Randy Zhang, Micah Bartell

BGP Design and Implementation (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Learn practical guidelines for designing and deploying a scalable BGP routing architecture

• Up-to-date coverage of BGP features like performance tuning, multiprotocol BGP, MPLS VPN, and multicast BGP
• In-depth coverage of advanced BGP topics to help design a complex BGP routing architecture
• Practical design tips that have been proven in the field
• Extensive configuration examples and case studies

BGP Design and Implementation focuses on real-world problems and provides not only design solutions, but also the background on why they are appropriate and a practical overview of how they apply into a top-down design. The BGP protocol is being used in both service provider and enterprise networks. The design goals of these two groups are different, leading to different architectures being used in each environment. The title breaks out the separate goals, and resulting solutions for each group to assist the reader in further understanding different solution strategies.

This book starts by identifying key features and functionality in BGP. It then delves into the topics of performance tuning, routing policy development, and architectural scalability. It progresses by examining the challenges for both the service provider and enterprise customers, and provides practical guidelines and a design framework for each. BGP Design and Implementation finishes up by closely looking at the more recent extensions to BGP through Multi-Protocol BGP for MPLS-VPN, IP Multicast, IPv6, and CLNS.

Each chapter is generally organized into the following sections: Introduction, Design and Implementation Guidelines, Case Studies, and Summary.

1587051095101412003

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Pearson ITP
• Seitenzahl: 672
• Altersempfehlung: ab 18 Jahre
• Erscheinungstermin: 12. Dezember 2003
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781587058639
• Artikelnr.: 37952175

Autorenporträt

Randy Zhang, Ph.D., CCIE No. 5659, is a network consulting engineer at Cisco Systems Advanced Engineering Services (AES), supporting Cisco strategic service provider and enterprise customers.

Micah Bartell, CCIE No. 5069, is a network consulting engineer at Cisco Systems. He is a member of the ISP Experts team in Advanced Engineering Services, providing support to Cisco strategic service provider and enterprise customers. He is a recognized expert in the area of large-scale IP network design, with a strong focus on BGP, IS-IS, and IP Multicast.

