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Brain stimulation technologies are both tools to probe brain function and to provide therapeutic options for patients with neuropsychiatric disease where pharmacological options are not viable. Although the field has been in existence for over seventy years, research interest in brain stimulation has been on the rise particularly in the last two decades.
Brain Stimulation: Methodologies and Interventions is an introduction to the field of brain stimulation technology and its applications. The book explores how brainstimulating technologies work in the context of brain pathways that mediate…mehr
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Brain stimulation technologies are both tools to probe brain function and to provide therapeutic options for patients with neuropsychiatric disease where pharmacological options are not viable. Although the field has been in existence for over seventy years, research interest in brain stimulation has been on the rise particularly in the last two decades.
Brain Stimulation: Methodologies and Interventions is an introduction to the field of brain stimulation technology and its applications. The book explores how brainstimulating technologies work in the context of brain pathways that mediate normal and abnormal brain function. Chapters cover neuroanatomy and activity dependent changes in neuronal function triggered by brain stimulation, as well as applications of brain stimulation technologies themselves, including noninvasive procedures that rely on convulsive or seizure therapeutics, and non-convulsive therapies such as magnetic and electrical brain stimulation.
Authored by an international group of leaders in the field, Brain Stimulation is a valuable resource for both neuroscience researchers and clinicians.
Brain Stimulation: Methodologies and Interventions is an introduction to the field of brain stimulation technology and its applications. The book explores how brainstimulating technologies work in the context of brain pathways that mediate normal and abnormal brain function. Chapters cover neuroanatomy and activity dependent changes in neuronal function triggered by brain stimulation, as well as applications of brain stimulation technologies themselves, including noninvasive procedures that rely on convulsive or seizure therapeutics, and non-convulsive therapies such as magnetic and electrical brain stimulation.
Authored by an international group of leaders in the field, Brain Stimulation is a valuable resource for both neuroscience researchers and clinicians.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Erscheinungstermin: 23. März 2015
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118568385
- Artikelnr.: 42675813
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Erscheinungstermin: 23. März 2015
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118568385
- Artikelnr.: 42675813
Irving M. Reti is an Associate Professor and Director of The Brain Stimulation Program at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, USA.
Contributors xi
1 Introduction to Brain Stimulation 1
Irving M. Reti and Andrew D. Chang
Introduction 1
A Historical Perspective 2
Focal Activation 3
Connectivity 5
Development of Invasive Brain Stimulation 7
Ethical Issues 9
References 9
PART A BRAIN CIRCUITRY AND PLASTICITY 13
2 A Balanced Mind: A Network Perspective on Mood and Motivation Brain Pathways 15
Morten L. Kringelbach
Introduction 15
Dysregulation of Emotion and Mood 18
Potential for Intervention 21
Conclusion 23
References 24
3 Motor Pathways, Basal Ganglia Physiology, and Pathophysiology 29
Hagai Bergman, Shiran Katabi, Maya Slovik, Marc Deffains, David Arkadir, Zvi Israel, and Renana Eitan
Introduction 29
The Classic Models of Basal Ganglia Anatomy 30
Basal Ganglia Physiology 33
The Pathophysiology of Hypo- and HyperDopaminergic States 35
From Physiology to Understanding and Therapy—the Computational Models of the Basal Ganglia 37
References 41
4 Viewing Brain Stimulation from a Plasticity Perspective 45
Jay M. Baraban
Long-Term Potentiation: A Primer 45
AMPA Versus NMDA Receptors 46
Distinct Mechanisms of LTP Induction and Expression 48
Synapse Specificity of LTP 48
Relevance of LTP Mechanisms to Mode of Action of tDCS 49
Long-Term Depression 51
Metaplasticity and Monoamines 52
Clues to rTMS Mode of Action 52
Future Directions 54
Summary 55
References 55
PART B TECHNOLOGY 57
(1) Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 59
(a) Convulsive 59
5 Introduction to Convulsive Therapy 61
Richard D. Weiner
Introduction 61
The History of Convulsive Therapy 62
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Basic Principles 64
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Clinical Role 67
Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST) 76
Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST) 77
Future of Convulsive Therapy 77
References 78
6 Improving ECT Efficacy and Decreasing Cognitive Side Effects 83
Keith G. Rasmussen
Introduction 83
ECT Outcome Assessment: Therapeutic Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects 83
ECT Treatment Technique: Basic Concepts 84
Electrode Placement 86
Stimulus Dosage 88
Stimulus Parameter Configuration 89
Treatment Frequency 93
Concomitant Psychotropic Drugs 94
Choice of Anesthetic Drug 96
References 100
7 How Does Electroconvulsive Therapy Work? 107
Irving M. Reti
Introduction 107
What Can We Learn from ECT’s Action as an Antidepressant? 107
What Can We Learn from ECT’s Action in Treating Catatonia? 112
How Do Stimulus Parameters that Trigger the Seizure Influence How It Works? 113
Conclusions and Implications for ECT Treatment 116
References 117
8 Magnetic Seizure Therapy for the Treatment of Depression 123
Sarah H. Lisanby and Zhi-De Deng
Introduction 123
Definitions 123
Rationale for MST 124
History of MST: A Translational Developmental Trajectory 125
MST Technique 127
E-field Distribution with MST 133
Neurophysiological Effects of MST 135
Safety 139
Antidepressant Efficacy 140
Future Directions for MST Development 142
Conclusions 144
References 144
(b) Non-Convulsive 149
9 Introduction to Nonconvulsive Brain Stimulation: Focus on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 151
Masashi Hamada and John C. Rothwell
History of Nonconvulsive Transcranial Brain Stimulation Technique in Humans 151
Basics of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 152
New Techniques: Static Magnets and Pulsed Ultrasound 160
References 160
10 Advances in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Technology 165
Angel V. Peterchev, Zhi-De Deng and Stefan M. Goetz
Introduction 165
Pulse Source Technology and Waveforms 165
Coils 171
Technical Aspects of Concurrent TMS and Neuroimaging 179
Conclusion and Future Directions 182
References 183
11 Applications of TMS to Study Brain Connectivity 191
Gabriela Cantarero and Pablo Celnik
Introduction 191
Probing Connectivity using Bifocal TMS 192
Connectivity Studies Using TMS Plus fMRI, PET or EEG 204
Conclusions 206
References 206
12 Therapeutic Applications of rTMS for Psychiatric and Neurological Conditions 213
Mark S. George, E. Baron Short, Suzanne E. Kerns, Xingbao Li, Colleen Hanlon, Christopher Pelic, Joseph J. Taylor, Bashar W. Badran, Jeffrey J. Borckardt, Nolan Williams, and James Fox
Introduction 213
The Depressions 213
The Anxiety Disorders 220
The Schizophrenias 221
Pain Syndromes 222
Movement Disorders 222
Repairing the Damaged Brain 223
Other Conditions 223
Summary and Conclusions 225
References 225
13 Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Modulation of Brain Pathways and Potential Clinical Applications 233
Michael A. Nitsche, Rafael Polania, and Min-Fang Kuo
Introduction 233
Physiological Basis of tDCS 233
Impact of tDCS on Cognition 242
Application of tDCS in Neuropsychiatric Diseases 244
Concluding Remarks 247
References 248
(2) Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 255
14 Epidural Cortical Stimulation 257
Ziad Nahas
Introduction 257
