Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels, Volume 3, Liquid Biofuel Production (eBook, PDF)

Redaktion: Singh, Lalit Kumar; Chaudhary, Gaurav

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Biofuels production is one of the most extensively studied fields in the energy sector that can provide an alternative energy source and bring the energy industry closer to sustainability. Biomass-based fuel production, or renewable fuels, are becoming increasingly important as a potential solution for man-made climate change, depleted oil reserves, and the dangers involved with hydraulic fracturing (or "fracking"). The price of oil will always be volatile and changeable, and, so long as industry and private citizens around the world need energy, there will be a need for alternative energy sources. The area known as "biofuels and biofeedstocks" is one of the most important and quickly growing pieces of the "energy pie." Biofuels and biofeedstocks are constantly changing, and new processes are constantly being created, changed, and improved upon. The area is rapidly changing and always innovative. It is important, therefore, that books like the volumes in this series are published and the information widely disseminated to keep the industry informed of the state-of-the-art. This third volume in the Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels series focuses on the production of liquid biofuel, covering all of the major biofuels, such as biodiesel, biobutanol, bioethanol, and others. This engaging text touches on all of the most important new processes and technologies, providing the most up-to-date coverage of the science available to industry. It is a must-have for any engineer or scientist working with biofuel technology.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 408
• Erscheinungstermin: 16. Mai 2019
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119459859
• Artikelnr.: 57129067

Autorenporträt

Lalit K. Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities. Gaurav Chaudhary, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned Since a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technolog in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

Inhaltsangabe

1 Process Engineering Biofuel Production 1
Opubo Gbanaye Benebo
1.1 Biofuel Production Background 1
1.1.1 General Limitations 2
1.1.2 Limitation of Cashcrop Raw Material 4
1.1.3 Limitations of Algae Raw Materials Remediation 5
1.1.4 Limitations Remediation 5
1.2 Process Engineering Liquid Biofuel Production 8
1.2.1 Algae Cultivation Assessment 8
1.2.2 Algal Cultivation Inefficiencies Remediation 11
1.2.3 Technology Development 12
1.2.4 Lessons from the Algae Biofuel Industry Collapse 13
1.2.5 Process Development Norms 14
1.2.6 Research Team 15
1.2.7 Alga Cultivation General Issues 16
1.2.8 Biofuel Process Technology 17
1.3 Algal Cultivation Process Technology 18
1.3.1 Cellular Reaction Kinetics Analysis 19
1.3.2 Cultivation Bench-Scale Model Design 20
1.3.3 Cultivation Bioreactor 21
1.3.4 Concentrator Harvesting of Cells 21
1.3.5 Cell Rupture Technology 21
1.3.6 BioFeedstock Separation Process 22
1.3.7 Bench-Scale Cultivation Process Technology 23
1.3.8 Process Technology Financial Viability Design 23
1.3.9 Process Technology Sustainability Engineering 24
1.3.10 Process Technology Optimization Engineering 25
1.3.11 Base Cultivation Process Technology 26
1.4 Algal Biomass Biorefinery Process Engineering 26
1.4.1 Resourcing Algal Biomass 27
1.4.2 Microbes Nutrients-Feed Production 28
1.4.3 Fermentation Process Technology 28
1.4.4 Biodiesel Process Technology 29
1.4.5 Biorefinery Process Technology 29
1.4.6 Engineering Cost Impact Analysis 30
Acknowledgment 32
About the Author 33
References 34
2 A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and High Value Co-Products from Algal
Biomass 35
Abhishek Walia, Samriti Sharma and Saruchi
