This work aimed to investigate the teaching work process in its relationship with mental health and psychological illness. The focus was on teachers in public and public schools, as teacher illness is increasing in Brazil, as well as the devaluation of this profession. This devaluation has serious consequences for teachers' health, causing the so-called identity crisis experienced by these workers, who find themselves unable to cope with various factors that impede their performance. The results indicate that the accelerated change of the globalised world brings significant transformations to the profession of teachers today and also to the function of education. The public and private sectors of Brazilian education, although they differ in terms of infrastructure and financial conditions, end up conceiving the same problem related to education: its function for parents, students and society. The Psychologist's work and the Psychodynamics of Work seek a look at the worker's health, which enables and promotes listening and thus the elaboration and resignification of suffering.