Options for Treatment Resistant Depression 257
Epidural Cortical Stimulation 259
Disrupted Emotion Regulation in Depression and EpCS 263
Deficits in Mentalization in Depression and EpCS 263
Comparison Across Brain Stimulation Therapies 265
Summary 266
References 266
15 Neurological Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271
Jennifer J. Cheng, William S. Anderson, and Frederick A. Lenz
Introduction 271
Current Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271
Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation 274
Fundamentals of Stimulation 275
Lead Placement 277
Conclusion 282
References 283
16 Psychiatric Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 289
Reinier Prosée and Damiaan Denys
Introduction 289
Deep Brain Stimulation and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 289
Deep Brain Stimulation and Major Depressive Disorder 293
Deep Brain Stimulation and Drug Addiction 296
Potential New Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 298
References 300
17 Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy and Depression 305
Charles R. Conway, Mark A. Colijn, and Steven C. Schachter
Introduction 306
The VNS Therapy Device 306
Vagus Nerve Anatomy 308
Mechanisms of Action of VNS 311
Epilepsy 317
Depression 322
General Safety Considerations 326
Future Directions 326
Summary 327
References 328
Index 337
1 Introduction to Brain Stimulation 1
Irving M. Reti and Andrew D. Chang
Introduction 1
A Historical Perspective 2
Focal Activation 3
Connectivity 5
Development of Invasive Brain Stimulation 7
Ethical Issues 9
References 9
PART A BRAIN CIRCUITRY AND PLASTICITY 13
2 A Balanced Mind: A Network Perspective on Mood and Motivation Brain Pathways 15
Morten L. Kringelbach
Introduction 15
Dysregulation of Emotion and Mood 18
Potential for Intervention 21
Conclusion 23
References 24
3 Motor Pathways, Basal Ganglia Physiology, and Pathophysiology 29
Hagai Bergman, Shiran Katabi, Maya Slovik, Marc Deffains, David Arkadir, Zvi Israel, and Renana Eitan
Introduction 29
The Classic Models of Basal Ganglia Anatomy 30
Basal Ganglia Physiology 33
The Pathophysiology of Hypo- and HyperDopaminergic States 35
From Physiology to Understanding and Therapy—the Computational Models of the Basal Ganglia 37
References 41
4 Viewing Brain Stimulation from a Plasticity Perspective 45
Jay M. Baraban
Long-Term Potentiation: A Primer 45
AMPA Versus NMDA Receptors 46
Distinct Mechanisms of LTP Induction and Expression 48
Synapse Specificity of LTP 48
Relevance of LTP Mechanisms to Mode of Action of tDCS 49
Long-Term Depression 51
Metaplasticity and Monoamines 52
Clues to rTMS Mode of Action 52
Future Directions 54
Summary 55
References 55
PART B TECHNOLOGY 57
(1) Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 59
(a) Convulsive 59
5 Introduction to Convulsive Therapy 61
Richard D. Weiner
Introduction 61
The History of Convulsive Therapy 62
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Basic Principles 64
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Clinical Role 67
Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST) 76
Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST) 77
Future of Convulsive Therapy 77
References 78
6 Improving ECT Efficacy and Decreasing Cognitive Side Effects 83
Keith G. Rasmussen
Introduction 83
ECT Outcome Assessment: Therapeutic Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects 83
ECT Treatment Technique: Basic Concepts 84
Electrode Placement 86
Stimulus Dosage 88
Stimulus Parameter Configuration 89
Treatment Frequency 93
Concomitant Psychotropic Drugs 94
Choice of Anesthetic Drug 96
References 100
7 How Does Electroconvulsive Therapy Work? 107
Irving M. Reti
Introduction 107
What Can We Learn from ECT’s Action as an Antidepressant? 107
What Can We Learn from ECT’s Action in Treating Catatonia? 112
How Do Stimulus Parameters that Trigger the Seizure Influence How It Works? 113
Conclusions and Implications for ECT Treatment 116
References 117
8 Magnetic Seizure Therapy for the Treatment of Depression 123
Sarah H. Lisanby and Zhi-De Deng
Introduction 123
Definitions 123
Rationale for MST 124
History of MST: A Translational Developmental Trajectory 125
MST Technique 127
E-field Distribution with MST 133
Neurophysiological Effects of MST 135
Safety 139
Antidepressant Efficacy 140
Future Directions for MST Development 142
Conclusions 144
References 144
(b) Non-Convulsive 149
9 Introduction to Nonconvulsive Brain Stimulation: Focus on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 151
Masashi Hamada and John C. Rothwell
History of Nonconvulsive Transcranial Brain Stimulation Technique in Humans 151
Basics of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 152
New Techniques: Static Magnets and Pulsed Ultrasound 160
References 160
10 Advances in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Technology 165
Angel V. Peterchev, Zhi-De Deng and Stefan M. Goetz
Introduction 165
Pulse Source Technology and Waveforms 165
Coils 171
Technical Aspects of Concurrent TMS and Neuroimaging 179
Conclusion and Future Directions 182
References 183
11 Applications of TMS to Study Brain Connectivity 191
Gabriela Cantarero and Pablo Celnik
Introduction 191
Probing Connectivity using Bifocal TMS 192
Connectivity Studies Using TMS Plus fMRI, PET or EEG 204
Conclusions 206
References 206
12 Therapeutic Applications of rTMS for Psychiatric and Neurological Conditions 213
Mark S. George, E. Baron Short, Suzanne E. Kerns, Xingbao Li, Colleen Hanlon, Christopher Pelic, Joseph J. Taylor, Bashar W. Badran, Jeffrey J. Borckardt, Nolan Williams, and James Fox
Introduction 213
The Depressions 213
The Anxiety Disorders 220
The Schizophrenias 221
Pain Syndromes 222
Movement Disorders 222
Repairing the Damaged Brain 223
Other Conditions 223
Summary and Conclusions 225
References 225
13 Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Modulation of Brain Pathways and Potential Clinical Applications 233
Michael A. Nitsche, Rafael Polania, and Min-Fang Kuo
Introduction 233
Physiological Basis of tDCS 233
Impact of tDCS on Cognition 242
Application of tDCS in Neuropsychiatric Diseases 244
Concluding Remarks 247
References 248
(2) Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 255
14 Epidural Cortical Stimulation 257
Ziad Nahas
Introduction 257
Options for Treatment Resistant Depression 257
Epidural Cortical Stimulation 259
Disrupted Emotion Regulation in Depression and EpCS 263
Deficits in Mentalization in Depression and EpCS 263
Comparison Across Brain Stimulation Therapies 265
Summary 266
References 266
15 Neurological Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271
Jennifer J. Cheng, William S. Anderson, and Frederick A. Lenz
Introduction 271
Current Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271
Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation 274
Fundamentals of Stimulation 275
Lead Placement 277
Conclusion 282
References 283
16 Psychiatric Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 289
Reinier Prosée and Damiaan Denys
Introduction 289
Deep Brain Stimulation and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 289
Deep Brain Stimulation and Major Depressive Disorder 293
Deep Brain Stimulation and Drug Addiction 296
Potential New Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 298
References 300
17 Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy and Depression 305
Charles R. Conway, Mark A. Colijn, and Steven C. Schachter
Introduction 306
The VNS Therapy Device 306
Vagus Nerve Anatomy 308
Mechanisms of Action of VNS 311
Epilepsy 317
Depression 322
General Safety Considerations 326
Future Directions 326
Summary 327
References 328
Index 337
Contributors xi 1 Introduction to Brain Stimulation 1 Irving M. Reti and
Andrew D. Chang Introduction 1 A Historical Perspective 2 Focal Activation
3 Connectivity 5 Development of Invasive Brain Stimulation 7 Ethical Issues
9 References 9 PART A BRAIN CIRCUITRY AND PLASTICITY 13 2 A Balanced Mind:
A Network Perspective on Mood and Motivation Brain Pathways 15 Morten L.
