter abstract
The Ottoman Empire's Great War lasted four years and required the most
comprehensive mobilization of men and resources in its long history. Four
interrelated factors influenced the CUP government's policies and played a
prominent role in shaping the empire's wartime experience: its
infrastructural deficiencies, which curtailed its ability to wage a
full-scale modern war; its lack of access to global resources and the need
to fight the war within its borders; its disastrous performance during the
Balkan Wars, immediately predating World War I; and, finally, the
Unionists' perception of the war as an opportunity to restructure the
empire demographically. The interweaving of these four factors rendered the
Ottoman experience of World War I not only different from that in earlier
wars, but also considerably distinct from the experiences of the other
World War I belligerents.
1From the Balkan Wars to the Great War
chapter abstract
This chapter discusses the profound impact the Balkan Wars (1912-13) had on
the way the Ottoman Empire waged World War I. At all levels of Ottoman
society, defeat in the First Balkan War by four smaller Balkan armies was
perceived as evidence of imperial decline and led to widespread
demoralization. It also sharpened the Ottoman leaders' awareness of the
empire's weaknesses, however, and inspired a new sense of urgency. The
defeat taught the CUP government that modern wars required much greater
preparation and much deeper penetration of the state into society than had
been the case in the past. This led to a series of reform measures
regarding the military, a tightened Unionist grip on the empire's political
and social life, an expanded civil society network, and a heavy use of
religious rhetoric in civil society activism and the army.
2From the Fields to the Ranks
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the first stage of turning of Ottoman civilians
into soldiers during the three months between August and October 1914 and
its impact on the civilian population. Mobilization not only forced
hundreds of thousands of conscripts into the ranks of the imperial army, it
heralded an entirely new situation for Ottoman civilians. The prevailing
sense of urgency in the CUP and an overwhelming fear of being caught
unprepared led to an unprecedentedly harsh intrusion of the state into
people's lives. These social and economic disruptions would have deeply
unsettling effects on millions on the home front.
3Filling the Ranks, Emptying Homes
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the experiences of Ottoman soldiers and their
families throughout the conflict. Over the course of the war and despite
considerable odds, the Ottoman Empire succeeded in mobilizing hundreds of
thousands of civilians, dramatically altering the lives of millions.
Mobilization on such a massive scale was disruptive for society and ruinous
for the economy, even at the beginning of the conflict. As the war dragged
on, however, enormous losses compelled the authorities to hone the state's
extractive capacity to harness untapped manpower sources. Along with the
state's increasingly harsh wartime policies, this chapter also examines
real and figurative links between the battlefronts and the home front as
they became increasingly complicated over the course of the conflict.
4Feeding the Army, Starving the People
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the Ottoman state's provisioning policies during
the war. In the absence of external sources, the CUP government wrestled
with enormous difficulties in supplying the army's needs while preventing
starvation among the civilian population. The naval blockade of the empire,
frequent natural disasters, and, especially, the significant loss of
manpower to conscription and ethnic cleansing made it virtually impossible
for the government to meet the needs of the soldiers and the civilian
population at the same time. The government experimented with various
provisioning systems and policies to address the problem, all of which
dramatically increased the presence in people's everyday lives of the
state, its regulations, and its representatives, imposing new burdens upon
Ottoman civilians.
5In the Home: Wives and Mothers
chapter abstract
Although the war touched the lives of nearly everyone, it was Ottoman women
who bore the brunt of the conflict on the home front and suffered most of
its traumatic effects. The absence of men from communal life and the
state's ruthless encroachment altered the circumstances of Ottoman women
beyond all recognition. Everywhere they had to work much longer and harder,
doing conscripted men's work on top of the domestic work they already
performed. The war also upset the established patterns of Ottoman women's
personal, familial, and public presence in this largely patriarchal
society. Wartime conditions forced them to deal with issues beyond their
immediate households as they struggled to survive. As a result, Ottoman
women came into much more frequent and proximate contact with state
officials as well as with other men on the home front.
6On the Road: Refugees and Deportees
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the individual and collective experiences of the
Ottoman people as refugees and deportees in the cruel world of mass
migration. Throughout the war, the Ottoman Empire was the scene of
large-scale deportations and refugee movements. Millions of people either
fled their homes to escape the enemy or were forcibly deported. The Ottoman
government diligently worked to regulate and track the movement and
settlement of refugees and deportees. The relocation and settlement problem
was perceived by the Ottoman elites as a unique "opportunity" to redesign
Ottoman society demographically and eliminate or neutralize elements in it
perceived as "undesirable." By the end of the war, this policy had uprooted
Ottoman Armenians from their ancient homelands and led to their
devastation.
Conclusion
chapter abstract
By the time the guns fell silent in October 1918, Ottoman society had been
deeply traumatized by the enormous casualties it had sustained, a
devastated economic infrastructure, voluntary and involuntary displacement,
ethnic cleansing, political instability, and cultural anxiety. Virtually
every Ottoman citizen, regardless of age, gender, or ethno-religious
affiliation, had to cope with deprivation, bereavement, and hardships of
all kinds. By the war's end, the legitimacy of the state, the CUP, the
army, and, above all, of the empire itself had been significantly
diminished in the eyes of the majority.
