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Provides insight on both classical means and new trends in the application of power electronic and artificial intelligence techniques in power system operation and control This book presents advanced solutions for power system controllability improvement, transmission capability enhancement and operation planning. The book is organized into three parts. The first part describes the CSC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC technologies, the second part presents the FACTS devices, and the third part refers to the artificial intelligence techniques. All technologies and tools approached in this book are essential…mehr
Provides insight on both classical means and new trends in the application of power electronic and artificial intelligence techniques in power system operation and control This book presents advanced solutions for power system controllability improvement, transmission capability enhancement and operation planning. The book is organized into three parts. The first part describes the CSC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC technologies, the second part presents the FACTS devices, and the third part refers to the artificial intelligence techniques. All technologies and tools approached in this book are essential for power system development to comply with the smart grid requirements. * Discusses detailed operating principles and diagrams, theory of modeling, control strategies and physical installations around the world of HVDC and FACTS systems * Covers a wide range of Artificial Intelligence techniques that are successfully applied for many power system problems, from planning and monitoring to operation and control * Each chapter is carefully edited, with drawings and illustrations that helps the reader to easily understand the principles of operation or application Advanced Solutions in Power Systems: HVDC, FACTS, and Artificial Intelligence is written for graduate students, researchers in transmission and distribution networks, and power system operation. This book also serves as a reference for professional software developers and practicing engineers.
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Autorenporträt
MIRCEA EREMIA is Professor Emeritus in the Electrical Power Systems Department of the University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania. Dr. Eremia is author and co-author of over 180 journals and conference papers as well as 11 books in power systems. He was an active member of IEEE and CIGRE by participating in various working groups related to applications of power electronics and artificial intelligence techniques. In 2013, Dr. Eremia and Mohammad Shahidehpour published The Handbook of Electrical Power System Dynamics: Modeling, Stability, and Control with the Wiley-IEEE press. CHEN-CHING LIU is Boeing Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering at Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA, and Visiting Professor of University College Dublin, Ireland, in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. He obtained his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees, both in electrical engineering, from National Taiwan University, Taiwan, in 1976 and 1978, and a PhD degree from the University of California, Berkeley, USA. ABDEL-ATY EDRIS is the Senior Manager at Exponent Failure Analysis Associates and Adjunct Professor at Santa Clara University, USA. He received his BS from Cairo University, MS from Ain-Shams University, and PhD from Chalmers University of Technology. Dr. Edris is a leading expert in the design and operation of FACTS devices. He is the recipient of the IEEE 2006 FACTS Award, the IEEE 2008 Outstanding Engineer Award, and many other awards.
Inhaltsangabe