Inhaltsangabe

Introduction.
I. UNDERSTANDING ADVANCED BGP.
1. Advanced BGP Introduction.
Understanding BGP Characteristics. Reliability. Stability. Scalability.
Flexibility. Comparing BGP and IGP.
2. Understanding BGP Building Blocks.
Comparing the Control Plane and Forwarding Plane. BGP Processes and Memory
Use. BGP Path Attributes. ORIGIN. AS_PATH. NEXT_HOP. MULTI_EXIT_DISC.
LOCAL_PREF. COMMUNITY. ORIGINATOR_ID. CLUSTER_LIST. Understanding Internal
BGP. Path Decision Process. BGP Capabilities. BGP-IGP Routing Exchange.
Routing Information Base. Switching Paths. Process Switching. Cache-Based
Switching. Fast Switching. Optimum Switching. Distributed Optimum
Switching. NetFlow Switching. Shortcomings of Cached-Based Switching
Methods. Cisco Express Forwarding. FIB. Adjacency Table. Distributed CEF.
Load Sharing. Comparison of Switching Mechanisms. Case Study: BGP Memory
Use Estimation. Methods. Estimation Formulas. Free Memory Before BGP Is
Enabled. Memory Use for BGP Networks. Memory Use for BGP Paths. Memory Use
for BGP Path Attributes. Memory Use for IP NDB. Memory Use for IP RDB.
Memory Use for IP CEF. Total BGP Memory Use. Analysis. Summary.
3. Tuning BGP Performance.
BGP Convergence Tuning. TCP Protocol Considerations. TCP MSS. TCP Window
Size. Path MTU Discovery. Queue Optimization. Packet Reception Process.
Hold Queue Optimization. SPD. System Buffers. BGP Update Generation. Peer
Groups. BGP Dynamic Update Peer Groups. Update Packing Enhancement. BGP
Read-Only Mode. Performance Optimization Interdependencies. BGP Network
Performance Features. Network Failure Impact Mitigation. BGP Fast External
Fallover. IGP/BGP Convergence Time Deltas. BGP Non-Stop Forwarding. Prefix
Update Optimization. Route Flap Dampening. BGP Soft Reconfiguration. Route
Refresh Feature. Transmit Side Loop Detection. Outbound Route Filtering.
Case Study: BGP Convergence Testing. Test Scenario. Baseline Convergence.
Peer Group Benefits. Peer Groups and Path MTU Discovery. Peer Groups and
Queue Optimization. Pre-Release 12.0(19)S Feature Comparison. Post-Release
12.0(19)S BGP Enhancements. Case Study Summary. Summary.
4. Effective BGP Policy Control.
Policy Control Techniques. Regular Expression. Components of a Regular
Expression. How to Use Regular Expressions in Cisco IOS Software. Filter
Lists for Enforcing BGP Policies. Prefix Lists. AS Path Lists. Community
Lists. Route Maps. Policy Lists. Filter Processing Order. Conditional
Advertisement. Configurations. Examples. Aggregation and Deaggregation.
Local AS. QoS Policy Propagation. Identifying and Tagging BGP Prefixes That
Require Preferential Treatment. Setting FIB Policy Entries Based on BGP
Tagging. Configuring Traffic Lookup on an Interface and Setting QoS
Policies. Enforcing Policing on an Interface as Traffic Is Received and
Transmitted. An Example of QPPB. BGP Policy Accounting. Case Study: AS
Integration via the Local AS. Summary.
II. DESIGNING BGP ENTERPRISE NETWORKS.
5. Enterprise BGP Core Network Design.
Using BGP in the Enterprise Core. Defining the Problem. Determining the
Solution. BGP Strengths. BGP Weaknesses. BGP Network Core Design Solutions.
Internal BGP Core Architecture. Path Selection. Failure and Recovery
Scenarios. Administrative Control. Routing Policy. External BGP Core
Architecture. Path Selection. Failure and Recovery Scenarios.
Administrative Control. Routing Policy. Internal/External BGP Core
Architecture. Path Selection. Failure and Recovery Scenarios.
Administrative Control. Routing Policy. Remote Site Aggregation. Case
Study: BGP Core Deployment. BGP Core Design Scenario. Design Requirements.
Potential Solutions. Requirements Analysis. Solution Description. Core
Design. Major Center Attachment. Remote Site Aggregation. Internet
Connectivity. Migration Plan. Supporting Infrastructure. Overlay BGP and
Inject Prefixes. BGP Core Activation. Final Cleanup. Final Scenario.
Summary.
6. Internet Connectivity for Enterprise Networks.
Determining What Information to Accept from Upstream Providers. Default
Route Only. Default Plus Partial Routes. Full Internet Tables. Multihoming.
Stub Network Single-Homed. Stub Network Multihomed. Single Border Router.
Multiple Border Routers. Standard Multihomed Network. Single Border Router.
Multiple Border Routers. Route Filtering. Inbound Filtering. Outbound
Filtering. Load Balancing. Inbound Traffic Load Balancing. Outbound Traffic
Load Balancing. Multiple Sessions to the Same Provider. EBGP Multihop
Solution. EBGP Multipath Solution. Additional Connectivity Concerns.
Provider-Based Summarization. Peering Filters. Case Study: Load Balancing
in a Multihoming Environment. Scenario Overview. Traffic Flow Requirements.