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Algal Biomass Production 38
2.2.1 Growth Conditions 38
2.2.1.1 Temperature 38
2.2.1.2 Light Intensity 38
2.2.1.3 pH 39
2.2.1.4 Aeration and Mixing 39
2.2.1.5 Salinity 39
2.2.2 Photoautotrophic Production 40
2.2.2.1 Open Pond Production Pathway 40
2.2.2.2 Closed Photobioreactor Systems 40
2.2.3 Harvesting and Dewatering of Algal Biomass 42
2.2.3.1 Flocculation 42
2.2.3.2 Chemical Flocculation 42
2.2.3.3 Electroflocculation 42
2.2.3.4 Biofloculation 43
2.2.3.5 Magnetic Separation of Algae 43
2.2.3.6 Dissolved Air Flotation 43
2.2.3.7 Filtration 43
2.2.3.8 Centrifugation 43
2.2.3.9 Attachment/Biofilm-Based Systems 44
2.3 Developments in Algal Cultivation for Fuel By Using Different
Production System 44
2.3.1 Stirred Tank Photobioreactor 45
2.3.2 Vertical Tubular Photobioreactors 45
2.3.2.1 Bubble Column 45
2.3.2.2 Airlift Reactors 46
2.3.3 Horizontal Tubular Photobioreactors 46
2.3.4 Flat Panel Photobioreactor 47
2.4 Algal Biofuels - Feedstock of the Future 48
2.4.1 Biohydrogen 49
2.4.2 Biobutanol 49
2.4.3 Jet Fuel 50
2.4.4 Biogas 50
2.4.5 Bioethanol 51
2.5 Biofuel Pathways 51
2.5.1 Thermo-Chemical Conversion 52
2.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 52
2.5.3 Alcoholic Fermentation 53
2.5.4 Biophotolysis 53
2.6 High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 53
2.6.1 Algae in Human Nutrition 54
2.6.2 Algae in Animal and Aquaculture Feed 54
2.6.3 Algae as Fertilizer 55
2.6.4 Algae as Recombinant Protein 56
2.6.5 Algae as Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 56
2.7 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 57
2.8 Economics of Algae Cultivation 58
2.9 Problems and Potential of Alga-Culture 61
2.10 Conclusion 63
References 64
3 Waste Biomass Utilization for Liquid Fuels: Challenges & Solution 73
Sourish Bhattacharya, Surajbhan Sevda, Pooja Bachani, Vamsi Bharadwaj and
Sandhya Mishra
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Waste Biomass and its Types 75
3.3 Major Waste Biomass Conversion Routes 76
3.4 Metabolic Engineering in Yeast for Accumulation of C5
Sugars along with C6 Sugars 77
3.5 Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts 77
3.6 Biofuel from Microalgae through Mixotrophic Approach Utilizing
Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate 80
3.7 Conclusion 82
References 83
4 Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstock via Thermochemical
Routes 89
Long T. Duong, Phuet Prasertcharoensuk and Anh N. Phan
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Fast Pyrolysis 92
4.2.1 Principles 92
4.2.2 Reactors 92
4.2.2.1 Bubbling Fluid Bed 94
4.2.2.2 Circulating Fluid Bed 94
4.2.2.3 Rotating Cone 100
4.2.2.4 Ablative Pyrolysis 100
4.2.2.5 Screw Reactor 101
4.2.2.6 Other Reaction Systems 102
4.2.3 Bio-Oil Composition and Properties 103
4.2.4 Factors Affecting on Biomass Pyrolysis 105
4.2.4.1 Feedstock 105
4.2.4.2 Biomass Pre-Treatment 105
4.2.4.3 Temperature and Carrier Gas Flow Rate 110
4.3 Bio-Oil Upgrading 111
4.3.1 Hydrodeoxygenation 111
4.3.2 Catalytic Cracking 114
4.3.3 Fast Hydropyrolysis 116
4.3.4 Cold Plasma 117
4.4 Gasification 126
4.4.1 Types of Gasifier 130
4.4.1.1 Fixed Bed Gasifier 130
4.4.1.2 Fluidized Bed Gasifier 135
4.4.1.3 Entrained Flow Gasifier 137
4.4.2 Influence of Operating Parameters on Gasification Process 138
4.4.2.1 Equivalence Ratio 138
4.4.2.2 Steam to Biomass Ratio 138
4.4.2.3 Gasifying Agents 139
4.4.2.4 Gasification Temperature 139
4.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 140
4.5.1 Fischer-Tropsch Reactors 140
4.5.1.1 Multi-Tubular Fixed Bed 141
4.5.1.2 Slurry Bubble Column 141
4.5.1.3 Fluidized Bed 143
4.5.2 Catalysts 143
4.5.3 Influence of Operating Parameters on Fisher-Tropsch Synthesis 145
4.6 Summary 147
References 148
5 Exploring the Potential of Carbohydrate Rich Algal Biomass as Feedstock
for Bioethanol Production 167
Jaskiran Kaur and Yogalakshmi K.N.
