Bats and Viruses (eBook, ePUB)

A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases
Redaktion: Wang, Lin-Fa; Cowled, Christopher

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Approximately 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses, and the rate of emergence of zoonotic diseases is on the rise. Bats are being increasingly recognised as an important reservoir of zoonotic viruses of different families, including SARS coronavirus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus and Ebola virus. Understanding bats' role in emerging zoonotic diseases is crucial to this rapidly expanding area of research. Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases provides an updated overview of research focusing on bat biology and the role bats play as hosts of many major zoonotic viruses. The text covers bat biology, immunology, and genomics. Chapters also delve into the various major bat-borne virus families, including lyssaviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses and reoviruses, among others. Edited by leaders in the field, Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases is a timely, invaluable reference for bat researchers studying microbiology, virology and immunology, as well as infectious disease workers and epidemiologists, among others.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Erscheinungstermin: 29. Juni 2015
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118818725
• Artikelnr.: 43404713

Autorenporträt

Edited by Lin-Fa Wang is Director of the Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases at Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, and an Office of the Chief Executive Science Leader at CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory in Geelong, Victoria, Australia Christopher Cowled is a Research Scientist at the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory in Geelong, Victoria, Australia  

Inhaltsangabe

List of Contributors xiii Preface xv 1 The Uniqueness of Bats 1 Paul A. Racey 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Flight 2 1.3 Echolocation 4 1.4 Communication 5 1.5 Foraging, Diet, and Ecosystem Services 5 1.6 Heterothermy, Daily Torpor, and Hibernation 7 1.7 Reproduction 8 1.8 Life History Strategies 9 1.9 Roosting Ecology 9 1.9.1 Caves 9 1.9.2 Trees 10 1.9.3 Houses 10 1.9.4 Foliage 10 1.9.5 Roosts of other species 11 1.9.6 Roost fidelity 11 1.10 Migration 11 1.11 Climate Change 12 1.12 Disease
Related Mortality 13 1.13 Conservation and Disease Surveillance 14 Acknowledgment 14 References 15 2 Viruses in Bats: a Historic Review 23 Charles H. Calisher 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Knowledge of Bats, Background 25 2.3 Early, Somewhat Random Bat Virus Discoveries 25 2.4 More Recent Bat Virus Discoveries 27 2.4.1 Marburg and Ebola viruses (order Mononegavirales, family Filoviridae, genera Ebolavirus andMarburgvirus, respectively) 27 2.4.2 Hendra and Nipah viruses (order Mononegavirales, family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus), and other paramyxoviruses 28 2.4.3 Coronaviruses (order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, genus Coronavirus) 30 2.4.4 Other viruses detected in bats 31 2.5 Summary 36 Acknowledgments 41 References 41 3 Bat Lyssaviruses 47 Ivan V. Kuzmin and Charles E. Rupprecht 3.1 Lyssavirus Genus 47 3.2 Pathobiology 54 3.3 Surveillance and Diagnosis 57 3.4 General Biological Considerations on Bat Rabies 59 3.5 Global Distribution of Bat Lyssaviruses 62 3.5.1 The Americas 62 3.5.2 Africa 69 3.5.3 Eurasia 72 3.5.4 Australia 78 3.6 Public Health and Veterinary Significance of Bat Rabies 80 3.7 Conclusions 84 References 85 4 Bat Paramyxoviruses 99 Danielle E. Anderson and Glenn A. Marsh 4.1 Introduction to the Paramyxoviridae 99 4.1.1 Virus structure 100 4.1.2 Genome organization 101 4.1.3 Paramyxovirus replication 103 4.2 Bats as a Major Source of New Paramyxoviruses 105 4.2.1 Sampling methods 105 4.2.2 Methodologies utilized in the detection and characterization of paramyxoviruses 106 4.3 Known Bat Paramyxoviruses 109 4.3.1 Hendra virus (HeV) 109 4.3.2 Nipah virus (NiV) 111 4.3.3 Menangle virus (MenPV) 112 4.3.4 Cedar virus (CedPV) 113 4.3.5 Mapuera virus (MprPV) 114 4.3.6 Porcine rubulavirus (PorPV) 114 4.3.7 Tioman virus (TioPV) 114 4.3.8 Achimota viruses (AchPV) 114 4.3.9 Tukoko viruses (ThkPV) 115 4.3.10 Sosuga virus (SosPV) 115 4.3.11 Other paramyxoviruses 115 4.4 Risks, Control, and Prevention 116 4.4.1 Risk of spillover 116 4.4.2 Reservoir host management 117 4.4.3 Vaccines 117 4.5 Conclusions 118 Acknowledgments 118 References 118 5 Bat Coronaviruses 127 Xing
