Irus Braverman

Wild Life

The Institution of Nature

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Irus Braverman is Professor of Law and Adjunct Professor of Geography at the University of Buffalo, SUNY. She is the author of Planted Flags: Trees, Land, and Law in Israel/Palestine (2009), Zooland: The Institution of Captivity (2012), and coeditor of The Expanding Spaces of Law: A Timely Legal Geography (2014).

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Stanford University Press
• Seitenzahl: 344
• Erscheinungstermin: 22. April 2015
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 236mm x 156mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 588g
• ISBN-13: 9780804793223
• ISBN-10: 0804793220
• Artikelnr.: 41748725

Autorenporträt

Irus Braverman is Professor of Law and Adjunct Professor of Geography at the University of Buffalo, SUNY. She is the author of Planted Flags: Trees, Land, and Law in Israel/Palestine (2009), Zooland: The Institution of Captivity (2012), and coeditor of The Expanding Spaces of Law: A Timely Legal Geography (2014).

Inhaltsangabe

Contents and Abstracts
1Bifurcated Life
chapter abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the institution of the divide between in situ and ex
situ and traces the administrative, disciplinary, regulatory, and
historical perspectives of this divide. A collage of narratives by numerous
conservationists demonstrates how the in situ and ex situ terminology has
shaped their thinking and everyday practices. The chapter also dedicates
considerable attention to the meaning of nature, both in its manifestation
as wilderness and in the context of the recent debate over the
Anthropocene. Throughout, this chapter highlights the deep commitment and
simultaneous ambivalence toward the idea of wild nature on the part of
conservationists, who oscillate between eroding the in situ - ex situ
dichotomy and fortifying it.
2Captive Life
chapter abstract
Chapter 2 opens with the story of Marius, the giraffe killed by the
Copenhagen Zoo for being "surplus" to the genetically managed ex situ
population of his subspecies. The chapter traces the evolution of the zoo
into the quintessential site of ex situ conservation, a capacity that is
most pronounced in the depiction of zoos as Noah's arks or as "insurance"
populations. This chapter highlights the ethical dilemmas that
conservationists confront upon deciding if and when to transfer the last
surviving members of imperiled species into captivity, and the divergence
between the focus on individual animals by animal rights activists and the
species-oriented focus by conservationists. Finally, the chapter discusses
those species and individuals who are captive-for-life-for whom the captive
facilities are the only viable habitat. Such situations not only question
the traditional in situ - ex situ distinctions, but also the nature of ex
situ itself.
3Continuous Life
chapter abstract
Chapter 3 documents how conservation is currently morphing into a continuum
between the two poles of in situ and ex situ. From the endless combinations
of in situ and ex situ, the chapter briefly describes seven inter situ
nodes: genebanks, zoo breeding centers, conservation farms, conservation
hatcheries, protected areas, wildlife refuges, and national parks. The
chapter starts with the node perceived by many of my interviewees as
closest to the ex situ-or captive-pole, and gradually moves along the
continuum toward what is generally perceived as closest to the in situ-or
wilderness-pole. While documenting the continuum approach in species
conservation, this chapter simultaneously challenges the continuum's linear
and prefixed constructions. Throughout, the chapter points to the inherent
messiness and fluidity between and within the sites. While the
practitioners who perform this work are fully aware of this messiness,
their conceptual framework often lags far behind.
4Dynamic Life
chapter abstract
Because of the complexities and sensitivities of the interrelations between
in situ and ex situ, the movement between the various nodes on the
continuum has become its own site of management. Chapter 4 focuses on the
primary mode of movement from captivity into the wild-reintroductions-and
on the "soft law" that regulates them. A discussion of the reintroductions
of the Schaus swallowtail butterfly and the eastern hellbender serves to
demonstrate some of the difficulties that ensue when animals are physically
transferred between captive and wild settings, and some of the strategies
taken up by conservationists to deal with such difficulties.
5Regulatory Life
chapter abstract
Chapter 5 centers on the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. This
focus serves the book's broader goal of exploring the powers and the limits
of legal devices for regulating conservation, and their reinforcement and
negotiations of the in situ - ex situ divide. The chapter shows how this
divide still matters for administrators who assess, count, or discount
animal bodies for listing and recovery. It discusses four legal strategies
through which ESA norms and related practices distinguish captive from
wild: the definition of "take," the designation of non-essential
experimental populations, hybridization policies, and split listing
practices. The chapter also illustrates the critical importance of
categorizing animal bodies as existing either in situ or ex situ for
assigning them with legal protections, as well as the negotiations that
take place within this regulatory sphere to account for the fluidity and
variation of conservation practices.
6Integrated Life
chapter abstract
Chapter 6 turns to focus on databases and population management. The
chapter demonstrates how the two distinct in situ and ex situ models
increasingly bleed into one another and how certain computer models for
population management potentially enable the integration of the previously
separate in situ and ex situ models. The science of small population
management that has emerged to address the fragmentation and low numbers of
animal populations in both zoos and the wild provides the scientific
language for bridging between the previously disparate management models.
CBSG's One Plan approach in particular translates the geographic and
genetic fragmentation of populations, and the alienation between their
managers, into integrative networks. Although the rhetorical distinction
between in situ and ex situ conservation is far from dead, the
interconnections between these two conservation poles through approaches
such as the One Plan are increasingly realized in practice.
Conclusion: Wild Life
chapter abstract
Wild Life concludes with the story of Rotoroa Island in New Zealand,
demonstrating the emerging understanding among certain conservationists
that nature may need to be managed in perpetuity. This understanding raises
urgent questions about nature's definition, the definition of conservation,
and the role that managing both nonhumans and humans should play in the
conservation of natures.
Introduction: Natural Life
chapter abstract
Partula snails, Puerto Rican crested toads, Rio Grande silvery minnows, and
dusky seaside sparrows are but a few species stories reflected upon in the
introduction. Each story reveals one aspect in the complex interrelations
between wild and captive management. As the stories show, government
agencies, field experts, zoo administrators, and population managers are
only a fraction of the massive, behind-the-scenes international network of
knowledge, genetic material, and real animals that comprise global
conservation today, all entangled in messy efforts to battle extinction and
save life. The stories also present in vivid detail the attempts by
conservationists to integrate the previously insular and bifurcated
conservation systems: conservation "in" and "outside" the wild (in situ and
ex situ). And while these stories all focus on life and survival, they are
inevitably also about death and extinction.