Zinc Oxide Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Applications

Herausgeber: Litton, Cole W; Willoughby, Arthur; Kasap, Safa O; Capper, Peter; Reynolds, Donald C; Collins, Thomas C

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This book provides a complete coverage of all the essentials of zinc oxide material properties, growth, processing, characterization, and devices in a single volume. In addition, the book treats the recent advances including crystal growth, processing, and doping, and also the device problems and issues that seem to be impeding the commercialization of devices. Edited by highly respected and internationally recognized researchers in the field of zinc oxide, this book is ideal for university students, government, and industrial research and development laboratories engaged in zinc oxide research.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley
• Seitenzahl: 400
• Erscheinungstermin: 7. Juni 2011
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 249mm x 173mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 816g
• ISBN-13: 9780470519714
• ISBN-10: 0470519711
• Artikelnr.: 32733729

Autorenporträt

The three coeditors, Dr. Cole W. Litton, Dr. Donald C. Reynolds and Dr. Thomas C. Collins, are internationally recognized experts in field of the physics of semiconductors, with an emphasis on the optical, electrical and structural properties and crystal growth of these materials, especially zinc oxide and the other Group II-VI semiconductor materials, as well as the III-V compound semiconductor materials and their electronic and optoelectronic devices. Each of the editors has authored more than 500 scientific/technical papers, book chapters, and technical/scientific books over professional careers that have spanned much of the past 30 to 40 years.