Kringelbach Introduction 15 Dysregulation of Emotion and Mood 18 Potential
for Intervention 21 Conclusion 23 References 24 3 Motor Pathways, Basal
Ganglia Physiology, and Pathophysiology 29 Hagai Bergman, Shiran Katabi,
Maya Slovik, Marc Deffains, David Arkadir, Zvi Israel, and Renana Eitan
Introduction 29 The Classic Models of Basal Ganglia Anatomy 30 Basal
Ganglia Physiology 33 The Pathophysiology of Hypo- and HyperDopaminergic
States 35 From Physiology to Understanding and Therapy--the Computational
Models of the Basal Ganglia 37 References 41 4 Viewing Brain Stimulation
from a Plasticity Perspective 45 Jay M. Baraban Long-Term Potentiation: A
Primer 45 AMPA Versus NMDA Receptors 46 Distinct Mechanisms of LTP
Induction and Expression 48 Synapse Specificity of LTP 48 Relevance of LTP
Mechanisms to Mode of Action of tDCS 49 Long-Term Depression 51
Metaplasticity and Monoamines 52 Clues to rTMS Mode of Action 52 Future
Directions 54 Summary 55 References 55 PART B TECHNOLOGY 57 (1)
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 59 (a) Convulsive 59 5
Introduction to Convulsive Therapy 61 Richard D. Weiner Introduction 61 The
History of Convulsive Therapy 62 Electroconvulsive Therapy: Basic
Principles 64 Electroconvulsive Therapy: Clinical Role 67 Magnetic Seizure
Therapy (MST) 76 Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST) 77
Future of Convulsive Therapy 77 References 78 6 Improving ECT Efficacy and
Decreasing Cognitive Side Effects 83 Keith G. Rasmussen Introduction 83 ECT
Outcome Assessment: Therapeutic Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects 83 ECT
Treatment Technique: Basic Concepts 84 Electrode Placement 86 Stimulus
Dosage 88 Stimulus Parameter Configuration 89 Treatment Frequency 93
Concomitant Psychotropic Drugs 94 Choice of Anesthetic Drug 96 References
100 7 How Does Electroconvulsive Therapy Work? 107 Irving M. Reti
Introduction 107 What Can We Learn from ECT's Action as an Antidepressant?
107 What Can We Learn from ECT's Action in Treating Catatonia? 112 How Do
Stimulus Parameters that Trigger the Seizure Influence How It Works? 113
Conclusions and Implications for ECT Treatment 116 References 117 8
Magnetic Seizure Therapy for the Treatment of Depression 123 Sarah H.
Lisanby and Zhi-De Deng Introduction 123 Definitions 123 Rationale for MST
124 History of MST: A Translational Developmental Trajectory 125 MST
Technique 127 E-field Distribution with MST 133 Neurophysiological Effects
of MST 135 Safety 139 Antidepressant Efficacy 140 Future Directions for MST
Development 142 Conclusions 144 References 144 (b) Non-Convulsive 149 9
Introduction to Nonconvulsive Brain Stimulation: Focus on Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation 151 Masashi Hamada and John C. Rothwell History of
Nonconvulsive Transcranial Brain Stimulation Technique in Humans 151 Basics
of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 152 New Techniques: Static Magnets and
Pulsed Ultrasound 160 References 160 10 Advances in Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation Technology 165 Angel V. Peterchev, Zhi-De Deng and Stefan M.
Goetz Introduction 165 Pulse Source Technology and Waveforms 165 Coils 171
Technical Aspects of Concurrent TMS and Neuroimaging 179 Conclusion and
Future Directions 182 References 183 11 Applications of TMS to Study Brain
Connectivity 191 Gabriela Cantarero and Pablo Celnik Introduction 191
Probing Connectivity using Bifocal TMS 192 Connectivity Studies Using TMS
Plus fMRI, PET or EEG 204 Conclusions 206 References 206 12 Therapeutic
Applications of rTMS for Psychiatric and Neurological Conditions 213 Mark
S. George, E. Baron Short, Suzanne E. Kerns, Xingbao Li, Colleen Hanlon,
Christopher Pelic, Joseph J. Taylor, Bashar W. Badran, Jeffrey J.
Borckardt, Nolan Williams, and James Fox Introduction 213 The Depressions
213 The Anxiety Disorders 220 The Schizophrenias 221 Pain Syndromes 222
Movement Disorders 222 Repairing the Damaged Brain 223 Other Conditions 223
Summary and Conclusions 225 References 225 13 Transcranial Direct Current
Stimulation: Modulation of Brain Pathways and Potential Clinical
Applications 233 Michael A. Nitsche, Rafael Polania, and Min-Fang Kuo
Introduction 233 Physiological Basis of tDCS 233 Impact of tDCS on
Cognition 242 Application of tDCS in Neuropsychiatric Diseases 244
Concluding Remarks 247 References 248 (2) Invasive Brain Stimulation
Modalities 255 14 Epidural Cortical Stimulation 257 Ziad Nahas Introduction
257 Options for Treatment Resistant Depression 257 Epidural Cortical
Stimulation 259 Disrupted Emotion Regulation in Depression and EpCS 263
Deficits in Mentalization in Depression and EpCS 263 Comparison Across
Brain Stimulation Therapies 265 Summary 266 References 266 15 Neurological
Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271 Jennifer J. Cheng, William S.