Introduction
chapter abstract
The Ottoman Empire's Great War lasted four years and required the most
comprehensive mobilization of men and resources in its long history. Four
interrelated factors influenced the CUP government's policies and played a
prominent role in shaping the empire's wartime experience: its
infrastructural deficiencies, which curtailed its ability to wage a
full-scale modern war; its lack of access to global resources and the need
to fight the war within its borders; its disastrous performance during the
Balkan Wars, immediately predating World War I; and, finally, the
Unionists' perception of the war as an opportunity to restructure the
empire demographically. The interweaving of these four factors rendered the
Ottoman experience of World War I not only different from that in earlier
wars, but also considerably distinct from the experiences of the other
World War I belligerents.
1From the Balkan Wars to the Great War
chapter abstract
This chapter discusses the profound impact the Balkan Wars (1912-13) had on
the way the Ottoman Empire waged World War I. At all levels of Ottoman
society, defeat in the First Balkan War by four smaller Balkan armies was
perceived as evidence of imperial decline and led to widespread
demoralization. It also sharpened the Ottoman leaders' awareness of the
empire's weaknesses, however, and inspired a new sense of urgency. The
defeat taught the CUP government that modern wars required much greater
preparation and much deeper penetration of the state into society than had
been the case in the past. This led to a series of reform measures
regarding the military, a tightened Unionist grip on the empire's political
and social life, an expanded civil society network, and a heavy use of
religious rhetoric in civil society activism and the army.
2From the Fields to the Ranks
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the first stage of turning of Ottoman civilians
into soldiers during the three months between August and October 1914 and
its impact on the civilian population. Mobilization not only forced
hundreds of thousands of conscripts into the ranks of the imperial army, it
heralded an entirely new situation for Ottoman civilians. The prevailing
sense of urgency in the CUP and an overwhelming fear of being caught
unprepared led to an unprecedentedly harsh intrusion of the state into
people's lives. These social and economic disruptions would have deeply
unsettling effects on millions on the home front.
3Filling the Ranks, Emptying Homes
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the experiences of Ottoman soldiers and their
families throughout the conflict. Over the course of the war and despite
considerable odds, the Ottoman Empire succeeded in mobilizing hundreds of
thousands of civilians, dramatically altering the lives of millions.
Mobilization on such a massive scale was disruptive for society and ruinous
for the economy, even at the beginning of the conflict. As the war dragged
on, however, enormous losses compelled the authorities to hone the state's
extractive capacity to harness untapped manpower sources. Along with the
state's increasingly harsh wartime policies, this chapter also examines
real and figurative links between the battlefronts and the home front as
they became increasingly complicated over the course of the conflict.
4Feeding the Army, Starving the People
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the Ottoman state's provisioning policies during
the war. In the absence of external sources, the CUP government wrestled
with enormous difficulties in supplying the army's needs while preventing
starvation among the civilian population. The naval blockade of the empire,
frequent natural disasters, and, especially, the significant loss of
manpower to conscription and ethnic cleansing made it virtually impossible
for the government to meet the needs of the soldiers and the civilian
population at the same time. The government experimented with various
provisioning systems and policies to address the problem, all of which
dramatically increased the presence in people's everyday lives of the
state, its regulations, and its representatives, imposing new burdens upon
Ottoman civilians.
5In the Home: Wives and Mothers
chapter abstract
Although the war touched the lives of nearly everyone, it was Ottoman women
who bore the brunt of the conflict on the home front and suffered most of
its traumatic effects. The absence of men from communal life and the
state's ruthless encroachment altered the circumstances of Ottoman women
beyond all recognition. Everywhere they had to work much longer and harder,
doing conscripted men's work on top of the domestic work they already
performed. The war also upset the established patterns of Ottoman women's
personal, familial, and public presence in this largely patriarchal
society. Wartime conditions forced them to deal with issues beyond their
immediate households as they struggled to survive. As a result, Ottoman
women came into much more frequent and proximate contact with state
officials as well as with other men on the home front.
6On the Road: Refugees and Deportees
chapter abstract
This chapter focuses on the individual and collective experiences of the
Ottoman people as refugees and deportees in the cruel world of mass
migration. Throughout the war, the Ottoman Empire was the scene of
large-scale deportations and refugee movements. Millions of people either
fled their homes to escape the enemy or were forcibly deported. The Ottoman
government diligently worked to regulate and track the movement and
settlement of refugees and deportees. The relocation and settlement problem
was perceived by the Ottoman elites as a unique "opportunity" to redesign
Ottoman society demographically and eliminate or neutralize elements in it
perceived as "undesirable." By the end of the war, this policy had uprooted
Ottoman Armenians from their ancient homelands and led to their
devastation.
Conclusion
chapter abstract
By the time the guns fell silent in October 1918, Ottoman society had been
deeply traumatized by the enormous casualties it had sustained, a
devastated economic infrastructure, voluntary and involuntary displacement,
ethnic cleansing, political instability, and cultural anxiety. Virtually
every Ottoman citizen, regardless of age, gender, or ethno-religious
affiliation, had to cope with deprivation, bereavement, and hardships of
all kinds. By the war's end, the legitimacy of the state, the CUP, the
army, and, above all, of the empire itself had been significantly
diminished in the eyes of the majority.