5.1 Introduction 168
5.2 Microalgae and Macroalgae as Bioethanol Feedstock 169
5.3 Process Involved for Production of Bioethanol from Algae 176
5.4 Algal Biomass Cultivation 177
5.4.1 Open Pond Systems 177
5.4.2 Closed Photobioreactors (PBR) 179
5.5 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass 180
5.5.1 Physical Pretreatment 181
5.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 182
5.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 183
5.6 Fermentation of Algal Hydrolysate 183
5.7 Distillation 184
5.8 Manipulation of Algal Biomass 185
5.9 Pros and Cons of Bioethanol Production from Algae 186
5.10 Conclusions 187
References 187
6 Development of Acid-Base-Enzyme Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Palm Oil
Mill Effluent for Bioethanol Production 197
Nibedita Deb, Md. Zahangir Alam, Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-khatib and Amal
Elgharbawy
6.1 Introduction 198
6.2 Biomass Energy 200
6.3 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 201
6.4 Pome Characterization 203
6.5 Pretreatment 203
6.5.1 Physical and Physicochemical Pretreatment 204
6.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 205
6.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 206
6.6 Hydrolysis 206
6.6.1 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis 206
6.6.2 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis 207
6.6.3 Base Hydrolysis 207
6.6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 208
6.6.5 Cellulase Enzymes Hydrolysis 208
6.7 Fermentation Process 209
6.8 Bioethanol 210
6.8.1 Lignocellulosic Bioethanol 211
6.8.2 Bioethanol Production by Fermentation of Sugars 212
6.8.3 Bioethanol Determined by GC/MS from POME Hydrolysate 213
6.9 Conclusion 214
6.10 Acknowledgment 214
References 214
7 Technological Barriers in Biobutanol Production 219
Arpita Prasad, Shivani Thakur, Swati Sharma, Shivani Saxena and Vijay Kumar
Garlapati
7.1 Introduction 219
7.2 Production Technologies of Biobutanol 220
7.3 Lignocellulosic Materials for Bio-Butanol Production 223
7.4 Natural Producers of Biobutanol 225
7.5 Main Obstacles in the Biobutanol Production 227
7.5.1 Approaches to Overcome the Obstacles 227
7.6 Engineered Pathways towards a Better Solventogenic Producer 227
7.6.1 Engineered Pathways in Bacteria 227
7.6.2 Engineered Pathways in Yeast 229
7.7 In-Situ Butanol Recovery Integrated with Batch and Fed-Batch
Fermentation 231
7.8 Future Prospects 232
7.9 Conclusions 233
References 233
8 Biobutanol: Research Breakthrough for its Commercial Interest 237
Sandip B. Bankar, Pranhita R. Nimbalkar, Manisha A. Khedkar and Prakash V.