Contributors xxi Foreword xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Mircea Eremia, Chen-Ching Liu, and Abdel-Aty Edris Part I HVDC Transmission Mircea Eremia Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Devices for HVDC and Facts Systems 11 Remus Teodorescu and Mircea Eremia 2.1 Power Semiconductor Overview 12 2.2 Converter Types 21 2.3 HVDC Evolution 23 2.4 FACTS Evolution 30 References 33 Chapter 3 CSC-HVDC Transmission 35 Mircea Eremia and Constantin Bulac 3.1 Structure and Configurations 35 3.2 Converter Bridge Modeling 47 3.3 Control of CSC-HVDC Transmission 59 3.4 Reactive Power and Harmonics 78 3.5 Load Flow in Mixed HVAC/HVDC-CSC Systems 91 3.6 Interaction Between AC and DC Systems 96 3.7 Comparison Between DC and AC Transmission 101 3.8 Application on a CSC-HVDC Link 109 Appendix 3.1 CSC-HVDC Systems in the World 118 References 123 Chapter 4 VSC-HVDC Transmission 125 Mircea Eremia, Jos e Antonio Jardini, Guangfu Tang, and Lucian Toma 4.1 VSC Converter Structures 126 4.2 Modulation Techniques 151 4.3 DC/AC Converter Analysis 166 4.4 VSC Transmission Scheme and Operation 188 4.5 Multiterminal VSC-HVDC Systems and HVDC Grids 203 4.6 Load Flow and Stability Analysis 221 4.7 Comparison of CSC-HVDC Versus VSC-HVDC Transmission 246 4.8 Forward to Supergrid 249 Appendix 4.1 VSC-HVDC Projects Around the World 261 Appendix 4.2 Examples of VSC-HVDC One-Line Diagrams 263 References 263 Part II Facts Technologies Abdel-Aty Edris and Mircea Eremia Chapter 5 Static VAr Compensator (SVC) 271 Mircea Eremia, Aniruddha Gole, and Lucian Toma 5.1 Generalities 271 5.2 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor 273 5.3 Thyristor-Switched Capacitor 284 5.4 Configurations of SVC 287 5.5 Control of SVC Operation 294 5.6 SVC Modeling 296 5.7 Placement of SVC 312 5.8 Applications of SVC 314 5.9 SVC Installations Worldwide 324 References 337 Chapter 6 Series Capacitive Compensation 339 Mircea Eremia and Stig Nilsson 6.1 Generalities 339 6.2 Mechanical Commutation-Based Series Devices 339 6.3 Static-Controlled Series Capacitive Compensation 342 6.4 Control Schemes for the TCSC 365 6.5 TCSC Modeling 370 6.6 Applications of TSSC/TCSC Installations 382 6.7 Series Capacitors Worldwide 387 Appendix 6.1 TCSC Systems Around the World 404 References 405 Chapter 7 Phase Shifting Transformer: Mechanical and Static Devices 409 Mylavarapu Ramamoorty and Lucian Toma 7.1 Introduction 409 7.2 Mechanical Phase Shifting Transformer 410 7.3 Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer 428 7.4 Applications of the Phase Shifting Transformers 439 7.5 Phase Shifting Transformer Projects Around the World 450 References 456 Chapter 8 Static Synchronous Compensator - Statcom 459 Rafael Mihalic, Mircea Eremia, and Bostjan Blazic 8.1 Principles and Topologies of Voltage Source Converter 459 8.2 STATCOM Operation 473 8.3 STATCOM Modeling 476 8.4 STATCOM Applications 506 8.5 STATCOM Installations in Operation 515 References 524 Chapter 9 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) 527 Laszlo Gyugyi, Abded-Aty Edris, and Mircea Eremia 9.1 Introduction 527 9.2 Architecture and Operating Principles 528 9.3 Comparison of SSSC with Other Technologies 533 9.4 Components of an SSSC 540 9.5 SSSC Modeling 546 9.6 Applications 551 9.7 SSSC Installation 552 References 556 Chapter 10 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) 559 Laszlo Gyugyi 10.1 Introduction 559 10.2 Basic Characteristics of the UPFC 567 10.3 UPFC Versus Conventional Power Flow Controllers 571 10.4 UPFC Control System 575 10.5 Equipment Structural and Rating Considerations 584 10.6 Protection Considerations 596 10.7 Application Example: UPFC at AEP's INEZ Station 600 10.8 Modeling of the UPFC Device 613 References 627 Chapter 11 Interline Power Flow Controller (Ipfc) 629 Laszlo Gyugyi 11.1 Generalities 629 11.2 Basic Operating Principles and