Anderson, and Frederick A. Lenz Introduction 271 Current Indications for
Deep Brain Stimulation 271 Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation 274
Fundamentals of Stimulation 275 Lead Placement 277 Conclusion 282
References 283 16 Psychiatric Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 289
Reinier Prosée and Damiaan Denys Introduction 289 Deep Brain Stimulation
and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 289 Deep Brain Stimulation and Major
Depressive Disorder 293 Deep Brain Stimulation and Drug Addiction 296
Potential New Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 298 References 300 17
Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy and Depression 305 Charles R. Conway,
Mark A. Colijn, and Steven C. Schachter Introduction 306 The VNS Therapy
Device 306 Vagus Nerve Anatomy 308 Mechanisms of Action of VNS 311 Epilepsy
317 Depression 322 General Safety Considerations 326 Future Directions 326
Summary 327 References 328 Index 337
Andrew D. Chang Introduction 1 A Historical Perspective 2 Focal Activation
3 Connectivity 5 Development of Invasive Brain Stimulation 7 Ethical Issues
9 References 9 PART A BRAIN CIRCUITRY AND PLASTICITY 13 2 A Balanced Mind:
A Network Perspective on Mood and Motivation Brain Pathways 15 Morten L.
Kringelbach Introduction 15 Dysregulation of Emotion and Mood 18 Potential
for Intervention 21 Conclusion 23 References 24 3 Motor Pathways, Basal
Ganglia Physiology, and Pathophysiology 29 Hagai Bergman, Shiran Katabi,
Maya Slovik, Marc Deffains, David Arkadir, Zvi Israel, and Renana Eitan
Introduction 29 The Classic Models of Basal Ganglia Anatomy 30 Basal
Ganglia Physiology 33 The Pathophysiology of Hypo- and HyperDopaminergic
States 35 From Physiology to Understanding and Therapy--the Computational
Models of the Basal Ganglia 37 References 41 4 Viewing Brain Stimulation
from a Plasticity Perspective 45 Jay M. Baraban Long-Term Potentiation: A
Primer 45 AMPA Versus NMDA Receptors 46 Distinct Mechanisms of LTP
Induction and Expression 48 Synapse Specificity of LTP 48 Relevance of LTP
Mechanisms to Mode of Action of tDCS 49 Long-Term Depression 51
Metaplasticity and Monoamines 52 Clues to rTMS Mode of Action 52 Future
Directions 54 Summary 55 References 55 PART B TECHNOLOGY 57 (1)
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 59 (a) Convulsive 59 5
Introduction to Convulsive Therapy 61 Richard D. Weiner Introduction 61 The
History of Convulsive Therapy 62 Electroconvulsive Therapy: Basic
Principles 64 Electroconvulsive Therapy: Clinical Role 67 Magnetic Seizure
Therapy (MST) 76 Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST) 77
Future of Convulsive Therapy 77 References 78 6 Improving ECT Efficacy and
Decreasing Cognitive Side Effects 83 Keith G. Rasmussen Introduction 83 ECT
Outcome Assessment: Therapeutic Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects 83 ECT
Treatment Technique: Basic Concepts 84 Electrode Placement 86 Stimulus
Dosage 88 Stimulus Parameter Configuration 89 Treatment Frequency 93
Concomitant Psychotropic Drugs 94 Choice of Anesthetic Drug 96 References
100 7 How Does Electroconvulsive Therapy Work? 107 Irving M. Reti
Introduction 107 What Can We Learn from ECT's Action as an Antidepressant?
107 What Can We Learn from ECT's Action in Treating Catatonia? 112 How Do
Stimulus Parameters that Trigger the Seizure Influence How It Works? 113
Conclusions and Implications for ECT Treatment 116 References 117 8
Magnetic Seizure Therapy for the Treatment of Depression 123 Sarah H.
Lisanby and Zhi-De Deng Introduction 123 Definitions 123 Rationale for MST
124 History of MST: A Translational Developmental Trajectory 125 MST
Technique 127 E-field Distribution with MST 133 Neurophysiological Effects
of MST 135 Safety 139 Antidepressant Efficacy 140 Future Directions for MST
Development 142 Conclusions 144 References 144 (b) Non-Convulsive 149 9
Introduction to Nonconvulsive Brain Stimulation: Focus on Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation 151 Masashi Hamada and John C. Rothwell History of
Nonconvulsive Transcranial Brain Stimulation Technique in Humans 151 Basics
of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 152 New Techniques: Static Magnets and
Pulsed Ultrasound 160 References 160 10 Advances in Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation Technology 165 Angel V. Peterchev, Zhi-De Deng and Stefan M.
Goetz Introduction 165 Pulse Source Technology and Waveforms 165 Coils 171
Technical Aspects of Concurrent TMS and Neuroimaging 179 Conclusion and
Future Directions 182 References 183 11 Applications of TMS to Study Brain
Connectivity 191 Gabriela Cantarero and Pablo Celnik Introduction 191
Probing Connectivity using Bifocal TMS 192 Connectivity Studies Using TMS
Plus fMRI, PET or EEG 204 Conclusions 206 References 206 12 Therapeutic
Applications of rTMS for Psychiatric and Neurological Conditions 213 Mark
S. George, E. Baron Short, Suzanne E. Kerns, Xingbao Li, Colleen Hanlon,
Christopher Pelic, Joseph J. Taylor, Bashar W. Badran, Jeffrey J.
Borckardt, Nolan Williams, and James Fox Introduction 213 The Depressions
213 The Anxiety Disorders 220 The Schizophrenias 221 Pain Syndromes 222
Movement Disorders 222 Repairing the Damaged Brain 223 Other Conditions 223
Summary and Conclusions 225 References 225 13 Transcranial Direct Current
Stimulation: Modulation of Brain Pathways and Potential Clinical
Applications 233 Michael A. Nitsche, Rafael Polania, and Min-Fang Kuo
Introduction 233 Physiological Basis of tDCS 233 Impact of tDCS on
Cognition 242 Application of tDCS in Neuropsychiatric Diseases 244
Concluding Remarks 247 References 248 (2) Invasive Brain Stimulation
Modalities 255 14 Epidural Cortical Stimulation 257 Ziad Nahas Introduction
257 Options for Treatment Resistant Depression 257 Epidural Cortical
Stimulation 259 Disrupted Emotion Regulation in Depression and EpCS 263
Deficits in Mentalization in Depression and EpCS 263 Comparison Across
Brain Stimulation Therapies 265 Summary 266 References 266 15 Neurological
Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271 Jennifer J. Cheng, William S.
