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CLEAN and RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION According to the World Renewable Energy Council (WREC), by the year 2100, the world's population will increase to 12 billion and the worldwide energy demand will increase steeply to about five times the present scenario. Researchers are striving to find alternative forms of energy, and this quest is strongly forced by the increasing worry over climate change and planetary heating. Among the diverse varieties of alternative energy sources, biomass has the singular advantage of being carbon neutral. The carbon that is discharged to the atmosphere during…mehr
According to the World Renewable Energy Council (WREC), by the year 2100, the world's population will increase to 12 billion and the worldwide energy demand will increase steeply to about five times the present scenario. Researchers are striving to find alternative forms of energy, and this quest is strongly forced by the increasing worry over climate change and planetary heating. Among the diverse varieties of alternative energy sources, biomass has the singular advantage of being carbon neutral. The carbon that is discharged to the atmosphere during its exercise is read back during the utilization of biomass resources for energy output. Currently, biomass provides approximately 13% of the world's primary energy supply and more than 75% of global renewable energy. Indeed, it is estimated that bioenergy could contribute 25-33% of the global energy supply by 2050. Continued adoption of biomass will require efficient conversion rates and avoidance of competition with food and fibers.
This book focuses on the recent practices in clean energy and renewable energy. The contributors highlight how newer technologies are reducing the dependency on non-renewable resources, benefiting the researchers who are working in the area of clean and renewable energy production. This new volume will also benefit mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, and bioengineers as they will be updated with the recent work progressing all over the globe. It will benefit the professionals working in the renewable energy sector such as solar, wind, hydrothermal, hydrogen, and bioenergy, including professors, research scholars, industry professionals, and students working in this field.
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Autorenporträt
Surajit Mondal, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He has over seven years of experience in teaching and research, and he has published 29 articles in scientific journals. Adesh Kumar, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He has published over 100 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences. He has been the guest editor for numerous scientific journals and is an editor of one book series. Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India. He has published more than 100 research papers in scientific journals and conferences. He also has several patents to his credit. Amit Kumar Mondal, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering and In- Charge Centre for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence at Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai, UAE. He has published over 40 papers in scientific journals and conferences and has four patents. Vishal Kumar Singh, PhD, is a research fellow in water, waste, and energy management from the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He has work experience of more than three years as an environment engineer and has published peer-reviewed review articles in scientific journals. He also has several patents to his credit. Amit Kumar Sharma, PhD, is an assistant professor in Applied Sciences Cluster, and Centre of Alternate Energy Research at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. He earned his PhD on microalgae-based fuels from UPES, and his research interest is mainly focused on biofuels, biorefineries, and other biotechnologies
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xvii 1 Vegetable Seed Oils as Biofuel: Need, Motivation, and Research Identifications 1 Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar 1.1 Introduction to Vegetable Oils 2 1.2 Motivation 4 1.3 Need of Research 6 1.4 Detailed Survey 10 1.5 Identification of the Research Gaps 16 1.6 Conclusions 20 2 Methodology and Instrumentation for Biofuel with Study on Cashew Nut Shell Liquid 27 Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar 2.1 Methodology 28 2.2 Procedure 29 2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 31 2.