Yi Ge, Ben Hu, and Zheng
Li Shi 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Human Diseases Related to Bat Coronaviruses 134 5.2.1 SARS 134 5.2.2 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) 140 5.3 Genetic Diversity of Bat Coronaviruses 142 5.3.1 Alphacoronaviruses 142 5.3.2 Betacoronaviruses 145 5.3.3 Gammacoronaviruses 146 5.3.4 Classification of coronaviruses 146 5.4 Conclusions 147 Acknowledgments 148 References 148 6 Bat Filoviruses 157 Gael Darren Maganga, Virginie Rougeron, and Eric Maurice Leroy 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Marburgvirus Outbreaks 158 6.3 Ebolavirus Outbreaks 159 6.3.1 Ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus 159 6.3.2 Tai Forest and Bundibugyo ebolaviruses 160 6.3.3 Reston ebolavirus 160 6.4 Filoviruses in Yinpterochiropteran Bats 160 6.4.1 Ebolaviruses 161 6.4.2 Marburgvirus 161 6.5 Filoviruses in Yangochiroptera Bats 163 6.5.1 Ebolaviruses 163 6.5.2 Marburgvirus 163 6.5.3 Cuevavirus 163 6.6 Ecological and Epidemiological Patterns in Bats 164 6.6.1 An extended natural geographic distribution 164 6.6.2 Bats as drivers of filoviruses emergence and spillover? 164 6.6.3 Uncertainty surrounding the identification of the Lloviu virus reservoir 167 6.7 Bat Filovirus Characterization 167 6.7.1 Filovirus isolation 167 6.7.2 Filovirus RNA detection 168 6.7.3 Filovirus antigen detection 168 6.7.4 Whole genome amplification 168 6.8 Conclusions 169 Acknowledgments 170 References 170 7 Bats and Reverse Transcribing RNA and DNA Viruses 177 Gilda Tachedjian, Joshua A. Hayward, and Jie Cui 7.1 Introduction to Reverse Transcribing RNA and DNA Viruses 177 7.1.1 Retroviruses 177 7.1.2 Hepadnaviruses 180 7.2 Endogenous Retroviruses in Bats 181 7.2.1 Endogenous retroviruses: A transposable element subclass 181 7.2.2 Endogenous retroviruses originate from exogenous retroviruses 182 7.2.3 Endogenous retrovirus nomenclature 182 7.2.4 Role of transposable elements and endogenous retroviruses in disease and host evolution 183 7.2.5 Endogenous retroviruses as fossil records of ancient exogenous retroviruses 184 7.3 Gammaretroviruses in Bats of Different Suborders 184 7.3.1 Gammaretroviruses: host range and diseases 184 7.3.2 Discovery of gammaretroviruses in bats 185 7.4 Betaretroviruses in Bats of Different Suborders 187 7.4.1 Betaretroviruses: host range and diseases 187 7.4.2 Betaretroviruses in bat transcriptomes and genomes 188 7.4.3 Extensive diversity among bat betaretroviruses 188 7.5 Pathogenic Hepadnaviruses Related to HBV in Bats 191 7.6 Bat Metagenomics Studies 192 7.7 Bats as Potential Reservoirs for Retroviral and Hepadnaviral Zoonoses 194 7.8 Conclusions 195 Acknowledgments 196 References 196 8 Bat Reoviruses 203 Claudia Kohl and Andreas Kurth 8.1 Introduction 203 8.1.1 Background 203 8.1.2 Reovirus taxonomy and disease epidemiology 203 8.2 Orthoreoviruses of Bats and Humans 206 8.2.1 Nelson Bay orthoreovirus 206 8.2.2 Other bat
related orthoreoviruses 210 8.3 Bat Orbiviruses 211 8.4 Bat Rotaviruses 211 8.5 Zoonotic Potential of Bat Reoviruses 213 Acknowledgments 213 References 213 9 other Bat
borne Viruses 217 Krista Queen, Mang Shi, Larry J. Anderson, and Suxiang Tong 9.1 Introduction 217 9.2 RNA Viruses 218 9.2.1 Influenza viruses 218 9.2.2 Alphaviruses 227 9.2.3 Bunyaviruses 227 9.2.4 Flaviviruses 229 9.2.5 Arenaviruses 231 9.2.6 Picornaviruses 231 9.2.7 Astroviruses 233 9.2.8 Caliciviruses 234 9.3 DNA Viruses 234 9.3.1 Adenoviruses 234 9.3.2 Herpesviruses 235 9.3.3 Poxviruses 236 9.3.4 Polyomaviruses 236 9.3.5 Parvoviruses 237 9.3.6 Papillomaviruses 238 9.4 Conclusions 238 References 239 10 Anthropogenic Epidemics: the Ecology of Bat