Anderson, and Frederick A. Lenz Introduction 271 Current Indications for
Deep Brain Stimulation 271 Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation 274
Fundamentals of Stimulation 275 Lead Placement 277 Conclusion 282
References 283 16 Psychiatric Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 289
Reinier Prosée and Damiaan Denys Introduction 289 Deep Brain Stimulation
and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 289 Deep Brain Stimulation and Major
Depressive Disorder 293 Deep Brain Stimulation and Drug Addiction 296
Potential New Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 298 References 300 17
Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy and Depression 305 Charles R. Conway,
Mark A. Colijn, and Steven C. Schachter Introduction 306 The VNS Therapy
Device 306 Vagus Nerve Anatomy 308 Mechanisms of Action of VNS 311 Epilepsy
317 Depression 322 General Safety Considerations 326 Future Directions 326
Summary 327 References 328 Index 337
Contributors xi
1 Introduction to Brain Stimulation 1
Irving M. Reti and Andrew D. Chang
Introduction 1
A Historical Perspective 2
Focal Activation 3
Connectivity 5
Development of Invasive Brain Stimulation 7
Ethical Issues 9
References 9
PART A BRAIN CIRCUITRY AND PLASTICITY 13
2 A Balanced Mind: A Network Perspective on Mood and Motivation Brain Pathways 15
Morten L. Kringelbach
Introduction 15
Dysregulation of Emotion and Mood 18
Potential for Intervention 21
Conclusion 23
References 24
3 Motor Pathways, Basal Ganglia Physiology, and Pathophysiology 29
Hagai Bergman, Shiran Katabi, Maya Slovik, Marc Deffains, David Arkadir, Zvi Israel, and Renana Eitan
Introduction 29
The Classic Models of Basal Ganglia Anatomy 30
Basal Ganglia Physiology 33
The Pathophysiology of Hypo- and HyperDopaminergic States 35
From Physiology to Understanding and Therapy—the Computational Models of the Basal Ganglia 37
References 41
4 Viewing Brain Stimulation from a Plasticity Perspective 45
Jay M. Baraban
Long-Term Potentiation: A Primer 45
AMPA Versus NMDA Receptors 46
Distinct Mechanisms of LTP Induction and Expression 48
Synapse Specificity of LTP 48
Relevance of LTP Mechanisms to Mode of Action of tDCS 49
Long-Term Depression 51
Metaplasticity and Monoamines 52
Clues to rTMS Mode of Action 52
Future Directions 54
Summary 55
References 55
PART B TECHNOLOGY 57
(1) Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 59
(a) Convulsive 59
5 Introduction to Convulsive Therapy 61
Richard D. Weiner
Introduction 61
The History of Convulsive Therapy 62
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Basic Principles 64
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Clinical Role 67
Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST) 76
Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST) 77
Future of Convulsive Therapy 77
References 78
6 Improving ECT Efficacy and Decreasing Cognitive Side Effects 83
Keith G. Rasmussen
Introduction 83
ECT Outcome Assessment: Therapeutic Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects 83
ECT Treatment Technique: Basic Concepts 84
Electrode Placement 86
Stimulus Dosage 88
Stimulus Parameter Configuration 89
Treatment Frequency 93
Concomitant Psychotropic Drugs 94
Choice of Anesthetic Drug 96
References 100
7 How Does Electroconvulsive Therapy Work? 107
Irving M. Reti
Introduction 107
What Can We Learn from ECT’s Action as an Antidepressant? 107
What Can We Learn from ECT’s Action in Treating Catatonia? 112
How Do Stimulus Parameters that Trigger the Seizure Influence How It Works? 113
Conclusions and Implications for ECT Treatment 116
References 117
8 Magnetic Seizure Therapy for the Treatment of Depression 123
Sarah H. Lisanby and Zhi-De Deng
Introduction 123
Definitions 123
Rationale for MST 124
History of MST: A Translational Developmental Trajectory 125
MST Technique 127
E-field Distribution with MST 133
Neurophysiological Effects of MST 135
Safety 139
Antidepressant Efficacy 140
Future Directions for MST Development 142
Conclusions 144
References 144
(b) Non-Convulsive 149
9 Introduction to Nonconvulsive Brain Stimulation: Focus on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 151
Masashi Hamada and John C. Rothwell
History of Nonconvulsive Transcranial Brain Stimulation Technique in Humans 151
Basics of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 152
New Techniques: Static Magnets and Pulsed Ultrasound 160
References 160
10 Advances in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Technology 165
Angel V. Peterchev, Zhi-De Deng and Stefan M. Goetz
Introduction 165
Pulse Source Technology and Waveforms 165
Coils 171
Technical Aspects of Concurrent TMS and Neuroimaging 179
Conclusion and Future Directions 182
References 183
11 Applications of TMS to Study Brain Connectivity 191
Gabriela Cantarero and Pablo Celnik
Introduction 191
Probing Connectivity using Bifocal TMS 192
Connectivity Studies Using TMS Plus fMRI, PET or EEG 204
Conclusions 206
References 206
12 Therapeutic Applications of rTMS for Psychiatric and Neurological Conditions 213
Mark S. George, E. Baron Short, Suzanne E. Kerns, Xingbao Li, Colleen Hanlon, Christopher Pelic, Joseph J. Taylor, Bashar W. Badran, Jeffrey J. Borckardt, Nolan Williams, and James Fox
Introduction 213
The Depressions 213
The Anxiety Disorders 220
The Schizophrenias 221
Pain Syndromes 222
Movement Disorders 222
Repairing the Damaged Brain 223
Other Conditions 223
Summary and Conclusions 225
References 225
13 Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Modulation of Brain Pathways and Potential Clinical Applications 233
Michael A. Nitsche, Rafael Polania, and Min-Fang Kuo
Introduction 233
Physiological Basis of tDCS 233
Impact of tDCS on Cognition 242
Application of tDCS in Neuropsychiatric Diseases 244
Concluding Remarks 247
References 248
(2) Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 255
14 Epidural Cortical Stimulation 257
Ziad Nahas
Introduction 257
Options for Treatment Resistant Depression 257
Epidural Cortical Stimulation 259
Disrupted Emotion Regulation in Depression and EpCS 263
Deficits in Mentalization in Depression and EpCS 263
Comparison Across Brain Stimulation Therapies 265
Summary 266
References 266
15 Neurological Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271
Jennifer J. Cheng, William S. Anderson, and Frederick A. Lenz
Introduction 271
Current Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271
Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation 274
Fundamentals of Stimulation 275
Lead Placement 277
Conclusion 282
References 283
16 Psychiatric Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 289
Reinier Prosée and Damiaan Denys
Introduction 289
Deep Brain Stimulation and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 289
Deep Brain Stimulation and Major Depressive Disorder 293
Deep Brain Stimulation and Drug Addiction 296
Potential New Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 298
References 300
