Stanislav Gordeyev, Eric J. Jumper, Matthew R. Whiteley

Aero-Optical Effects (eBook, PDF)

Physics, Analysis and Mitigation

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

AERO-OPTICAL EFFECTS Explore the newest techniques and technologies used to mitigate the effects of air flow over airborne laser platforms Aero-Optical Effects: Physics, Analysis and Mitigation delivers a detailed and insightful introduction to aero-optics and fully describes the current understanding of the physical causes of aero-optical effects from turbulent flows at different speeds. In addition to presenting a thorough discussion of instrumentation, data reduction, and data analysis, the authors examine various approaches to aero-optical effect mitigation using both flow control and adaptive optics approaches. The book explores the sources, characteristics, measurement approaches, and mitigation means to reduce aero-optics wavefront error. It also examines the precise measurements of aero-optical effects and the instrumentation of aero-optics. Flow control for aero-optical applications is discussed, as are approaches like passive flow control, active and hybrid flow control, and closed-loop flow control. Readers will benefit from discussions of the applications of aero-optics in relation to fields like directed energy and high-speed communications. Readers will also enjoy a wide variety of useful features and topics, including: * Comprehensive discussions of both aero-effects, which include the effects that air flow has over a beam director mounted on an aircraft, and aero-optics, which include atmospheric effects that degrade the ability of an airborne laser to focus a beam * A treatment of air buffeting and its effects on beam stabilization and jitter * An analysis of mitigating impediments to the use of high-quality laser beams from aircraft as weapons or communications systems * Adaptive optics compensation for aero-optical disturbances Perfect for researchers, engineers, and scientists involved with laser weapon and beam control systems, Aero-Optical Effects: Physics, Analysis and Mitigation will also earn a place in the libraries of principal investigators in defense contract work and independent research and development.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
• Seitenzahl: 288
• Erscheinungstermin: 4. Januar 2023
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119037156
• Artikelnr.: 67287904

Autorenporträt

Stanislav Gordeyev is an Associate Professor at the Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame. His expertise includes the investigation of aero-optical distortions caused by compressible turbulent flows around airborne systems. Eric J. Jumper is the Roth-Gibson Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame. Although he has performed research in a wide range of topics, his present principal research focus is on the understanding of aero-optical phenomena. Matthew R. Whiteley, PhD, is Vice President and Senior Scientist at MZA Associates Corporation in Dayton, Ohio. His research includes aero-optical beam control and sensing of atmospheric turbulence for laser propagation.

Inhaltsangabe

Acknowledgements ix

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Motivation for Revisiting Aero-Optics 2

2 Fundamentals 7

2.1 Wavefronts and Index of Refraction 7

2.2 Huygens' Principle 8

2.3 Basic Equations and Optical Path Difference 11

2.4 Linking Equation 15

2.5 Image at a Focal Plane (Far-field Propagation) 17

2.6 Far-field Intensity in the Presence of Near-field Distortions 20

2.6.1 Temporal Intensity Variation 25

2.7 Wavefront Components 26

3 Measuring Wavefronts 31

3.1 Interferometry Methods 31

3.2 Wavefront Curvature Methods 33

3.3 Gradient-based Wavefront Sensors 35

3.3.1 Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor 37

3.3.1.1 Wavefront Reconstruction Algorithm 41

3.3.2 Malley Probe 43

3.3.3 SABT Sensor 46

3.4 Typical Optical Set-Ups 47

4 Data Reduction and Interpretation 55

4.1 Statistical Analysis 56

4.1.1 Temporal and Spatial OPD rms 56

4.1.2 Histograms and Higher-Moment Statistics 58

4.2 Spectral Analysis 60

4.2.1 Relation between the Deflection Angle Spectrum and the Wavefront Statistics 62

4.2.2 Dispersion Analysis 63

4.3 Modal Analysis 65

4.3.1 Zernike Functions 66

4.3.2 Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) 70

4.3.2.1 Direct Method 73

4.3.2.2 Snapshot Method 74

4.3.3 Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) 82

4.4 Cross-correlation-based Techniques 85

4.4.1 Local Convective Speeds 85

4.4.2 Multi-point Malley Probe Analysis 89

4.4.3 Spatially Varying 2-D Convective Velocity 92

5 Aperture Effects 97

6 Typical Aero-Optical Flows 105

6.1 Scaling Arguments 105

6.2 Free Shear Layers 106

6.2.1 Shear-Layer Physics 106

6.2.2 Aero-Optical Effects 109

6.2.3 Historical Shear Layer Measurements in AEDC 110

6.2.4 Weakly Compressible Model 114

6.3 Boundary Layers 118

6.3.1 Model of Aero-optical Distortions for Boundary Layers with Adiabatic Walls 122

6.3.2 Angular Dependence 130

6.3.3 Finite Aperture Effects 132

6.3.4 Nonadiabatic Wall Boundary Layers 133

6.3.5 Instantaneous Far-Field Intensity Drop-Outs 142

6.3.5.1 Absolute SR Threshold 147

6.3.5.2 Relative Intensity Variation 150

6.4 Turrets 152

6.4.1 AAOL 154

6.4.2 Flow Topology and Dynamics 159

6.4.3 Steady-lensing Effects at Forward-looking Angles 167

6.4.4 Aero-optical Environment at Back-looking Angles 169

6.4.5 Shock-effects at Transonic Speeds 172

7 Aero-Optical Jitter 179

7.1 Local and Global Jitter 180

7.1.1 Local Jitter 180

7.1.2 Global Jitter 180

7.2 Subaperture Effects 183

7.3 Techniques to Remove the Mechanically Induced Jitter 183

7.3.1 Cross-correlation Techniques 184

7.3.2 Large-Aperture Experiments 186

7.3.3 Stitching Method 187

8 Applications to Adaptive Optics 195

8.1 Beam-Control Components 195

8.2 How Much Correction Is Needed 198

8.3 Flow-Control Mitigation 198

8.3.1 Non-Flow-Control Mitigation 199

8.3.2 Some Qualities of Separated Shear Layers 200

8.3.3 Using the POD Analysis to Develop Requirements 204

8.4 Proper Number of Wavefront Sensor Subapertures to Actuator Ratio 208

8.4.1 Numerical Simulation 209

8.4.2 Simulation Results 211

8.4.3 Conclusion from the Simulation Results 213
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