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Inhaltsangabe
1 In Vivo Mutagenicity Testing Using Somatic Cells of Drosophila melanogaster.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Developmental Biology of Drosophila.- 3. The Wing Mosaic System.- 3.1. The Genetic Basis of the Wing System.- 3.2. Scoring.- 3.3. Data Analysis.- 3.4. Spontaneous Frequencies of Spots in Different Genetic Backgrounds.- 4. The White/White-Coral Eye Mosaic System.- 4.1. The Genetic Basis of the White/White-Coral System.- 4.2. Scoring.- 4.3. Data Analysis.- 4.4. Background Frequencies of Spots.- 5. The Unstable White-Zeste Eye Mosaic System.- 5.1. The Genetic Basis of the Unstable White-Zeste System.- 5.2. Scoring.- 5.3. Data Analysis.- 5.4. Background Frequencies of Spots.- 5.5. Mechanism.- 6. Exposure Techniques.- 6.1. Egg Collection.- 6.2. Collection of Larvae.- 6.3. Feeding.- 6.4. Inhalation.- 6.5. Injection.- 6.6. Solvents.- 6.7. Dosimetry.- 7. Discussion.- 7.1. Genetic Mechanisms.- 7.2. Differences between Genotypes.- 7.3. Toxic Effects and Cell Death.- 7.4. Status of Validation.- 7.5. Comparison of Germ Cells versus Somatic Cells.- 7.6. Comparison of Drosophila Tests with Other Assay Systems.- 7.7. Future Developments.- 7.8. Test Performance.- 8. Conclusions.- 9. References.- 2 Structural and Metabolic Parameters Governing the Mutagenicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope of This Review.- 1.2. Terms, Short Names, and Abbreviations.- 1.3. Overview of the Metabolism of PAHs in Mammals.- 2. Activation Pathways of PAHs.- 2.1. Requirement of Activation for Mutagenicity to Occur.- 2.2. Activation to Monofunctional Epoxides.- 2.3. Activation to Vicinal Diol-Epoxides.- 2.4. Activation to Benzylic Esters.- 2.5. Activation to Free Radicals.- 2.6. Other Activation Pathways.- 3. Contribution of Different Activation Pathways to the Mutagenicity of PAHs.- 3.1. DNA Adducts.- 3.2. Modified Test Compounds to Elucidate the Activation Process.- 3.3. Use of Diagnostic Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors.- 4. Metabolic Control of Mutagenic Intermediates of PAHs.- 4.1. Mutagenicity Experiments with Subcellular Metabolizing Systems.- 4.2. Mutagenicity Experiments Using Intact Cells as the Metabolizing Systems.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- 6. Addendum: Recent Developments.- 6.1. Mutagenicity of Quinones.- 6.2. Mutagenicity of Phenol-diol-epoxides.- 7. References.- 3 Chromosomal Mutations: The Genetic Approach.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Main Categories of Chromosomal Mutation.- 2.1. Numerical Anomalies.- 2.2. Structural Anomalies.- 3. Genetic Detection of Aneuploidy in the Mouse.- 3.1. Sex-Chromosomal Aneuploidy.- 3.2. Autosomal Aneuploidy.- 4. Reciprocal Translocations: Detection and Analysis.- 4.1. Translocations in Specific Locus Tests.- 4.2. Heritable Translocation Assays.- 4.3. Genetic Analysis of Reciprocal Translocations and Their Products.- 5. Detection and Study of Other Translocations and of Inversions.- 5.1. Robertsonian Translocations.- 5.2. Insertions.- 5.3. Inversions.- 6. Detection and Study of Deletions.- 6.1. X-Chromosomal Deletions.- 6.2. Autosomal Deletions.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- 4 Cytogenetic Assays for Mitotic Poisons Using Somatic Animal Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mitotic Poisons and Their Genomic Effects.- 2.1. The Spindle Apparatus.- 2.2. The Centriole.- 2.3. Kinetochores.- 2.4. Cytokinesis.- 3. Assays with Diploid Mammalian Cells in Vitro.- 3.1. Choice of Cell Lines.- 3.2. Mitotic Arrest.- 3.3. Recovery Experiments.- 3.4. Aneuploidy Enumeration.- 3.5. Slide Reading.- 4. Assays with Bone Marrow Cells in Vivo.- 4.1. Animals.- 4.2. Techniques.- 5. Assays with Grasshopper Embryos.- 5.1. Test Materials.- 5.2. General Information about Grasshopper Embryos.- 5.3. Procedure.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 5 Detection of Aneuploidy in Drosophila.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Role of Drosophila.- 1.2. Definition of Aneuploidy.- 2. Issues.- 2.1. Sex.- 2.2. Germ Cell Stage.- 2.3. Other Factors.- 3. Assay Systems.- 3.1. Classical Test.- 3.2. Selective and Semi selective Tests.- 4. Known Po