Failure Scenarios. Initial Configurations. Inbound Traffic Policy. Outbound
Traffic Policy. Final Configurations. Summary.
III. DESIGNING BGP SERVICE PROVIDER NETWORKS.
7. Scalable iBGP Design and Implementation Guidelines.
Issues of iBGP Scalability. Route Reflection. How Route Reflection Works.
Rules for Prefix Advertisement. Clustering. Loop-Prevention Mechanisms.
ORIGINATOR_ID. CLUSTER_LIST. Hierarchical Route Reflection. Route
Reflection Design Examples. Keeping Logical and Physical Topologies
Congruent. Using Comparable Inter-AS Metrics in an RR Environment. Setting
Proper IGP Metrics in an RR Environment. Clustering Design. Resetting the
Next Hop. Route Reflection with Peer Groups. Confederation. How
Confederation Works. Special Treatment of AS_PATH. Special Treatment of
Communities. Confederation External and Confederation Internal Routes.
Private AS Numbers. Confederation Design Examples. Hub-and-Spoke
Architecture. Setting Proper IGP Metrics for Confederations. Confederation
Versus Route Reflection. Summary.
8. Route Reflection and Confederation Migration Strategies.
General Migration Strategies. Preparatory Steps. Identifying the Starting
and Final Network Topologies. Identifying the Starting Router. Minimizing
Traffic Loss. Case Study 1: iBGP Full Mesh to Route Reflection Migration.
Starting Configurations and RIBs. Migration Procedures. Step 1: Select the
Starting Core Router. Step 2: Create a New Peer Group for Clients, and
Enable Route Reflection. Step 3: Move All Access Routers to the New Peer
Group. Step 4: Move the Other Core Router to RR, and Add Access Routers as
Clients. Step 5: Remove iBGP Sessions That Are No Longer Needed. Step 6:
Repeat Steps 1 Through 5 for the Other POP. Step 7: Verify BGP Reachability
for All Prefixes. Final BGP Configurations. Case Study 2: iBGP Full Mesh to
Confederation Migration. Starting Configurations and RIBs. Migration
Procedures. Step 1: Select R4 as the Starting Router and Move It out of the
Forwarding Paths. Step 2: Replace R4's BGP Process with the Confederation
Configuration and Update. All Routers. Step 3: Create iBGP Mesh Sessions
and Intraconfederation eBGP Sessions. Step 4: Update the Configurations on
R1 and R2 to Peer with R. Step 5: Move R6 from Member AS 100 to Member AS
65001 and Put R4 Back in the. Forwarding Paths. Step 6: Move R7 from Member
AS 100 to Member AS 65001 and Move R5 out of the. Forwarding Paths. Step 7:
Move R5 from Member AS 100 to Member AS 65001 and Put R5 Back in the.
Forwarding Paths. Step 8: Update the Peering with R5 on R1 and R. Step 9:
Move R2 out of the Forwarding Paths, and Migrate R2 from Member AS 100. to
Member AS. Step 10: Update the Peerings with R2 and Put R2 Back in the
Forwarding Paths. Step 11: Move R3 from Member AS 100 to Member AS. Step
12: Move R1 from Member AS 100 to Member AS. Step 13: Update the Peering
with R. Step 14: Verify BGP Reachability for All Prefixes. Case Study 3:
Route Reflection to Confederation Migration. Starting Configurations.
Migration Procedures. Step 1: Select R4 as the Starting Router and Move It
out of the Forwarding Paths. Step 2: Migrate R4 from AS 100 to Member AS
65001 and Update All Other Routers. with Confederation Configurations. Step
3: Create Intramember and Intermember AS Sessions on R. Step 4: Update the
Peering on R1 and R. Step 5: Move R6 from Member AS 100 to Member AS 65001
and Put R4 Back in the. Forwarding Paths. Step 6: Move R7 from Member AS
100 to Member AS 65001 and Move R5 out of the. Forwarding Paths. Step 7:
Move R5 from Member AS 100 to Member AS 65001 and Put R5 Back in the.
Forwarding Paths. Step 8: Update the Peering with R. Step 9: Move R2 out of
the Forwarding Paths and Migrate R2 from Member AS 100 to. Member AS. Step
10: Update the Peerings with R2, and Put R2 Back in the Forwarding Paths.
Step 11: Move R3 from Member AS 100 to Member AS. Step 12: Move R1 from
Member AS 100 to Member AS. Step 13: Update the Peerings with R. Step 14:
Verify All the Routing Information. Case Study 4: Confederation to Route
Reflection Migration. Starting Configurations. Migration Procedures. Step
1: Select R4 as the Starting Router and Move It out of the Forwarding
Paths. Step 2: Migrate R4 to a New Member AS 100 and Make It a Route
Reflector. Step 3: On R1 and R2, Add Member AS 100 to the Peers and Update
the Peerings. with R. Step 4: Move R6 from Member AS 65001 to Member AS
100 and Put R4 Back in the. Forwarding Paths. Step 5: Move R7 from Member
AS 65001 to Member AS 100 and Move R5 out of the. Forwarding Paths. Step 6:
Move R5 from Member AS 65001 to Member AS. Step 7: On R1 and R2, Update the
