Yebo Li, Samir Kumar Khanal

Bioenergy (eBook, ePUB)

Principles and Applications

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

BIOENERGY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS BIOENERGY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS With growing concerns over climate change and energy insecurity coupled with dwindling reserves of fossil energy resources, there is a growing search for alternative, renewable energy resources. Energy derived from renewable bioresources such as biomass (energy crops, agri- and forest residues, algae, and biowastes) has received significant attention in recent years. With the growing interest in bioenergy, there has been increasing demand for a broad-ranging, introductory textbook that provides an essential overview of this very subject to students in the field. Bioenergy: Principles and Applications offers an invaluable introduction to both fundamental and applied aspects of bioenergy feedstocks and their processing, as well as lifecycle and techno-economic analyses, and policies as applied to bioenergy. Bioenergy: Principles and Applications provides readers with foundational information on first-, second-, and third-generation bioenergy, ranging from plant structure, carbohydrate chemistry, mass and energy balance, thermodynamics, and reaction kinetics to feedstock production, logistics, conversion technologies, biorefinery, lifecycle and techno-economic analyses, and government policies. This textbook gives students and professionals an incomparable overview of the rapidly growing field of bioenergy. Bioenergy: Principles and Applications will be an essential resource for students, engineers, researchers, and industry personnel interested in, and working in, the bioenergy field.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 608
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. September 2016
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118568378
• Artikelnr.: 45970786

Autorenporträt

YEBO LI is a Professor in the Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering at the Ohio State University. SAMIR KUMAR KHANAL is an Associate Professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa.