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 32 2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 34 2.6 CNSL Study 35 2.7 Conclusions 51 3 Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Energy Applications 53 Swagata Sarma, Gaurav Pandey, Uttamasha B. Borah, Nadezhda Molokitina, Geetanjali Chauhan and Monika Yadav 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 56 3.3 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage 70 3.4 Renewable Energy 74 3.5 Conclusion 81 4 Affordable and Clean Energy: Natural Gas Hydrates and Hydrogen Storage 87 Uttamasha B. Borah, Gaurav Pandey, Swagata Sarma, Nadezhda Molokitina and Geetanjali Chauhan 4.1 Introduction 88 4.2 Gas Hydrates 89 4.3 Hydrogen Energy 108 4.4 Recent Advancement Toward Clean Energy Applications 114 4.5 Conclusion 115 5 Wind and Solar PV System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Hybrid Renewable Energy Technology 123 Madhura K. Pardhe, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri and Priyanka Sharma 5.1 Introduction 124 5.2 Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development 126 5.3 Global Energy Scenario 127 5.4 Solar Energy Potential 129 5.5 Wind Potential for Power Generation 129 5.6 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems 130 5.7 Pros and Cons of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System 132 5.8 Conclusion 137 6 A Systematic Review of the Last Decade for Advances in Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells with Bioelectricity Generation 143 Vijay Parthasarthy, Riya Bhattacharya, Roshan K. R., Shankar R., Siddhant Srivastava and Debajyoti Bose 6.1 Introduction 144 6.2 Background 145 6.3 Methodology 148 6.4 Study Selection Criteria 149 6.5 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells 150 6.6 Outlook 163 7 Hydrothermal Liquefaction as a Sustainable Strategy for Integral Valorization of Agricultural Waste 175 Manisha Jagadale, Mahesh Jadhav, Nagesh Kumar T., Prateek Shrivastava and Niranjan Kumar 7.1 Introduction 176 7.2 Generation of Biofuels 177 7.3 Biomass Conversion Routes 178 7.4 HTL Reaction Mechanism 179 7.5 HTL Process Yield Calculations 180 7.6 HTL Advantage Over Pyrolysis 180 7.7 Types of Reactors for the Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process 182 7.8 Influence of Operating Parameters 184 7.9 Product Distribution and Evaluation 190 7.10 Potential Applications of HTL Products 192 7.11 Challenges and Limitations of the HTL Process 193 7.12 Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis 194 7.13 Conclusions 194 8 Imperative Role of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Modern Electric Vehicle Transportation: Challenges and Future Perspectives 201 Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Deepa Sharma, Surajit Mondal, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma 8.1 Introduction 202 8.2 Modeling of the PEMFC System 206 8.3 Electrical Vehicle Categories 207 8.4 Hydrogen Energy Storage 211 8.5 Future Scope, Challenges, and Benefits of FCEVs 214 8.6 Pros and Cons of Electric Vehicles in the Aspect of Modern Transportation System 216 8.7 MATLAB/Simulink Study of FC-Powered Electric Drive System 216 8.8 Conclusion 221 9 Ocean Energy-A Myriad of Opportunities in the Renewable Energy Sector 225 R. Raajiv, R. Vijaya Kumar and Jitendra Kumar Pandey 9.1 Introduction 226 9.2 International Agencies Promoting Ocean Energy Projects 227 9.3 Ocean Energy Potential 228 9.4 Types of Ocean Energy 230 9.5 Tidal Energy 230 9.6 Tidal Currents 235 9.7 Wave Energy 235 9.8 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 237 9.9 Salinity Gradient 238 9.10 Marine Energy Projects in India 239 9.11 Conclusion 241 10 Performance of 5?@Years of ESE Lightning Protection System: A Review 247 Sachin Kumar, Gagan Singh and Nafees Ahamad Introduction 248 11 Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 267 Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Jitendra Yadav, Stephen Oko?@Gyan?@Torto, Ahmad Faiz Minai, Vikas Pandey, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma 11.1 Introduction 268 11.2 Solar Energy Power Generation Scenario in the Indian Context 271 11.3 Applications of AI and ML in Solar PV Systems 271 11.4 Pros and Cons of AI and ML Techniques in Solar PV System 277 11.5 Application of GA-Based Optimal Placement of PV Modules in an Array to Reduce PSCs 277 11.6 Conclusion 283 12 Waste to Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery 287 Senthil Kumar Kandasamy and Ramyea R. 12.1 Introduction 287 12.2 Preparation Methods 290 12.3 Carbonization and Activation 290 12.4 Electrode Materials Extracted from Biowastes 293 12.5 Energy Storage Applications 297 12.6 Importance of Electrolyte 304 12.7 Conclusions 304 13 A Review of Electrolysis Techniques to Produce Hydrogen for a Futuristic Hydrogen Economy 313 Vijay Parthasarthy, Siddhant Srivastava, Riya Bhattacharya, Sudeep Katakam, Akash Krishnadoss, Gaurav Mitra and Debajyoti Bose 13.1 Introduction 314 13.2 Methodology 317 13.3 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of AEM Electrolyzer 319 13.4 Scope for Improvements 329 13.5 Conclusion 331 14 Prospects of Sustainability for Carbon