Chavan
8.1 Introduction 238
8.2 Butanol: Next-Generation Liquid Fuel 239
8.3 Routes of Butanol Production 241
8.3.1 Chemical Route 241
8.3.2 Biological Route 242
8.4 Microbial ABE Production 243
8.4.1 Microbial Strains 244
8.4.2 Biosynthetic Pathways of Clostridia 245
8.5 Feedstocks Used in ABE Fermentation Process 247
8.6 Saccharification and Detoxification Processes 248
8.7 Strain Engineering and Developments in Butanol Production 250
8.8 Bioreactor Operations 253
8.9 Butanol Separation Techniques 255
8.9.1 Extraction 256
8.9.2 Gas Stripping 259
8.9.3 Pervaporation 260
8.9.4 Perstraction 262
8.9.5 Adsorption 263
8.9.6 Hybrid Separation Process 265
8.10 Techno-Economic Assessment 266
8.11 Current Status and Future Prospective 268
References 270
9 Potential and Prospects of Biobutanol Production from Agricultural
Residues 285
Shuvashish Behera, Koushalya S, Sachin Kumar and Jafar Ali B M
9.1 Introduction 286
9.2 Agricultural Residues 287
9.2.1 Husk 288
9.2.2 Straw 289
9.2.2.1 Wheat Straw 289
9.2.2.2 Rice Straw 290
9.2.2.3 Barley Straw 291
9.2.3 Bagasse 291
9.3 ABE Fermentation 292
9.3.1 Butanolgenic Microorganisms 292
9.3.2 Fermentation 295
9.3.3 ABE Pathway 303
9.3.3.1 Acid Producing Phase 304
9.3.3.2 Solvent Producing Phase 304
9.4 Challenges 305
9.4.1 Strict Anaerobic Nature 306
9.4.2 Tolerance to Solvent 307
9.4.3 Sensitivity of Acids 308
9.4.4 Shifting of pH 309
9.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions 309
Acknowledgments 310
References 310
10 State of Art Strategies for Biodiesel Production: Bioengineering
Approaches 319
Irem Deniz, Bahar Aslanbay and Esra Imamoglu
10.1 Introduction 319
10.2 Biodiesel and Microalgal Biorefineries 320
10.2.1 Microalgae 321
10.2.2 Microalgae and Biodiesel 321
10.2.3 Selection of Microalgal Strain for Biodiesel Production 323
10.2.4 Microalgae Cultivation 327
10.2.5 Harvesting and Lipid Extraction 329
10.2.6 Conversion of Microalgal Oil to Biodiesel 331
10.3 Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Biodiesel Production 332
10.4 Novel Photobioreactor Designs for Biodiesel Production 337
10.5 Advanced Photobioreactor Configurations and Kinetics 338
10.6 Conclusions 340
References 340
11 Bio-Oil Production from Algal Feedstock 351
Naveen Dwivedi and Shubha Dwivedi
11.1 Introduction 351
11.1.1 Microalgae 353
11.1.2 Classification of Microalgae 353
11.1.3 Algae Growth 355
11.2 Technologies Used for the Production of Bio-Oil from Algal Biomass 356
11.3 Properties of Bio-Oils 362
11.4 Uses of Bio-Oils 362
11.5 Up-Gradation of Bio-Oil to Biodiesel along with Recent
Developments 363
11.5.1 Esterification/Alcoholysis 363
11.5.2 Solvent Addition 365
11.5.3 Emulsification 365
11.5.4 Hydrotreating/Hydro Deoxygenation 366
11.5.5 Hydro-Cracking 366
11.5.6 Zeolite Cracking 367
11.6 Conclusion 367
References 368
12 Effect of Upgrading Techniques on Fuel Properties and Composition of
Bio-Oil 373
Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Kaustubha Mohanty
12.1 Introduction 374
12.2 Bio-Oil and its Properties 375
12.3 Upgrading of Bio-Oil 376
12.3.1 Catalytic Pyrolysis 376
12.3.2 In-Situ versus Ex-Situ Catalytic Pyrolysis Process 377
12.3.3 Hydrodeoxygenation 378
12.3.4 Hydrogenation 378
12.3.5 Steam Reforming 379
12.3.6 Emulsification 379
12.3.7 Esterification 380
12.4 Conclusion 381
References 382
Index 387