Inhaltsangabe

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xix PREFACE xxiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxv ABOUT THE
COMPANION WEBSITE xxvii SECTION I BIOENERGY FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 INTRODUCTION
TO BIOENERGY 3 Samir Kumar Khanal and Yebo Li 1.1 Energy 3 1.2
Non-renewable Energy 5 1.3 Renewable Energy 10 1.4 Why Renewable Energy? 11
1.5 Bioenergy 13 References 17 Exercise Problems 18 2 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS
19 Samir Kumar Khanal 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Units of Measurement 19 2.3
Useful Units and Conversions 21 2.4 Energy and Heat 25 2.5 Volume-Mass
Relationship 29 2.6 Ideal Gas Law 29 2.7 Henry's Law 30 References and
Further Reading 32 Exercise Problems 32 3 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES 33 Devin
Takara and Samir Kumar Khanal 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Mass Balances 33 3.3
Enthalpy 35 3.4 Energy Balances 36 References and Further Reading 39
Exercise Problems 39 4 THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF BASIC CHEMICAL
REACTIONS 42 Devin Takara and Samir Kumar Khanal 4.1 Introduction 42 4.2
Reaction Thermodynamics 43 4.3 Reaction Kinetics 46 References and Further
Reading 48 Exercise Problems 48 5 ORGANIC AND CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY 50
Xiaolan Luo and Yebo Li 5.1 Introduction 50 5.2 Structural Formulas and
Classification of Organic Compounds 51 5.3 Aliphatic Compounds 52 5.4
Aromatic Compounds 61 5.5 Heterocyclic Compounds 62 5.6 Carbohydrates 63
5.7 Proteins and Lipids 66 References and Further Reading 69 Exercise
Problems 70 6 PLANT STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 71 Samir Kumar Khanal Saoharit
Nitayavardhana and Rakshit Devappa 6.1 Introduction 71 6.2 Carbohydrates
and Their Classification 72 6.3 Main Constituents of Plant Biomass 73 6.4
Plant Cell Wall Architecture 80 References 85 Exercise Problems 86 7
MICROBIAL METABOLISMS 88 Arul M. Varman Lian He and Yinjie J. Tang 7.1
Introduction 88 7.2 Carbon Metabolisms 89 7.3 Metabolic Models 93
References 104 Exercise Problems 105 Appendix 7.1 Code Useful for Example
7.2 105 SECTION II BIOENERGY FEEDSTOCKS 107 8 STARCH-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 109
Xumeng Ge and Yebo Li 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Corn 110 8.3 Sweet Potato
116 8.4 Cassava 120 8.5 Comparison of Composition Yield and Energy
Potential of Corn Sweet Potato and Cassava 124 References 125 Exercise
Problems 126 9 OILSEED-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 127 Chengci Chen and Marisol Berti
9.1 Introduction 127 9.2 Soybean 128 9.3 Rapeseed and Canola 132 9.4 Oil
Palm 135 9.5 Jatropha 136 9.6 Camelina 138 9.7 Yield and Oil Content of
Major Oilseed Feedstocks 139 References 140 Exercise Problems 142 10
LIGNOCELLULOSE-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 143 Sudhagar Mani 10.1 Introduction 143
10.2 Feedstock Availability and Production 144 10.3 Feedstock Logistics 151
References 167 Exercise Problems 168 11 ALGAE-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 170 Xumeng
Ge Johnathon P. Sheets Yebo Li and Sudhagar Mani 11.1 Introduction 170 11.2
Algae Classification Cell Structure and Characteristics 171 11.3 Mechanism
of Algal Growth 172 11.4 Algal Growth Conditions 174 11.5 Steps in
Algal-Biodiesel Production 176 References 195 Exercise Problems 196 SECTION
III BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 199 12 PRETREATMENT OF
LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS 201 Chang Geun Yoo and Xuejun Pan 12.1
Introduction 201 12.2 What Does Pretreatment Do? 202 12.3 Physical
Pretreatment 205 12.4 Thermochemical Pretreatment 207 12.5 Other
Pretreatments 216 12.6 Co-products from Lignocellulosic Feedstock
Pretreatment 219 References 220 Exercise Problems 221 13 ENZYMATIC
HYDROLYSIS 224 David Hodge and Wei Liao 13.1 Introduction 224 13.2
Nomenclature and Classification of Hydrolases 225 13.3 Enzyme Kinetics 226
13.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates 240 References 246 Exercise
Problems 247 14 ETHANOL FERMENTATION 250 Saoharit Nitayavardhana and Samir
Kumar Khanal 14.1 Introduction 250 14.2 Biochemical Pathway 252 14.3
Byproducts Formation during Ethanol Fermentation 263 14.4 Microbial
Cultures 264 14.5 Environmental Factors Affecting Ethanol Fermentation 267
14.6 Industrial Fuel-Grade Ethanol Production 268 References 274 Exercise
Problems 275 15 BUTANOL FERMENTATION 277 Victor Ujor and Thaddeus
Chukwuemeka Ezeji 15.1 Introduction 277 15.2 Butanol Fermentation 279 15.3
Factors Affecting Butanol Fermentation 285 15.4 Substrates for Butanol
Fermentation 287 15.5 Advanced Butanol Fermentation Techniques and