17 Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy and Depression 305
Charles R. Conway, Mark A. Colijn, and Steven C. Schachter
Introduction 306
The VNS Therapy Device 306
Vagus Nerve Anatomy 308
Mechanisms of Action of VNS 311
Epilepsy 317
Depression 322
General Safety Considerations 326
Future Directions 326
Summary 327
References 328
Index 337
1 Introduction to Brain Stimulation 1
Irving M. Reti and Andrew D. Chang
Introduction 1
A Historical Perspective 2
Focal Activation 3
Connectivity 5
Development of Invasive Brain Stimulation 7
Ethical Issues 9
References 9
PART A BRAIN CIRCUITRY AND PLASTICITY 13
2 A Balanced Mind: A Network Perspective on Mood and Motivation Brain Pathways 15
Morten L. Kringelbach
Introduction 15
Dysregulation of Emotion and Mood 18
Potential for Intervention 21
Conclusion 23
References 24
3 Motor Pathways, Basal Ganglia Physiology, and Pathophysiology 29
Hagai Bergman, Shiran Katabi, Maya Slovik, Marc Deffains, David Arkadir, Zvi Israel, and Renana Eitan
Introduction 29
The Classic Models of Basal Ganglia Anatomy 30
Basal Ganglia Physiology 33
The Pathophysiology of Hypo- and HyperDopaminergic States 35
From Physiology to Understanding and Therapy—the Computational Models of the Basal Ganglia 37
References 41
4 Viewing Brain Stimulation from a Plasticity Perspective 45
Jay M. Baraban
Long-Term Potentiation: A Primer 45
AMPA Versus NMDA Receptors 46
Distinct Mechanisms of LTP Induction and Expression 48
Synapse Specificity of LTP 48
Relevance of LTP Mechanisms to Mode of Action of tDCS 49
Long-Term Depression 51
Metaplasticity and Monoamines 52
Clues to rTMS Mode of Action 52
Future Directions 54
Summary 55
References 55
PART B TECHNOLOGY 57
(1) Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 59
(a) Convulsive 59
5 Introduction to Convulsive Therapy 61
Richard D. Weiner
Introduction 61
The History of Convulsive Therapy 62
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Basic Principles 64
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Clinical Role 67
Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST) 76
Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST) 77
Future of Convulsive Therapy 77
References 78
6 Improving ECT Efficacy and Decreasing Cognitive Side Effects 83
Keith G. Rasmussen
Introduction 83
ECT Outcome Assessment: Therapeutic Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects 83
ECT Treatment Technique: Basic Concepts 84
Electrode Placement 86
Stimulus Dosage 88
Stimulus Parameter Configuration 89
Treatment Frequency 93
Concomitant Psychotropic Drugs 94
Choice of Anesthetic Drug 96
References 100
7 How Does Electroconvulsive Therapy Work? 107
Irving M. Reti
Introduction 107
What Can We Learn from ECT’s Action as an Antidepressant? 107
What Can We Learn from ECT’s Action in Treating Catatonia? 112
How Do Stimulus Parameters that Trigger the Seizure Influence How It Works? 113
Conclusions and Implications for ECT Treatment 116
References 117
8 Magnetic Seizure Therapy for the Treatment of Depression 123
Sarah H. Lisanby and Zhi-De Deng
Introduction 123
Definitions 123
Rationale for MST 124
History of MST: A Translational Developmental Trajectory 125
MST Technique 127
E-field Distribution with MST 133
Neurophysiological Effects of MST 135
Safety 139
Antidepressant Efficacy 140
Future Directions for MST Development 142
Conclusions 144
References 144
(b) Non-Convulsive 149
9 Introduction to Nonconvulsive Brain Stimulation: Focus on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 151
Masashi Hamada and John C. Rothwell
History of Nonconvulsive Transcranial Brain Stimulation Technique in Humans 151
Basics of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 152
New Techniques: Static Magnets and Pulsed Ultrasound 160
References 160
10 Advances in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Technology 165
Angel V. Peterchev, Zhi-De Deng and Stefan M. Goetz
Introduction 165
Pulse Source Technology and Waveforms 165
Coils 171
Technical Aspects of Concurrent TMS and Neuroimaging 179
Conclusion and Future Directions 182
References 183
11 Applications of TMS to Study Brain Connectivity 191
Gabriela Cantarero and Pablo Celnik
Introduction 191
Probing Connectivity using Bifocal TMS 192
Connectivity Studies Using TMS Plus fMRI, PET or EEG 204
Conclusions 206
References 206
12 Therapeutic Applications of rTMS for Psychiatric and Neurological Conditions 213
Mark S. George, E. Baron Short, Suzanne E. Kerns, Xingbao Li, Colleen Hanlon, Christopher Pelic, Joseph J. Taylor, Bashar W. Badran, Jeffrey J. Borckardt, Nolan Williams, and James Fox
Introduction 213
The Depressions 213
The Anxiety Disorders 220
The Schizophrenias 221
Pain Syndromes 222
Movement Disorders 222
Repairing the Damaged Brain 223
Other Conditions 223
Summary and Conclusions 225
References 225
13 Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Modulation of Brain Pathways and Potential Clinical Applications 233
Michael A. Nitsche, Rafael Polania, and Min-Fang Kuo
Introduction 233
Physiological Basis of tDCS 233
Impact of tDCS on Cognition 242
Application of tDCS in Neuropsychiatric Diseases 244
Concluding Remarks 247
References 248
(2) Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 255
14 Epidural Cortical Stimulation 257
Ziad Nahas
Introduction 257
Options for Treatment Resistant Depression 257
Epidural Cortical Stimulation 259
Disrupted Emotion Regulation in Depression and EpCS 263
Deficits in Mentalization in Depression and EpCS 263
Comparison Across Brain Stimulation Therapies 265
Summary 266
References 266
15 Neurological Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271
Jennifer J. Cheng, William S. Anderson, and Frederick A. Lenz
Introduction 271
Current Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271
Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation 274
Fundamentals of Stimulation 275
Lead Placement 277
Conclusion 282
References 283
16 Psychiatric Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 289
Reinier Prosée and Damiaan Denys
Introduction 289
Deep Brain Stimulation and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 289
Deep Brain Stimulation and Major Depressive Disorder 293
Deep Brain Stimulation and Drug Addiction 296
Potential New Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 298
References 300
17 Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy and Depression 305
Charles R. Conway, Mark A. Colijn, and Steven C. Schachter
Introduction 306
The VNS Therapy Device 306
Vagus Nerve Anatomy 308
Mechanisms of Action of VNS 311
Epilepsy 317
Depression 322
General Safety Considerations 326
Future Directions 326
Summary 327
References 328
Index 337
Contributors xi 1 Introduction to Brain Stimulation 1 Irving M. Reti and
Andrew D. Chang Introduction 1 A Historical Perspective 2 Focal Activation
3 Connectivity 5 Development of Invasive Brain Stimulation 7 Ethical Issues
9 References 9 PART A BRAIN CIRCUITRY AND PLASTICITY 13 2 A Balanced Mind:
A Network Perspective on Mood and Motivation Brain Pathways 15 Morten L.