Inhaltsangabe

Series Preface xv Preface xvii List of Contributors xxi 1 Fundamental
Properties of ZnO 1 T. C. Collins and R. J. Hauenstein 1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Overview 1 1.1.2 Organization of Chapter 2 1.2 Band Structure 2 1.2.1
Valence and Conduction Bands 2 1.3 Optical Properties 5 1.3.1 Free and
Bound Excitons 5 1.3.2 Effects of External Magnetic Field on ZnO Excitons 6
1.3.3 Strain Field 8 1.3.4 Spatial Resonance Dispersion 9 1.4 Electrical
Properties 10 1.4.1 Intrinsic Electronic Transport Properties 10 1.4.2
n-type Doping and Donor Levels 11 1.4.3 p-type Doping and Dopability 13
1.4.4 Schottky Barriers and Ohmic Contacts 17 1.5 Band Gap Engineering 19
1.5.1 Homovalent Heterostructures 20 1.5.2 Heterovalent Heterostructures 22
1.6 Spintronics 22 1.7 Summary 25 References 25 2 Optical Properties of ZnO
29 D. C. Reynolds, C. W. Litton and T. C. Collins 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2
Free Excitons 29 2.3 Strain Splitting of the G5 and G6 Free Excitons in ZnO
35 2.4 Photoluminescence from the Two Polar Faces of ZnO 36 2.5
Bound-Exciton Complexes in ZnO 38 2.6 Similarities in the Photoluminescence
Mechanisms of ZnO and GaN 46 2.7 The Combined Effects of Screening and Band
Gap Renormalization on the Energy of Optical Transitions in ZnO and GaN 51
2.8 Closely Spaced Donor-Acceptor Pairs in ZnO 55 2.9 Summary 58 References
58 3 Electrical Transport Properties in Zinc Oxide 61 B. Claflin and D. C.
Look 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Hall-Effect Analysis 62 3.2.1 Single-Band
Conduction 62 3.2.2 Two-Band Mixed Conduction 65 3.2.3 Conducting Surface
Layers 66 3.3 Donor States and n-type Doping 66 3.3.1 Native Point Defects
- Donors 68 3.3.2 Substitutional Donors 69 3.4 Hydrogen 69 3.5 Acceptor
States and p-type Doping 70 3.5.1 Native Point Defects - Acceptors 71 3.5.2
Substitutional Acceptors 72 3.6 Photoconductivity 76 3.7 Summary 78
References 78 4 ZnO Surface Properties and Schottky Contacts 87 Leonard J.
Brillson 4.1 Historical Background of Schottky Contacts on ZnO 87 4.1.1 ZnO
Surface Effects 88 4.1.2 Early Schottky Barrier Studies 90 4.2 Recent
Schottky Barrier Studies 91 4.2.1 Surface Cleaning in Vacuum 91 4.2.2
Surface Cleaning Effects on Impurities and Defects 92 4.3 The Influence of
Surface Preparation on Schottky Barriers 93 4.4 The Influence of Defects on
Schottky Barriers 97 4.5 The Influence of ZnO Polarity on Schottky Barriers
102 4.6 The Influence of Chemistry 103 4.7 Charge Transport and Extended
Metal-ZnO Schottky Barriers 108 4.8 Conclusion 110 Acknowledgements 110
References 110 5 Native Point Defects and Doping in ZnO 113 Anderson
Janotti and Chris G. Van de Walle 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Theoretical
Framework 114 5.3 Native Point Defects 115 5.3.1 Oxygen Vacancies 117 5.3.2
Zinc Interstitials 119 5.3.3 Zinc Antisites 120 5.3.4 Zinc Vacancies 121
5.3.5 Defect Migration 121 5.4 Donor Impurities 125 5.4.1 Aluminum, Gallium
and Indium 125 5.4.2 Fluorine 125 5.4.3 Hydrogen 125 5.5 Acceptor
Impurities 129 5.5.1 Lithium 129 5.5.2 Copper 129 5.5.3 Nitrogen 129 5.5.4
Phosphorous, Arsenic and Antimony 130 5.5.5 Co-Doping 130 5.6 Isoelectronic
Impurities 131 Acknowledgements 131 References 131 6 Spectral
Identification of Impurities and Native Defects in ZnO 135 B.K. Meyer, D.M.
Hofmann, J. Stehr and A. Hoffmann 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Optical
Spectroscopy 136 6.2.1 Excitons Bound to Shallow Donors 136 6.2.2
Recombinations Caused by Nitrogen and Arsenic Doping 145 6.3 Magnetic
Resonance Investigations 153 6.3.1 Shallow Donors 154 6.3.2 Deep Level
Defects 158 6.3.3 Extrinsic Acceptors: Li, Na and N 161 6.3.4 Intrinsic
Acceptors 166 References 166 7 Vapor Transport Growth of ZnO Substrates and
Homoepitaxy of ZnO Device Layers 171 Gene Cantwell, Jizhi Zhang and J.J.
Song 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Transport Theory and Comparison with Growth
Data 172 7.3 Characterization 175 7.3.1 Crystallinity 175 7.3.2 Purity 176
7.3.3 Electrical 177 7.3.4 Optical 178 7.4 In-situ Doping 180 7.5 ZnO
Homoepitaxy 181 7.5.1 Substrate Preparation 182 7.5.2 Homoepitaxial Films
on c-plane SCVT ZnO Substrates 183 7.5.3 ZnO Homoepitaxial Films on a-plane
SCVT ZnO Substrates 185 7.6 Summary 185 Acknowledgement 186 References 186
8 Growth Mechanisms and Properties of Hydrothermal ZnO 189 M. J. Callahan,
Dirk Ehrentraut, M. N. Alexander and Buguo Wang 8.1 Introduction 189 8.2
Overview of Hydrothermal Solution Growth 190 8.3 Thermodynamics of
Hydrothermal Growth of ZnO 190 8.3.1 Solubility of ZnO in Various Aqueous
Media 190 8.3.2 ZnO Phase Stability in H2O System 191 8.4 Hydrothermal
Growth Techniques 194 8.4.1 Hydrothermal Growth of ZnO Powder 194 8.4.2
Hydrothermal Crystal Growth of ZnO Single Crystals 194 8.4.3 Industrial
Growth of Large ZnO Crystals 197 8.5 Growth Kinetics of Hydrothermal ZnO
200 8.5.1 Crystallographic Structure of Hydrothermal ZnO 200 8.5.2 Growth
Rates of the Crystallographic Facets of Hydrothermal ZnO 200 8.6 Properties
of Bulk Hydrothermal ZnO 205 8.6.1 Extended Imperfections (Dislocations,
Voids, etc.) and Surface Studies 205 8.6.2 Impurities 208 8.6.3 Electrical
Properties 210 8.6.4 Optical Properties 213 8.6.5 Etching and Polishing 215
8.7 Conclusion 217 Acknowledgements 217 References 218 9 Growth and
Characterization of GaN/ZnO Heteroepitaxy and ZnO-Based Hybrid Devices 221
Ryoko Shimada and Hadis Morkoç 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Growth of GaN/ZnO
222 9.3 Compositional Analysis 230 9.4 Structural Analysis 232 9.5 Surface
Studies 235 9.6 Optical Properties 237 9.6.1 Transmission Analysis 237
9.6.2 Cathodoluminescence Analysis 239 9.6.3 Photoluminescence Analysis 242
9.7 Electrical Properties 249 9.8 GaN/ZnO Hybrid Devices 252 9.8.1 Hybrid
ZnO/GaN Heterojunction LED 253 9.8.2 ZnO-based Hybrid Microcavity 259 9.9
Conclusions 261 Acknowledgements 262 References 262 10 Room Temperature
Stimulated Emission and ZnO-Based Lasers 265 D.M. Bagnall 10.1 Introduction
265 10.2 Emission Mechanisms 266 10.3 Stimulated Emission 267 10.3.1 Bulk
ZnO 267 10.3.2 Epitaxial Layers 267 10.3.3 Quantum wells and Superlattices
270 10.3.4 ZnMgO/ZnO Structures 270 10.3.5 ZnO/ZnCdO Structures 272 10.4
Zinc Oxide Lasers 274 10.4.1 Introduction 274 10.4.2 Microstructural Lasers
275 10.4.3 Powder Lasers 278 10.4.4 Nanowire Lasers 279 10.4.5 ZnO Laser
Diodes 280 10.5 Conclusions 281 References 282 11 ZnO-Based Ultraviolet
Detectors 285 Jian Zhong and Yicheng Lu 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2
Photoconductivity in ZnO 288 11.2.1 Persistent Photoconductivity 293 11.2.2
Negative Photoconductivity 295 11.3 ZnO Film-Based UV Photodetectors 297
11.3.1 Photoconductive UV Detector 297 11.3.2 Schottky Barrier UV
Photodetectors 301 11.3.3 Integrated Surface Acoustic Wave and
Photoconductive Wireless UV Detectors 305 11.3.4 Photodetectors Using ZnO
TFT 314 11.3.5 MgxZn1_xO UV Photodetector 315 11.4 ZnO NW UV Photodetectors
318 11.4.1 Photoconductive Gain in a ZnO NW 318 11.4.2 Noise
Characteristics of ZnO NW UV Photodetector 323 11.5 Conclusions 325
Acknowledgements 325 References 326 12 Room-Temperature Stimulated Emission
from ZnO Multiple Quantum Wells Grown on Lattice-Matched Substrates 331
Takayuki Makino, Yusaburo Segawa, Masashi Kawasaki and Hideomi Koinuma 12.1
Introduction 331 12.2 Experimental Details 333 12.3 Quantum Confinement
Effect of Excitons in QWs 333 12.4 Exciton-Phonon Interaction in QWs 336
12.5 The Localization Mechanism of the Exciton in a QW 337 12.6
Time-Resolved Luminescence in ZnO QWs 341 12.7 Stimulated Emission in MQWs
342 12.8 Summary 346 Acknowledgements 347 References 347 Index 351