Downstream Processing 288 References 292 Exercise Problems 294 16 SYNGAS
FERMENTATION 296 Mark R. Wilkins Hasan K. Atiyeh and Samir Kumar Khanal
16.1 Introduction 296 16.2 Stoichiometry 297 16.3 Syngas-Fermenting
Bacteria 298 16.4 Factors Affecting Syngas Fermentation 303 16.5 Product
Recovery 308 References 309 Exercise Problems 311 17 FUNDAMENTALS OF
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 313 Samir Kumar Khanal and Yebo Li 17.1 Introduction
313 17.2 Organic Conversion in an Anaerobic Process 315 17.3 Stoichiometry
of Methane Production 320 17.4 Important Considerations in Anaerobic
Digestion 323 17.5 Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) 331 References
334 Exercise Problems 336 18 BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS 338 Samir
Kumar Khanal and Yebo Li 18.1 Introduction 338 18.2 Anaerobic Digestion
Systems 338 18.3 Biogas Cleaning and Upgrading 354 18.4 Biogas Utilization
357 18.5 Digestate 358 References 358 Exercise Problems 359 19 MICROBIAL
FUEL CELLS 361 Hongjian Lin Hong Liu Jun Zhu and Venkataramana Gadhamshetty
19.1 Introduction 361 19.2 How Does a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Work? 363
19.3 Electron Transfer Processes 365 19.4 Electrical Power and Energy
Generation 370 19.5 Design and Operation of an MFC 377 References 381
Exercise Problems 382 SECTION IV THERMAL CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 385 20
COMBUSTION FOR HEAT AND POWER 387 Sushil Adhikari Avanti Kulkarni and
Nourredine Abdoulmoumine 20.1 Introduction 387 20.2 Fundamentals of Biomass
Combustion 389 20.3 Biomass Properties and Preprocessing 393 20.4 Biomass
Furnaces 395 20.5 Power Generation 397 20.6 Biomass Co-firing with Coal 402
20.7 Environmental Impact and Emissions of Biomass Combustion 404
References 405 Exercise Problems 405 21 GASIFICATION 407 Sushil Adhikari
and Nourredine Abdoulmoumine 21.1 Introduction 407 21.2 Fundamentals of
Gasification 408 21.3 Gasifiers 410 21.4 Feedstock Preparation and
Characterization 414 21.5 Gasification Mass and Energy Balance 416 21.6 Gas
Cleanup 419 21.7 Applications of Biomass Gasification 419 References 421
Exercise Problems 421 Appendix 422 22 PYROLYSIS 423 Manuel Garcia-Perez
22.1 Introduction 423 22.2 Slow vs. Fast Pyrolysis 425 22.3 Pyrolysis
Reactions and Mechanisms 426 22.4 Single-Particle Models 431 22.5 Bio-Oil
432 22.6 Charcoal 434 22.7 Bio-oil Refining 434 References 437 Exercise
Problems 438 SECTION V BIOBASED REFINERY 439 23 SUGAR-BASED BIOREFINERY 441
Samir Kumar Khanal and Saoharit Nitayavardhana 23.1 Introduction 441 23.2
Stoichiometry 442 23.3 Sugarcane Ethanol 443 23.4 Sweet Sorghum Ethanol 446
23.5 Sugar Beet Ethanol 447 23.6 Biochemicals and Biopolymers 448
References 450 Exercise Problems 451 24 STARCH-BASED BIOREFINERY 453 Samir
Kumar Khanal and Saoharit Nitayavardhana 24.1 Introduction 453 24.2
Stoichiometry of Starch to Ethanol 455 24.3 Integrated Farm-Scale
Biorefinery 464 References 465 Exercise Problems 466 25
LIGNOCELLULOSE-BASED BIOREFINERY 467 Scott C. Geleynse Michael Paice and
Xiao Zhang 25.1 Introduction 467 25.2 Cell Structure of Lignocellulosic
Feedstocks 468 25.3 Stoichiometry and Energy Content 468 25.4
Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion to Fuel 472 25.5 Co-Products from
Lignocellulose-Based Biorefinery 473 25.6 Industrial Lignocellulose-Based
Biorefinery 476 References 478 Exercise Problems 480 26 LIPID-BASED
BIOREFINERY 481 B. Brian He J. H. Van Gerpen Matthew J. Morra and Armando
G. McDonald 26.1 Introduction 481 26.2 Lipid-Based Feedstocks 483 26.3
Chemical Properties of Lipids 484 26.4 Biodiesel from Lipids 491 26.5
Lipid-Based Biorefinery 498 References 501 Exercise Problems 502 SECTION VI
BIOENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS 505 27 TECHNO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 507 Ganti S.
Murthy 27.1 Introduction 507 27.2 What Is Techno-Economic Analysis? 508
27.3 Basic Steps in TEA 509 27.4 Tools Software and Data Sources for
Performing TEA 517 References 518 Exercise Problems 518 28 LIFE-CYCLE
ASSESSMENT 521 Ganti S. Murthy 28.1 Introduction 521 28.2 What Is
Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)? 522 28.3 Procedure for LCA 524 28.4 Tools
Available to Perform LCA 533 28.5 Advanced Topics 533 References 539
Exercise Problems 541 29 GOVERNMENT POLICY AND STANDARDS FOR BIOENERGY 544
Sami Kumar Khanal Gal Hochman Ajay Shah and Jeffrey M. Bielicki 29.1
Overview of the Bioenergy Market 544 29.2 Rationale for Government
Intervention 546 29.3 Government Intervention through Policy Tools 550 29.4
Biofuels Policy Implementations: Existing Policy Instruments 550 29.5
Implications of Biofuels Policies 559 References 561 Exercise Problems 561
INDEX 563