Kringelbach Introduction 15 Dysregulation of Emotion and Mood 18 Potential
for Intervention 21 Conclusion 23 References 24 3 Motor Pathways, Basal
Ganglia Physiology, and Pathophysiology 29 Hagai Bergman, Shiran Katabi,
Maya Slovik, Marc Deffains, David Arkadir, Zvi Israel, and Renana Eitan
Introduction 29 The Classic Models of Basal Ganglia Anatomy 30 Basal
Ganglia Physiology 33 The Pathophysiology of Hypo- and HyperDopaminergic
States 35 From Physiology to Understanding and Therapy--the Computational
Models of the Basal Ganglia 37 References 41 4 Viewing Brain Stimulation
from a Plasticity Perspective 45 Jay M. Baraban Long-Term Potentiation: A
Primer 45 AMPA Versus NMDA Receptors 46 Distinct Mechanisms of LTP
Induction and Expression 48 Synapse Specificity of LTP 48 Relevance of LTP
Mechanisms to Mode of Action of tDCS 49 Long-Term Depression 51
Metaplasticity and Monoamines 52 Clues to rTMS Mode of Action 52 Future
Directions 54 Summary 55 References 55 PART B TECHNOLOGY 57 (1)
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 59 (a) Convulsive 59 5
Introduction to Convulsive Therapy 61 Richard D. Weiner Introduction 61 The
History of Convulsive Therapy 62 Electroconvulsive Therapy: Basic
Principles 64 Electroconvulsive Therapy: Clinical Role 67 Magnetic Seizure
Therapy (MST) 76 Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST) 77
Future of Convulsive Therapy 77 References 78 6 Improving ECT Efficacy and
Decreasing Cognitive Side Effects 83 Keith G. Rasmussen Introduction 83 ECT
Outcome Assessment: Therapeutic Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects 83 ECT
Treatment Technique: Basic Concepts 84 Electrode Placement 86 Stimulus
Dosage 88 Stimulus Parameter Configuration 89 Treatment Frequency 93
Concomitant Psychotropic Drugs 94 Choice of Anesthetic Drug 96 References
100 7 How Does Electroconvulsive Therapy Work? 107 Irving M. Reti
Introduction 107 What Can We Learn from ECT's Action as an Antidepressant?
107 What Can We Learn from ECT's Action in Treating Catatonia? 112 How Do
Stimulus Parameters that Trigger the Seizure Influence How It Works? 113
Conclusions and Implications for ECT Treatment 116 References 117 8
Magnetic Seizure Therapy for the Treatment of Depression 123 Sarah H.
Lisanby and Zhi-De Deng Introduction 123 Definitions 123 Rationale for MST
124 History of MST: A Translational Developmental Trajectory 125 MST
Technique 127 E-field Distribution with MST 133 Neurophysiological Effects
of MST 135 Safety 139 Antidepressant Efficacy 140 Future Directions for MST
Development 142 Conclusions 144 References 144 (b) Non-Convulsive 149 9
Introduction to Nonconvulsive Brain Stimulation: Focus on Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation 151 Masashi Hamada and John C. Rothwell History of
Nonconvulsive Transcranial Brain Stimulation Technique in Humans 151 Basics
of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 152 New Techniques: Static Magnets and
Pulsed Ultrasound 160 References 160 10 Advances in Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation Technology 165 Angel V. Peterchev, Zhi-De Deng and Stefan M.
Goetz Introduction 165 Pulse Source Technology and Waveforms 165 Coils 171
Technical Aspects of Concurrent TMS and Neuroimaging 179 Conclusion and
Future Directions 182 References 183 11 Applications of TMS to Study Brain
Connectivity 191 Gabriela Cantarero and Pablo Celnik Introduction 191
Probing Connectivity using Bifocal TMS 192 Connectivity Studies Using TMS
Plus fMRI, PET or EEG 204 Conclusions 206 References 206 12 Therapeutic
Applications of rTMS for Psychiatric and Neurological Conditions 213 Mark
S. George, E. Baron Short, Suzanne E. Kerns, Xingbao Li, Colleen Hanlon,
Christopher Pelic, Joseph J. Taylor, Bashar W. Badran, Jeffrey J.
Borckardt, Nolan Williams, and James Fox Introduction 213 The Depressions
213 The Anxiety Disorders 220 The Schizophrenias 221 Pain Syndromes 222
Movement Disorders 222 Repairing the Damaged Brain 223 Other Conditions 223
Summary and Conclusions 225 References 225 13 Transcranial Direct Current
Stimulation: Modulation of Brain Pathways and Potential Clinical
Applications 233 Michael A. Nitsche, Rafael Polania, and Min-Fang Kuo
Introduction 233 Physiological Basis of tDCS 233 Impact of tDCS on
Cognition 242 Application of tDCS in Neuropsychiatric Diseases 244
Concluding Remarks 247 References 248 (2) Invasive Brain Stimulation
Modalities 255 14 Epidural Cortical Stimulation 257 Ziad Nahas Introduction
257 Options for Treatment Resistant Depression 257 Epidural Cortical
Stimulation 259 Disrupted Emotion Regulation in Depression and EpCS 263
Deficits in Mentalization in Depression and EpCS 263 Comparison Across
Brain Stimulation Therapies 265 Summary 266 References 266 15 Neurological
Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271 Jennifer J. Cheng, William S.
Anderson, and Frederick A. Lenz Introduction 271 Current Indications for
Deep Brain Stimulation 271 Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation 274
Fundamentals of Stimulation 275 Lead Placement 277 Conclusion 282
References 283 16 Psychiatric Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 289
Reinier Prosée and Damiaan Denys Introduction 289 Deep Brain Stimulation
and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 289 Deep Brain Stimulation and Major
Depressive Disorder 293 Deep Brain Stimulation and Drug Addiction 296
Potential New Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 298 References 300 17
Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy and Depression 305 Charles R. Conway,
Mark A. Colijn, and Steven C. Schachter Introduction 306 The VNS Therapy
Device 306 Vagus Nerve Anatomy 308 Mechanisms of Action of VNS 311 Epilepsy
317 Depression 322 General Safety Considerations 326 Future Directions 326
Summary 327 References 328 Index 337
Andrew D. Chang Introduction 1 A Historical Perspective 2 Focal Activation
3 Connectivity 5 Development of Invasive Brain Stimulation 7 Ethical Issues
9 References 9 PART A BRAIN CIRCUITRY AND PLASTICITY 13 2 A Balanced Mind:
A Network Perspective on Mood and Motivation Brain Pathways 15 Morten L.
