Peter R. de Forest, Peter A. Pizzola, Brooke W. Kammrath

Blood Traces (eBook, PDF)

Interpretation of Deposition and Distribution

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

A guide to the scientific interpretation of blood traces Blood Traces provides an authoritative resource that reviews many of the aspects of the interpretation of blood traces that have not been treated with the thoroughness they deserve. With strict adherence to the scientific method, the authors -- noted experts on the topic -- address the complexities encountered when interpreting blood trace configurations. The book provides an understanding of the scientific basis for the use of blood trace deposits, i.e. bloodstain patterns, at crime scenes to better reconstruct a criminal event. The authors define eight overarching principles for the comprehensive analysis and interpretation of blood trace configurations. Three of these principles are: blood traces may reveal a great deal of useful information; extensive blood traces, although present, may not always yield information relevant to questions that may arise in a given case; and a collection of a few seemingly related dried blood droplet deposits is not necessarily an interpretable "pattern". This important resource: * Provides the fundamental principles for the scientific examination and understanding of blood trace deposits and configurations * Dispels commonly accepted misinformation about blood traces. * Contains a variety of illustrative case examples which will aid in demonstrating the concepts discussed Written for forensic scientists, crime scene investigators, members of the legal community, and students in these fields, Blood Traces presents the fundamental principles for the scientific examination of blood trace deposits and configurations.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 384
• Erscheinungstermin: 4. August 2021
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119764700
• Artikelnr.: 62420541

Autorenporträt

Peter R. De Forest is Professor Emeritus of Criminalistics at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. He has served as a scientific consultant on physical evidence issues for over sixty years. Peter A. Pizzola is the former Laboratory Director and Assistant Commissioner of the New York City Police Crime Laboratory, former manager of the NYC Office of the Chief Medical Examiner Special Investigations Unit and Commanding Officer (retired) of the Yonkers Police Forensic Lab/Crime Scene Unit. Brooke W. Kammrath is an Associate Professor of Forensic Science at the University of New Haven and Assistant Director of the Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science. She also serves as a scientific consultant and expert witness for both criminal and civil cases.

Inhaltsangabe

DEDICATION v

EPIGRAPH vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

FOREWORD xvii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xix

PREFACE TO BLOOD TRACES: INTERPRETATION OF DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION xxi

1 Physical Evidence Record 1

1.1 Generation of Physical Evidence Record 1

1.1.1 Scene as a Recording Medium 1

1.1.2 Creation of Blood Traces 5

1.2 Capturing the Physical Evidence Record: Crime Scene Analysis 5

1.2.1 The Stages of Crime Scene Investigation 6

1.2.1.1 Scene Protection and Security 6

1.2.1.2 Evidence Recognition 8

1.2.1.3 Evidence Documentation 10

1.2.1.4 Evidence Recovery, Packaging, and Transportation 14

1.3 Reconstruction of Past Incidents from the Physical Evidence Record 17

1.3.1 Definition 17

1.3.2 Art or Science, or Both? 17

1.3.3 Importance of the Scientific Method 18

1.3.4 Reconstruction vs. Reenactment 18

1.3.5 Holistic Philosophy: Blood Trace Configuration Interpretation Is Only One Aspect of Reconstruction 19

References 20

2 Historical Perspective 21

2.1 Edgar Allen Poe and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: History in Fiction 21

2.2 Hans Gross 22

2.3 History of Research in Blood Traces 22

2.4 Detective Charlie Chan: History in Film 23

2.5 Paul Kirk 23

2.6 Herbert MacDonell 25

2.7 Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Committees and Organizations 26

References 26

3 Characteristics of Liquids Including Blood 29

3.1 Physical Properties and Fluid Mechanics of Liquids 29

3.1.1 Surface Tension and Weber Number 29

3.1.2 Density 31

3.1.3 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids 31

3.1.4 Viscosity and Poiseuille's Equation 32

3.1.5 Flow Stability, Reynolds Number, and Rayleigh Number 33

3.1.6 Viscoelasticity 34

3.1.7 Caveats 34

3.2 Physical Characteristics of Blood 35

3.2.1 Definition and Description of Blood 35

3.2.2 Factors that Influence Droplet Deposit Periphery 37

3.2.3 Factors that Influence Droplet and Deposit Size 38

3.2.4 Sedimentation and Hematocrit 40

3.3 Optical Properties of Blood Deposits 40

3.4 Physiological Characteristics of Blood 41

3.4.1 Hemostasis and Clotting 41

3.4.1.1 Postmortem Clotting 42

3.4.1.2 Lack of Clotting 42

3.5 Use of Blood Substitutes in Training and Simulations 43

References 44

4 Detection, Visual Enhancement, Identification, and Source Attribution of Blood Deposits and Configurations 47

4.1 Optical Visualization of Blood Trace Deposits 48

4.2 Catalytic Tests 52

4.3 Protein Stains 53

4.4 Blood Typing and DNA Technology 53

4.5 A Limitation of Laboratory SOPs 54

4.6 Ongoing and Future Research 55

4.7 Conclusion 58

References 58

5 Terminology, Typology, and Taxonomy 61

5.1 History of Terminologies Applied to Blood Trace Configurations 61

5.2 A Typology for Blood Trace Deposits 63

5.2.1 Contact Transfers 64

5.2.1.1 Figure(s): Static Contact Transfers 66

5.2.2 Noncontact Deposit Configurations 69

5.2.3 Arc ("Cast-off") Deposit Configurations 69

5.2.4 Arterial Deposit Configurations 70

5.2.5 Droplet Trail Deposit Configurations 71

5.2.6 Airborne Droplets in Respiratory Airstreams 72

5.2.7 Radial ("Impact") Spatter (Include Close-Up) 73

5.2.8 Secondary Spatter 74

5.2.8.1 Dropping Height Experiments 75