borne Viruses and Our Role in Their Emergence 249 Jonathan H. Epstein and Hume E. Field 10.1 Introduction 249 10.2 The Bat-Human and Bat-Livestock Interface: The Importance of Disease Ecology 250 10.3 Approaches to Understanding the Ecology of Bat
Borne Viruses 253 10.3.1 Observational study design 254 10.3.2 Mathematical models 257 10.3.3 Outbreak response and long
term ecological study 258 10.4 Anthropogenic Activities Drive Zoonotic Disease Emergence from Bats 263 10.4.1 Agricultural expansion/intensification: Nipah virus 263 10.4.2 Urbanization: Hendra virus 266 10.4.3 Wildlife trade: SARS
CoV 268 10.4.4 Bushmeat hunting: Ebola virus 271 10.5 Outbreak Mitigation: Managing the Interface 272 10.6 Conclusions 273 Acknowledgments 274 References 274 11 Are Bats Really "special" as Viral Reservoirs? What We Know and Need to Know 281 Kevin J. Olival, Cristin C. Weekley, and Peter Daszak 11.1 Introduction 281 11.2 What Factors May Make a Host Taxon "Special" as a Viral Reservoir? 282 11.3 Factors that May Confound Investigations of Whether or Not a Taxonomic Group is "Special" 282 11.3.1 Research bias towards certain hosts and pathogens 282 11.3.2 Lack of thorough disease ecology studies 283 11.3.3 The ability to measure immune responses and detect illness in hosts 284 11.4 Viral Diversity in Bats Compared to other Mammalian Hosts 286 11.4.1 Do bats harbor a disproportionate number of viruses? 286 11.4.2 Do bats harbor a disproportionate number of zoonoses? 286 11.4.3 Focused literature review of bat viral discovery efforts from the past 7 years 288 11.5 Life History Traits: Are Bats Unique? 288 11.6 Distribution and Diversity of Bat Viruses, and Ways to Target Future Discovery Efforts 291 11.7 Summary and Future Research 292 References 293 12 Animal Models of Recently Emerged Bat
borne Viruses 295 Jackie A. Pallister and Deborah J. Middleton 12.1 Introduction 295 12.2 SARS Coronavirus 296 12.2.1 Human disease 296 12.2.2 Small animal models 296 12.2.3 Nonhuman primates 298 12.2.4 Spillover hosts 298 12.2.5 Reservoir host 298 12.3 Filoviruses 299 12.3.1 Human disease 299 12.3.2 Small animal models 300 12.3.3 Nonhuman primates 300 12.3.4 Spillover hosts 301 12.3.5 Reservoir host 302 12.4 Paramyxoviruses 302 12.4.1 Human disease 302 12.4.2 Small animal models 303 12.4.3 Nonhuman primates 304 12.4.4 Spillover hosts 305 12.4.5 Reservoir host 305 12.5 Conclusions 306 References 306 13 Bat Genomics 315 James W. Wynne and Mary Tachedjian 13.1 Introduction 315 13.2 Genomics 316 13.2.1 The era of bat genomics 316 13.2.2 Phylogenomics 317 13.2.3 Immunity 317 13.2.4 Gene family expansion 319 13.2.5 Longevity 319 13.2.6 Hibernation 320 13.2.7 Echolocation and convergent evolution 320 13.2.8 Genomic adaptations associated with flight 321 13.2.9 Limitations of genome sequencing 321 13.3 Transcriptomics and MicroRNAs 322 13.3.1 Cataloging immune genes 322 13.3.2 Functional genomics of echolocation 323 13.3.3 MicroRNA discovery 323 13.3.4 Bat specific gene discovery through transcriptomics 323 13.4 Conclusions 324 References 324 14 Bat Immunology 327 Michelle L. Baker and Peng Zhou 14.1 Introduction 327 14.2 Immune Tissues and Cells 328 14.3 Innate Immunity 329 14.3.1 Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) 329 14.3.2 Interferon (IFN) family members 330 14.3.3 Production of IFNs by bat cells 331 14.3.4 IFN receptors and downstream signaling molecules 333 14.3.5 Interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) 334 14.3.6 MicroRNAs 335 14.4 Adaptive Immunity 335 14.4.1 Immunoglobulins 336 14.4.2 Antibody mediated immune responses to experimental viral infections 336 14.4.3 Maternally derived antibody protection 338 14.4.4 T
cell
mediated immune responses 339 14.4.5 The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 340 14.4.6 Cytokines 340 14.5 Conclusions 341 References 342 Species Index 349 Subject Index 361