Characteristics of the IPFC 630 11.3 Generalized Interline Power Flow Controller for Multiline Systems 636 11.4 Basic Control System 638 11.5 Equipment Structural and Rating Considerations 640 11.6 Protection Considerations 642 11.7 Application Example: IPFC at NYPA's Marcy Substation 643 References 649 Chapter 12 Sen Transformer: A Power Regulating Transformer 651 Kalyan K. Sen 12.1 Background 651 12.2 The Sen Transformer Concept 656 References 679 Chapter 13 Medium Voltage Power Electronics Devices for Distribution Grids 681 Ion Etxeberria-Otadui, David Frey, Seddik Bacha, and Bertrand Raison 13.1 Introduction 681 13.2 High Power Switching Valves: Association of Semiconductor Components 683 13.3 Topologies Used in High Power Converters 694 13.4 Power Electronic Converter Control 697 References 717 Part III Artificial Intelligence Techniques Chen-Ching Liu and Mircea Eremia Chapter 14 Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence: A Challenge for Power System Engineers 721 Chen-Ching Liu, Alexandru Stefanov, and Junho Hong References 729 Chapter 15 Expert Systems 731 Mircea Eremia, Kevin Tomsovic, and Gheorghe Câr in 15.1 Fundamental Concepts 731 15.2 Architecture of Expert Systems 735 15.3 Expert Systems Application 745 References 753 Chapter 16 Neural Networks 755 Dagmar Niebur, Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, and Ekrem Gursoy 16.1 Introduction 755 16.2 Neural Network Architectures 755 16.3 Adaptive Critic Designs 759 16.4 Independent Component Analysis 760 16.5 Learning Algorithms: The Determination of Weights 760 16.6 Examples of Neural Network Applications for Power System Monitoring and Control 763 References 781 Chapter 17 Fuzzy Systems 785 Germano Lambert-Torres, Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva, Carlos Henrique Valerio de Moraes, and Yvo Marcelo Chiaradia Masselli 17.1 Introduction 785 17.2 Fundamental Notions 787 17.3 Fuzzy Logic 797 17.4 Fuzzy Model 801 17.5 An Application of Fuzzy Logic in Control System 811 17.6 Final Remarks 816 Acknowledgments 817 References 817 Chapter 18 Decision Trees 819 Constantin Bulac and Adrian Bulac 18.1 Introduction 819 18.2 Decision Trees 820 18.3 Oblique Decision Trees 829 18.4 Applications of Decision Trees in Power Systems 833 18.5 Case Study 836 References 843 Chapter 19 Genetic Algorithms 845 Anastasios Bakirtzis and Spyros Kazarlis 19.1 Introduction to Evolutionary Computation 845 19.2 Genetic Algorithms 859 19.3 On The Optimal Location and Operation of FACTS Devices by Genetic Algorithms 897 References 898 Chapter 20 Multiagent Systems 903 Nan-Peng Yu and Chen-Ching Liu 20.1 Overview 903 20.2 Multiagent Technology Overview 909 20.3 Applications of Multiagent Systems in Power Engineering 917 20.4 Electricity Markets Modeling and Simulation with Multiagent Systems 920 Simulation 922 References 927 Chapter 21 Heuristic Optimization Techniques 931 Kwang Y. Lee, Malihe M. Farsangi, Jong-Bae Park, and John G. Vlachogiannis 21.1 Introduction 931 21.2 Evolutionary Algorithms for Reactive Power Planning 932 21.3 Genetic Algorithm for Generation Planning 943 21.4 Particle Swarm Optimization for Economic Dispatch 951 21.5 Ant Colony System for Constrained Load Flow Problem 961 21.6 Immune Algorithm for Damping of Interarea Oscillation 968 21.7 Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search for Optimal Allocation of Static VAr Compensators 974 21.8 Conclusions 980 References 981 Chapter 22 Unsupervised Learning and Hybrid Methods 985 Nikos Hatziargyriou and Manolis Voumvoulakis 22.1 Generalities 985 22.2 Supervised Learning Methods 988 22.3 Unsupervised Learning Methods 996 22.4 Som Variants 1000 22.5 Combined Use of Unsupervised with Supervised Learning Methods 1007 22.6 Applications to Power Systems 1007 References 1030 Index 1033