Peerings with R5 and Put R5 Back in the. Forwarding Paths. Step 8: Move R2
out of the Forwarding Paths and Migrate R2 from Member AS 65000. to Member
AS. Step 9: Update the Peering on R4 and R5 and Put R2 Back in the
Forwarding Paths. Step 10: Move R3 from Member AS 65000 to Member AS. Step
11: Move R1 from Member AS 65000 to Member AS. Step 12: Update the Peering
with R. Step 13: Remove the Confederation from the Configurations of All
the Routers in. AS. Step 14: Verify BGP Reachability for All Prefixes.
Summary.
9. Service Provider Architecture.
General ISP Network Architecture. Interior Gateway Protocol Layout. Network
Layout. The Network Core Layer. The Aggregation Layer. The Network Edge
Layer. General BGP Settings. Network Addressing Methodology. Loopback
Addressing. Link Addressing. Customer Addressing. Customer Connectivity.
Customer BGP Peering. Static Route Redistribution. Identifying Customer
Prefixes. Transit and Peering Overview. Transit Connectivity. Peering.
Public Peering. Private Peering. ISP Tiers and Peering. BGP Community
Design. Prefix Origin Tracking. Dynamic Customer Policy. Local Preference
Manipulation. Controlling Upstream Prefix Advertisement. QoS Policy
Propagation with BGP. Static Redistribution and Community Application. BGP
Security Features. TCP MD5 Signatures for BGP Sessions. Peer Filtering.
Graded Route Flap Dampening. Public Peering Security Concerns. Pointing
Default. Third-Party Next Hop. GRE Tunneling. Case Study: Distributed
Denial-of-Service Attack Mitigation. Dynamic Black Hole Routing. Final Edge
Router Configuration Example. Summary.
PART IV. IMPLEMENTING BGP MULTIPROTOCOL EXTENSIONS.
10. Multiprotocol BGP and MPLS VPN.
BGP Multiprotocol Extension for MPLS VPN. Route Distinguisher and VPN-IPv4
Address. Extended Community Attribute. Route Target Extended Community.
Route Origin Extended Community. Multiprotocol Reachability Attributes.
Understanding MPLS Fundamentals. MPLS Labels. Label Exchange and LSP Setup.
Forwarding Labeled Packets. Building MPLS VPN Architectures. Components of
an MPLS VPN. VPN Routing/Forwarding Instance. VPNv4 Route and Label
Propagation. Automatic Route Filtering. AS_PATH Manipulation. AS Override.
Allow-AS. VPNs Across AS Borders. Inter-AS VPN. Back-to-Back VRF.
Single-Hop Multiprotocol eBGP for VPNv. Multihop Multiprotocol eBGP for
VPNv. Non-VPN Transit Provider for VPNv. Comparison of Various Inter-AS VPN
Options. Carrier Supporting Carrier VPN. CSC for Full Internet Routes.
Hierarchical VPN. BGP Confederations and MPLS VPN. Deployment
Considerations. Scalability. Resource Consumption on PE Devices. Route
Reflector Designs with MPLS VPN. Design Guidelines for RDs. Route Target
Design Examples. Hub-and-Spoke VPN Topologies. Extranet VPN. Management
VPN. Convergence. Provider Backbone Convergence. Site-to-Site Convergence.
Case Study: Inter-AS VPN Using Multihop eBGP Between RRs and IPv4 Labels.
Summary.
11. Multiprotocol BGP and Interdomain Multicast.
Multicast Fundamentals. Multicast Distribution Trees. Multicast Group
Notation. Shared Tree. Source Tree. Building Multicast Distribution Trees.
Dense Mode. Sparse Mode. Interdomain Multicast. Multicast Source Discovery
Protocol. Multicast NLRI in MP-BGP. mBGP/MSDP Interaction. Peer-RPF
Checking Rule 1: i(m)BGP Session. Peer-RPF Checking Rule 2: e(m)BGP
Session. Peer-RPF Checking Rule 3: No (m)BGP Session. Mesh Groups. Route
Reflection Issues. Case Study: Service Provider Multicast Deployment.
Anycast RP. Customer Configurations. MSDP Default Peer. Multiple Links,
Same Upstream Provider. Multiple ISPs, Dedicated Unicast and Multicast.
Multiple Upstream ISPs, Redundant Multicast. Interdomain Connections.
Summary.
12. Multiprotocol BGP Support for IPv.
IPv6 Enhancements. Expanded Addressing Capabilities. Autoconfiguration
Capabilities. Header Simplification. Security Enhancements. QoS
Capabilities. IPv6 Addressing. Anycast Address Functionality. General
Address Format. Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses. Local Addressing.
Interface Identifiers. Special Addresses. MP-BGP Extensions for IPv6 NLRI.
Dual-Stack Deployment. MP-BGP for IPv6 Deployment Considerations.
Configuring MP-BGP for IPv. BGP Address Family Configuration. Injecting
IPv6 Prefixes into BGP. Prefix Filtering for IPv. Case Study: Deploying a
Dual-Stack IPv4 and IPv6 Environment. Initial IPv4 Network Topology.
Initial Configurations. Planned IPv6 Overlay. IPv6 Network Topology. Final
Configurations. Summary.
V. APPENDIXES.
Appendix A: Multiprotocol BGP Extensions for CLNS Support.
Appendix B: Matrix of BGP Features and Cisco IOS Software Releases.
Appendix C: Additional Sources of Information.
Appendix D: Acronym Glossary.
Index.