1 In Vivo Mutagenicity Testing Using Somatic Cells of Drosophila melanogaster.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Developmental Biology of Drosophila.- 3. The Wing Mosaic System.- 3.1. The Genetic Basis of the Wing System.- 3.2. Scoring.- 3.3. Data Analysis.- 3.4. Spontaneous Frequencies of Spots in Different Genetic Backgrounds.- 4. The White/White-Coral Eye Mosaic System.- 4.1. The Genetic Basis of the White/White-Coral System.- 4.2. Scoring.- 4.3. Data Analysis.- 4.4. Background Frequencies of Spots.- 5. The Unstable White-Zeste Eye Mosaic System.- 5.1. The Genetic Basis of the Unstable White-Zeste System.- 5.2. Scoring.- 5.3. Data Analysis.- 5.4. Background Frequencies of Spots.- 5.5. Mechanism.- 6. Exposure Techniques.- 6.1. Egg Collection.- 6.2. Collection of Larvae.- 6.3. Feeding.- 6.4. Inhalation.- 6.5. Injection.- 6.6. Solvents.- 6.7. Dosimetry.- 7. Discussion.- 7.1. Genetic Mechanisms.- 7.2. Differences between Genotypes.- 7.3. Toxic Effects and Cell Death.- 7.4. Status of Validation.- 7.5. Comparison of Germ Cells versus Somatic Cells.- 7.6. Comparison of Drosophila Tests with Other Assay Systems.- 7.7. Future Developments.- 7.8. Test Performance.- 8. Conclusions.- 9. References.- 2 Structural and Metabolic Parameters Governing the Mutagenicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope of This Review.- 1.2. Terms, Short Names, and Abbreviations.- 1.3. Overview of the Metabolism of PAHs in Mammals.- 2. Activation Pathways of PAHs.- 2.1. Requirement of Activation for Mutagenicity to Occur.- 2.2. Activation to Monofunctional Epoxides.- 2.3. Activation to Vicinal Diol-Epoxides.- 2.4. Activation to Benzylic Esters.- 2.5. Activation to Free Radicals.- 2.6. Other Activation Pathways.- 3. Contribution of Different Activation Pathways to the Mutagenicity of PAHs.- 3.1. DNA Adducts.- 3.2. Modified Test Compounds to Elucidate the Activation Process.- 3.3. Use of Diagnostic Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors.- 4. Metabolic Control of Mutagenic Intermediates of PAHs.- 4.1. Mutagenicity Experiments with Subcellular Metabolizing Systems.- 4.2. Mutagenicity Experiments Using Intact Cells as the Metabolizing Systems.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- 6. Addendum: Recent Developments.- 6.1. Mutagenicity of Quinones.- 6.2. Mutagenicity of Phenol-diol-epoxides.- 7. References.- 3 Chromosomal Mutations: The Genetic Approach.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Main Categories of Chromosomal Mutation.- 2.1. Numerical Anomalies.- 2.2. Structural Anomalies.- 3. Genetic Detection of Aneuploidy in the Mouse.- 3.1. Sex-Chromosomal Aneuploidy.- 3.2. Autosomal Aneuploidy.- 4. Reciprocal Translocations: Detection and Analysis.- 4.1. Translocations in Specific Locus Tests.- 4.2. Heritable Translocation Assays.- 4.3. Genetic Analysis of Reciprocal Translocations and Their Products.- 5. Detection and Study of Other Translocations and of Inversions.- 5.1. Robertsonian Translocations.- 5.2. Insertions.- 5.3. Inversions.- 6. Detection and Study of Deletions.- 6.1. X-Chromosomal Deletions.- 6.2. Autosomal Deletions.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- 4 Cytogenetic Assays for Mitotic Poisons Using Somatic Animal Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mitotic Poisons and Their Genomic Effects.- 2.1. The Spindle Apparatus.- 2.2. The Centriole.- 2.3. Kinetochores.- 2.4. Cytokinesis.- 3. Assays with Diploid Mammalian Cells in Vitro.- 3.1. Choice of Cell Lines.- 3.2. Mitotic Arrest.- 3.3. Recovery Experiments.- 3.4. Aneuploidy Enumeration.- 3.5. Slide Reading.- 4. Assays with Bone Marrow Cells in Vivo.- 4.1. Animals.- 4.2. Techniques.- 5. Assays with Grasshopper Embryos.- 5.1. Test Materials.- 5.2. General Information about Grasshopper Embryos.- 5.3. Procedure.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 5 Detection of Aneuploidy in Drosophila.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Role of Drosophila.- 1.2. Definition of Aneuploidy.- 2. Issues.- 2.1. Sex.- 2.2. Germ Cell Stage.- 2.3. Other Factors.- 3. Assay Systems.- 3.1. Classical Test.- 3.2. Selective and Semi selective Tests.- 4. Known Po
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