Contributors xxi Foreword xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Mircea Eremia, Chen-Ching Liu, and Abdel-Aty Edris Part I HVDC Transmission Mircea Eremia Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Devices for HVDC and Facts Systems 11 Remus Teodorescu and Mircea Eremia 2.1 Power Semiconductor Overview 12 2.2 Converter Types 21 2.3 HVDC Evolution 23 2.4 FACTS Evolution 30 References 33 Chapter 3 CSC-HVDC Transmission 35 Mircea Eremia and Constantin Bulac 3.1 Structure and Configurations 35 3.2 Converter Bridge Modeling 47 3.3 Control of CSC-HVDC Transmission 59 3.4 Reactive Power and Harmonics 78 3.5 Load Flow in Mixed HVAC/HVDC-CSC Systems 91 3.6 Interaction Between AC and DC Systems 96 3.7 Comparison Between DC and AC Transmission 101 3.8 Application on a CSC-HVDC Link 109 Appendix 3.1 CSC-HVDC Systems in the World 118 References 123 Chapter 4 VSC-HVDC Transmission 125 Mircea Eremia, Jos e Antonio Jardini, Guangfu Tang, and Lucian Toma 4.1 VSC Converter Structures 126 4.2 Modulation Techniques 151 4.3 DC/AC Converter Analysis 166 4.4 VSC Transmission Scheme and Operation 188 4.5 Multiterminal VSC-HVDC Systems and HVDC Grids 203 4.6 Load Flow and Stability Analysis 221 4.7 Comparison of CSC-HVDC Versus VSC-HVDC Transmission 246 4.8 Forward to Supergrid 249 Appendix 4.1 VSC-HVDC Projects Around the World 261 Appendix 4.2 Examples of VSC-HVDC One-Line Diagrams 263 References 263 Part II Facts Technologies Abdel-Aty Edris and Mircea Eremia Chapter 5 Static VAr Compensator (SVC) 271 Mircea Eremia, Aniruddha Gole, and Lucian Toma 5.1 Generalities 271 5.2 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor 273 5.3 Thyristor-Switched Capacitor 284 5.4 Configurations of SVC 287 5.5 Control of SVC Operation 294 5.6 SVC Modeling 296 5.7 Placement of SVC 312 5.8 Applications of SVC 314 5.9 SVC Installations Worldwide 324 References 337 Chapter 6 Series Capacitive Compensation 339 Mircea Eremia and Stig Nilsson 6.1 Generalities 339 6.2 Mechanical Commutation-Based Series Devices 339 6.3 Static-Controlled Series Capacitive Compensation 342 6.4 Control Schemes for the TCSC 365 6.5 TCSC Modeling 370 6.6 Applications of TSSC/TCSC Installations 382 6.7 Series Capacitors Worldwide 387 Appendix 6.1 TCSC Systems Around the World 404 References 405 Chapter 7 Phase Shifting Transformer: Mechanical and Static Devices 409 Mylavarapu Ramamoorty and Lucian Toma 7.1 Introduction 409 7.2 Mechanical Phase Shifting Transformer 410 7.3 Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer 428 7.4 Applications of the Phase Shifting Transformers 439 7.5 Phase Shifting Transformer Projects Around the World 450 References 456 Chapter 8 Static Synchronous Compensator - Statcom 459 Rafael Mihalic, Mircea Eremia, and Bostjan Blazic 8.1 Principles and Topologies of Voltage Source Converter 459 8.2 STATCOM Operation 473 8.3 STATCOM Modeling 476 8.4 STATCOM Applications 506 8.5 STATCOM Installations in Operation 515 References 524 Chapter 9 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) 527 Laszlo Gyugyi, Abded-Aty Edris, and Mircea Eremia 9.1 Introduction 527 9.2 Architecture and Operating Principles 528 9.3 Comparison of SSSC with Other Technologies 533 9.4 Components of an SSSC 540 9.5 SSSC Modeling 546 9.6 Applications 551 9.7 SSSC Installation 552 References 556 Chapter 10 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) 559 Laszlo Gyugyi 10.1 Introduction 559 10.2 Basic Characteristics of the UPFC 567 10.3 UPFC Versus Conventional Power Flow Controllers 571 10.4 UPFC Control System 575 10.5 Equipment Structural and Rating Considerations 584 10.6 Protection Considerations 596 10.7 Application Example: UPFC at AEP's INEZ Station 600 10.8 Modeling of the UPFC Device 613 References 627 Chapter 11 Interline Power Flow Controller (Ipfc) 629 Laszlo Gyugyi 11.1 Generalities 629 11.2 Basic Operating Principles and Characteristics