Alexander Hollaender

Chemical Mutagens (eBook, PDF)

Principles and Methods for Their Detection Volume 1

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

As editor I want especially to thank Dr. Ernst Freese for helpful co operation in preparing these volumes, and to express my appreclatlOn to Drs. Kurt Hirschhorn and Marvin Legator, the other members of the editorial board. Alexander Hollaender January 1971 Preface The purpose of these volumes is to encourage the development and ap plication of testing and monitoring procedures to avert significant human exposure to mutagenic agents. The need for protection against exposure to possibly mutagenic chemicals is only now coming to be generally realized. The recently issued Report of the Secretary's Commission on Pesticides and Their Possible Effects on Health (the Mrak Report-U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, December 1969) has made an important start. Its Panel on Mutagenicity recommends that all currently used pesticides be tested for mutagenicity in several recently developed and relatively simple systems. Whether recommendations such as these are actually put into effect will depend on convincing government, industry, and the public that the problem is important, that the proposed tests would be effective, and that they can be conducted at a cost that is not prohibitive. Why is it important to screen environmental agents for mutagenic activity? To those who will read this book, the answer is self-evident. The sine qua non of all that we value and all that we are is our genetic heritage.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Springer US
• Seitenzahl: 310
• Erscheinungstermin: 6. Dezember 2012
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781461589662
• Artikelnr.: 43982294

Inhaltsangabe

1 In Vivo Mutagenicity Testing Using Somatic Cells of Drosophila melanogaster.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Developmental Biology of Drosophila.- 3. The Wing Mosaic System.- 3.1. The Genetic Basis of the Wing System.- 3.2. Scoring.- 3.3. Data Analysis.- 3.4. Spontaneous Frequencies of Spots in Different Genetic Backgrounds.- 4. The White/White-Coral Eye Mosaic System.- 4.1. The Genetic Basis of the White/White-Coral System.- 4.2. Scoring.- 4.3. Data Analysis.- 4.4. Background Frequencies of Spots.- 5. The Unstable White-Zeste Eye Mosaic System.- 5.1. The Genetic Basis of the Unstable White-Zeste System.- 5.2. Scoring.- 5.3. Data Analysis.- 5.4. Background Frequencies of Spots.- 5.5. Mechanism.- 6. Exposure Techniques.- 6.1. Egg Collection.- 6.2. Collection of Larvae.- 6.3. Feeding.- 6.4. Inhalation.- 6.5. Injection.- 6.6. Solvents.- 6.7. Dosimetry.- 7. Discussion.- 7.1. Genetic Mechanisms.- 7.2. Differences between Genotypes.- 7.3. Toxic Effects and Cell Death.- 7.4. Status of Validation.- 7.5. Comparison of Germ Cells versus Somatic Cells.- 7.6. Comparison of Drosophila Tests with Other Assay Systems.- 7.7. Future Developments.- 7.8. Test Performance.- 8. Conclusions.- 9. References.- 2 Structural and Metabolic Parameters Governing the Mutagenicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope of This Review.- 1.2. Terms, Short Names, and Abbreviations.- 1.3. Overview of the Metabolism of PAHs in Mammals.- 2. Activation Pathways of PAHs.- 2.1. Requirement of Activation for Mutagenicity to Occur.- 2.2. Activation to Monofunctional Epoxides.- 2.3. Activation to Vicinal Diol-Epoxides.- 2.4. Activation to Benzylic Esters.- 2.5. Activation to Free Radicals.- 2.6. Other Activation Pathways.- 3. Contribution of Different Activation Pathways to the Mutagenicity of PAHs.- 3.1. DNA Adducts.- 3.2. Modified Test Compounds to Elucidate the Activation Process.- 3.3. Use of Diagnostic Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors.- 4. Metabolic Control of Mutagenic Intermediates of PAHs.- 4.1. Mutagenicity Experiments with Subcellular Metabolizing Systems.- 4.2. Mutagenicity Experiments Using Intact Cells as the Metabolizing Systems.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- 6. Addendum: Recent Developments.- 6.1. Mutagenicity of Quinones.- 6.2. Mutagenicity of Phenol-diol-epoxides.- 7. References.- 3 Chromosomal Mutations: The Genetic Approach.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Main Categories of Chromosomal Mutation.- 2.1. Numerical Anomalies.- 2.2. Structural Anomalies.- 3. Genetic Detection of Aneuploidy in the Mouse.- 3.1. Sex-Chromosomal Aneuploidy.- 3.2. Autosomal Aneuploidy.- 4. Reciprocal Translocations: Detection and Analysis.- 4.1. Translocations in Specific Locus Tests.- 4.2. Heritable Translocation Assays.- 4.3. Genetic Analysis of Reciprocal Translocations and Their Products.- 5. Detection and Study of Other Translocations and of Inversions.- 5.1. Robertsonian Translocations.- 5.2. Insertions.- 5.3. Inversions.- 6. Detection and Study of Deletions.- 6.1. X-Chromosomal Deletions.- 6.2. Autosomal Deletions.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- 4 Cytogenetic Assays for Mitotic Poisons Using Somatic Animal Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mitotic Poisons and Their Genomic Effects.- 2.1. The Spindle Apparatus.- 2.2. The Centriole.- 2.3. Kinetochores.- 2.4. Cytokinesis.- 3. Assays with Diploid Mammalian Cells in Vitro.- 3.1. Choice of Cell Lines.- 3.2. Mitotic Arrest.- 3.3. Recovery Experiments.- 3.4. Aneuploidy Enumeration.- 3.5. Slide Reading.- 4. Assays with Bone Marrow Cells in Vivo.- 4.1. Animals.- 4.2. Techniques.- 5. Assays with Grasshopper Embryos.- 5.1. Test Materials.- 5.2. General Information about Grasshopper Embryos.- 5.3. Procedure.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 5 Detection of Aneuploidy in Drosophila.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Role of Drosophila.- 1.2. Definition of Aneuploidy.- 2. Issues.- 2.1. Sex.- 2.2. Germ Cell Stage.- 2.3. Other Factors.- 3. Assay Systems.- 3.1. Classical Test.- 3.2. Selective and Semi selective Tests.- 4. Known Po