Kringelbach Introduction 15 Dysregulation of Emotion and Mood 18 Potential
for Intervention 21 Conclusion 23 References 24 3 Motor Pathways, Basal
Ganglia Physiology, and Pathophysiology 29 Hagai Bergman, Shiran Katabi,
Maya Slovik, Marc Deffains, David Arkadir, Zvi Israel, and Renana Eitan
Introduction 29 The Classic Models of Basal Ganglia Anatomy 30 Basal
Ganglia Physiology 33 The Pathophysiology of Hypo- and HyperDopaminergic
States 35 From Physiology to Understanding and Therapy--the Computational
Models of the Basal Ganglia 37 References 41 4 Viewing Brain Stimulation
from a Plasticity Perspective 45 Jay M. Baraban Long-Term Potentiation: A
Primer 45 AMPA Versus NMDA Receptors 46 Distinct Mechanisms of LTP
Induction and Expression 48 Synapse Specificity of LTP 48 Relevance of LTP
Mechanisms to Mode of Action of tDCS 49 Long-Term Depression 51
Metaplasticity and Monoamines 52 Clues to rTMS Mode of Action 52 Future
Directions 54 Summary 55 References 55 PART B TECHNOLOGY 57 (1)
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 59 (a) Convulsive 59 5
Introduction to Convulsive Therapy 61 Richard D. Weiner Introduction 61 The
History of Convulsive Therapy 62 Electroconvulsive Therapy: Basic
Principles 64 Electroconvulsive Therapy: Clinical Role 67 Magnetic Seizure
Therapy (MST) 76 Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST) 77
Future of Convulsive Therapy 77 References 78 6 Improving ECT Efficacy and
Decreasing Cognitive Side Effects 83 Keith G. Rasmussen Introduction 83 ECT
Outcome Assessment: Therapeutic Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects 83 ECT
Treatment Technique: Basic Concepts 84 Electrode Placement 86 Stimulus
Dosage 88 Stimulus Parameter Configuration 89 Treatment Frequency 93
Concomitant Psychotropic Drugs 94 Choice of Anesthetic Drug 96 References
100 7 How Does Electroconvulsive Therapy Work? 107 Irving M. Reti
Introduction 107 What Can We Learn from ECT's Action as an Antidepressant?
107 What Can We Learn from ECT's Action in Treating Catatonia? 112 How Do
Stimulus Parameters that Trigger the Seizure Influence How It Works? 113
Conclusions and Implications for ECT Treatment 116 References 117 8
Magnetic Seizure Therapy for the Treatment of Depression 123 Sarah H.
Lisanby and Zhi-De Deng Introduction 123 Definitions 123 Rationale for MST
124 History of MST: A Translational Developmental Trajectory 125 MST
Technique 127 E-field Distribution with MST 133 Neurophysiological Effects
of MST 135 Safety 139 Antidepressant Efficacy 140 Future Directions for MST
Development 142 Conclusions 144 References 144 (b) Non-Convulsive 149 9
Introduction to Nonconvulsive Brain Stimulation: Focus on Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation 151 Masashi Hamada and John C. Rothwell History of
Nonconvulsive Transcranial Brain Stimulation Technique in Humans 151 Basics
of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 152 New Techniques: Static Magnets and
Pulsed Ultrasound 160 References 160 10 Advances in Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation Technology 165 Angel V. Peterchev, Zhi-De Deng and Stefan M.
Goetz Introduction 165 Pulse Source Technology and Waveforms 165 Coils 171
Technical Aspects of Concurrent TMS and Neuroimaging 179 Conclusion and
Future Directions 182 References 183 11 Applications of TMS to Study Brain
Connectivity 191 Gabriela Cantarero and Pablo Celnik Introduction 191
Probing Connectivity using Bifocal TMS 192 Connectivity Studies Using TMS
Plus fMRI, PET or EEG 204 Conclusions 206 References 206 12 Therapeutic
Applications of rTMS for Psychiatric and Neurological Conditions 213 Mark
S. George, E. Baron Short, Suzanne E. Kerns, Xingbao Li, Colleen Hanlon,
Christopher Pelic, Joseph J. Taylor, Bashar W. Badran, Jeffrey J.
Borckardt, Nolan Williams, and James Fox Introduction 213 The Depressions
213 The Anxiety Disorders 220 The Schizophrenias 221 Pain Syndromes 222
Movement Disorders 222 Repairing the Damaged Brain 223 Other Conditions 223
Summary and Conclusions 225 References 225 13 Transcranial Direct Current
Stimulation: Modulation of Brain Pathways and Potential Clinical
Applications 233 Michael A. Nitsche, Rafael Polania, and Min-Fang Kuo
Introduction 233 Physiological Basis of tDCS 233 Impact of tDCS on
Cognition 242 Application of tDCS in Neuropsychiatric Diseases 244
Concluding Remarks 247 References 248 (2) Invasive Brain Stimulation
Modalities 255 14 Epidural Cortical Stimulation 257 Ziad Nahas Introduction
257 Options for Treatment Resistant Depression 257 Epidural Cortical
Stimulation 259 Disrupted Emotion Regulation in Depression and EpCS 263
Deficits in Mentalization in Depression and EpCS 263 Comparison Across
Brain Stimulation Therapies 265 Summary 266 References 266 15 Neurological
Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 271 Jennifer J. Cheng, William S.
Anderson, and Frederick A. Lenz Introduction 271 Current Indications for
Deep Brain Stimulation 271 Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation 274
Fundamentals of Stimulation 275 Lead Placement 277 Conclusion 282
References 283 16 Psychiatric Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 289
Reinier Prosée and Damiaan Denys Introduction 289 Deep Brain Stimulation
and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 289 Deep Brain Stimulation and Major
Depressive Disorder 293 Deep Brain Stimulation and Drug Addiction 296
Potential New Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation 298 References 300 17
Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy and Depression 305 Charles R. Conway,
Mark A. Colijn, and Steven C. Schachter Introduction 306 The VNS Therapy
Device 306 Vagus Nerve Anatomy 308 Mechanisms of Action of VNS 311 Epilepsy
317 Depression 322 General Safety Considerations 326 Future Directions 326
Summary 327 References 328 Index 337