of the IPFC 630 11.3 Generalized Interline Power Flow Controller for Multiline Systems 636 11.4 Basic Control System 638 11.5 Equipment Structural and Rating Considerations 640 11.6 Protection Considerations 642 11.7 Application Example: IPFC at NYPA's Marcy Substation 643 References 649 Chapter 12 Sen Transformer: A Power Regulating Transformer 651 Kalyan K. Sen 12.1 Background 651 12.2 The Sen Transformer Concept 656 References 679 Chapter 13 Medium Voltage Power Electronics Devices for Distribution Grids 681 Ion Etxeberria-Otadui, David Frey, Seddik Bacha, and Bertrand Raison 13.1 Introduction 681 13.2 High Power Switching Valves: Association of Semiconductor Components 683 13.3 Topologies Used in High Power Converters 694 13.4 Power Electronic Converter Control 697 References 717 Part III Artificial Intelligence Techniques Chen-Ching Liu and Mircea Eremia Chapter 14 Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence: A Challenge for Power System Engineers 721 Chen-Ching Liu, Alexandru Stefanov, and Junho Hong References 729 Chapter 15 Expert Systems 731 Mircea Eremia, Kevin Tomsovic, and Gheorghe Câr in 15.1 Fundamental Concepts 731 15.2 Architecture of Expert Systems 735 15.3 Expert Systems Application 745 References 753 Chapter 16 Neural Networks 755 Dagmar Niebur, Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, and Ekrem Gursoy 16.1 Introduction 755 16.2 Neural Network Architectures 755 16.3 Adaptive Critic Designs 759 16.4 Independent Component Analysis 760 16.5 Learning Algorithms: The Determination of Weights 760 16.6 Examples of Neural Network Applications for Power System Monitoring and Control 763 References 781 Chapter 17 Fuzzy Systems 785 Germano Lambert-Torres, Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva, Carlos Henrique Valerio de Moraes, and Yvo Marcelo Chiaradia Masselli 17.1 Introduction 785 17.2 Fundamental Notions 787 17.3 Fuzzy Logic 797 17.4 Fuzzy Model 801 17.5 An Application of Fuzzy Logic in Control System 811 17.6 Final Remarks 816 Acknowledgments 817 References 817 Chapter 18 Decision Trees 819 Constantin Bulac and Adrian Bulac 18.1 Introduction 819 18.2 Decision Trees 820 18.3 Oblique Decision Trees 829 18.4 Applications of Decision Trees in Power Systems 833 18.5 Case Study 836 References 843 Chapter 19 Genetic Algorithms 845 Anastasios Bakirtzis and Spyros Kazarlis 19.1 Introduction to Evolutionary Computation 845 19.2 Genetic Algorithms 859 19.3 On The Optimal Location and Operation of FACTS Devices by Genetic Algorithms 897 References 898 Chapter 20 Multiagent Systems 903 Nan-Peng Yu and Chen-Ching Liu 20.1 Overview 903 20.2 Multiagent Technology Overview 909 20.3 Applications of Multiagent Systems in Power Engineering 917 20.4 Electricity Markets Modeling and Simulation with Multiagent Systems 920 Simulation 922 References 927 Chapter 21 Heuristic Optimization Techniques 931 Kwang Y. Lee, Malihe M. Farsangi, Jong-Bae Park, and John G. Vlachogiannis 21.1 Introduction 931 21.2 Evolutionary Algorithms for Reactive Power Planning 932 21.3 Genetic Algorithm for Generation Planning 943 21.4 Particle Swarm Optimization for Economic Dispatch 951 21.5 Ant Colony System for Constrained Load Flow Problem 961 21.6 Immune Algorithm for Damping of Interarea Oscillation 968 21.7 Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search for Optimal Allocation of Static VAr Compensators 974 21.8 Conclusions 980 References 981 Chapter 22 Unsupervised Learning and Hybrid Methods 985 Nikos Hatziargyriou and Manolis Voumvoulakis 22.1 Generalities 985 22.2 Supervised Learning Methods 988 22.3 Unsupervised Learning Methods 996 22.4 Som Variants 1000 22.5 Combined Use of Unsupervised with Supervised Learning Methods 1007 22.6 Applications to Power Systems 1007 References 1030 Index 1033
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