Footprint Reduction 335 Riya Bhattacharya, Debajyoti Bose, Gaurav Mitra and Abhijeeta Sarkar 14.1 Introduction 336 14.2 Context and Outcomes of the United Nations Climate Change Framework 337 14.3 Monitoring Direct and Indirect Carbon Emissions 339 14.4 Sustainable Alternatives to Reduce Carbon Footprints 341 14.5 Carbon Elimination from the Atmosphere 347 14.6 Outlook 348 15 Conventional and AI-Based MPPT Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Constraints and Future Perception 355 Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Vaibhav Sharma, Adesh Kumar, Shashikant, Akhlaque Ahmad Khan and Priyanka Sharma 15.1 Introduction 356 15.2 MPPT Systems 359 15.3 Challenges and Future Perspective 369 15.4 Radial Diagram-Based Relational Performance of MPPT Techniques 370 15.5 Conclusion 370 16 Bioethanol Production and Its Impact on a Future Bioeconomy 375 Apurva Jaiswal, Riya Bhattacharya, Siddhant Srivastava, Ayushi Singh and Debajyoti Bose 16.1 Introduction to Bioenergy 376 16.2 Overview of Lignocellulosic Biomass 380 16.3 Challenges and Opportunities 389 16.4 Bioethanol Economy 395 17 Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery 413 Shivam Pandey, Anjana Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Nupur Aggarwal and Ajay Vasishth 17.1 Energy 414 17.2 Alternatives to Waste-to-Energy Routes that Might Be Used 417 17.3 The Situation of the Waste-to-Energy Market Today 418 17.4 Technical and Economic Considerations 423 17.5 Conclusion 432 18 Biodiesel Production, Storage Stability, and Industrial Applications: Opportunities and Challenges 437 Girdhar Joshi 18.1 Biodiesel 438 18.2 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 439 18.3 Biodiesel Conversion Methods 445 18.4 Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel 466 18.5 Storage Stability of Biodiesel 466 18.6 Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel 475 18.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives of Biodiesel 476 19 Biomass Energy and Its Conversion 489 Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke 19.1 Introduction 490 19.2 Sources of Biomass 491 19.3 Techniques for Converting Biomass Into Energy 492 19.4 Biochemical/Biological Conversion 496 19.5 Physical Conversion 497 19.6 Power Plant Dynamic Modeling and Simulation Using Biomass as Fuel 498 19.7 Summary 500 20 Co-Gasification of Coal and Waste Biomass for Power Generation 505 Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke 20.1 Introduction 506 20.2 Co-Gasification 509 20.3 Biomass Gasification Co-Generation 516 20.4 Summary 516 References 517 Index 523
Preface xvii 1 Vegetable Seed Oils as Biofuel: Need, Motivation, and Research Identifications 1 Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar 1.1 Introduction to Vegetable Oils 2 1.2 Motivation 4 1.3 Need of Research 6 1.4 Detailed Survey 10 1.5 Identification of the Research Gaps 16 1.6 Conclusions 20 2 Methodology and Instrumentation for Biofuel with Study on Cashew Nut Shell Liquid 27 Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar 2.1 Methodology 28 2.2 Procedure 29 2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 31 2.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 32 2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 34 2.6 CNSL Study 35 2.7 Conclusions 51 3 Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Energy Applications 53 Swagata Sarma, Gaurav Pandey, Uttamasha B. Borah, Nadezhda Molokitina, Geetanjali Chauhan and Monika Yadav 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 56 3.3 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage 70 3.4 Renewable Energy 74 3.5 Conclusion 81 4 Affordable and Clean Energy: Natural Gas Hydrates and Hydrogen Storage 87 Uttamasha B. Borah, Gaurav Pandey, Swagata Sarma, Nadezhda Molokitina and Geetanjali Chauhan 4.1 Introduction 88 4.2 Gas Hydrates 89 4.3 Hydrogen Energy 108 4.4 Recent Advancement Toward Clean Energy Applications 114 4.5 Conclusion 115 5 Wind and Solar PV System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Hybrid Renewable Energy Technology 123 Madhura K. Pardhe, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri and Priyanka Sharma 5.1 Introduction 124 5.2 Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development 126 5.3 Global Energy Scenario 127 5.4 Solar Energy Potential 129 5.5 Wind Potential for Power Generation 129 5.6 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems 130 5.7 Pros and Cons of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System 132 5.8 Conclusion 137 6 A Systematic Review of the Last Decade for Advances in Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells with Bioelectricity Generation 143 Vijay Parthasarthy, Riya Bhattacharya, Roshan K. R., Shankar R., Siddhant Srivastava and Debajyoti Bose 6.1 Introduction 144 6.2 Background 145 6.3 Methodology 148 6.4 Study Selection Criteria 149 6.5 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells 150 6.6 Outlook 163 7 Hydrothermal Liquefaction as a Sustainable Strategy for Integral Valorization of Agricultural Waste 175 Manisha Jagadale, Mahesh Jadhav, Nagesh Kumar T., Prateek Shrivastava and Niranjan Kumar 7.1 Introduction 176 7.2 Generation of Biofuels 177 7.3 Biomass Conversion Routes 178 7.4 HTL Reaction Mechanism 179 7.5 HTL Process Yield Calculations 180 7.6 HTL Advantage Over Pyrolysis 180 7.7 Types of Reactors for the Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process 182 7.8 Influence of Operating Parameters 184 7.9 Product Distribution and Evaluation 190 7.10 Potential Applications of HTL Products 192 7.11 Challenges and Limitations of the HTL Process 193 7.12 Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis 194 7.13 Conclusions 194 8 Imperative Role of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Modern Electric Vehicle Transportation: Challenges and Future Perspectives 201 Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Deepa Sharma, Surajit Mondal, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma 8.1 Introduction 202 8.2 Modeling of the PEMFC System 206 8.3 Electrical Vehicle Categories 207 8.4 Hydrogen Energy Storage 211 8.5 Future Scope, Challenges, and Benefits of FCEVs 214 8.6 Pros and Cons of Electric Vehicles in the Aspect of Modern Transportation System 216 8.7 MATLAB/Simulink Study of FC-Powered Electric Drive System 216 8.8 Conclusion 221 9 Ocean Energy-A Myriad of Opportunities in the Renewable Energy Sector 225 R. Raajiv, R. Vijaya Kumar and Jitendra Kumar Pandey 9.1 Introduction 226 9.2 International Agencies Promoting Ocean Energy Projects 227 9.3 Ocean Energy Potential 228 9.4 Types of Ocean Energy 230 9.5 Tidal Energy 230 9.6 Tidal Currents 235 9.7 Wave Energy 235 9.8 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 237 9.9 Salinity Gradient 238 9.10 Marine Energy Projects in India 239 9.11 Conclusion 241 10 Performance of 5?@Years of ESE Lightning Protection System: A Review 247 Sachin Kumar, Gagan Singh and Nafees Ahamad Introduction 248 11 Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 267 Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Jitendra Yadav, Stephen Oko?@Gyan?@Torto, Ahmad Faiz Minai, Vikas Pandey, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma 11.1 Introduction 268 11.2 Solar Energy Power Generation Scenario in the Indian Context 271 11.3 Applications of AI and ML in Solar PV Systems 271 11.4 Pros and Cons of AI and ML Techniques in Solar PV System 277 11.5 Application of GA-Based Optimal Placement of PV Modules in an Array to Reduce PSCs 277 11.6 Conclusion 283 12 Waste to Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery 287 Senthil Kumar Kandasamy and Ramyea R. 12.1 Introduction 287 12.2 Preparation Methods 290 12.3 Carbonization and Activation 290 12.4 Electrode Materials Extracted from Biowastes 293 12.5 Energy Storage Applications 297 12.6 Importance of Electrolyte 304 12.7 Conclusions 304 13 A Review of Electrolysis Techniques to Produce Hydrogen for a Futuristic Hydrogen Economy 313 Vijay Parthasarthy, Siddhant Srivastava, Riya Bhattacharya, Sudeep Katakam, Akash Krishnadoss, Gaurav Mitra and Debajyoti Bose 13.1 Introduction 314 13.2 Methodology 317 13.3 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of AEM Electrolyzer 319 13.4 Scope for Improvements 329 13.5 Conclusion 331 14 Prospects of Sustainability for Carbon Footprint Reduction 335 Riya Bhattacharya, Debajyoti Bose, Gaurav Mitra and Abhijeeta Sarkar 14.1 Introduction 336 14.2 Context and Outcomes of the United Nations Climate Change Framework 337 14.3 Monitoring Direct and Indirect Carbon Emissions 339 14.4 Sustainable Alternatives to Reduce Carbon Footprints 341 14.5 Carbon Elimination from the Atmosphere 347 14.6 Outlook 348 15 Conventional and AI-Based MPPT Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Constraints and Future Perception 355 Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Vaibhav Sharma, Adesh Kumar, Shashikant, Akhlaque Ahmad Khan and Priyanka Sharma 15.1 Introduction 356 15.2 MPPT Systems 359 15.3 Challenges and Future Perspective 369 15.4 Radial Diagram-Based Relational Performance of MPPT Techniques 370 15.5 Conclusion 370 16 Bioethanol Production and Its Impact on a Future Bioeconomy 375 Apurva Jaiswal, Riya Bhattacharya, Siddhant Srivastava, Ayushi Singh and Debajyoti Bose 16.1 Introduction to Bioenergy 376 16.2 Overview of Lignocellulosic Biomass 380 16.3 Challenges and Opportunities 389 16.4 Bioethanol Economy 395 17 Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery 413 Shivam Pandey, Anjana Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Nupur Aggarwal and Ajay Vasishth 17.1 Energy 414 17.2 Alternatives to Waste-to-Energy Routes that Might Be Used 417 17.3 The Situation of the Waste-to-Energy Market Today 418 17.4 Technical and Economic Considerations 423 17.5 Conclusion 432 18 Biodiesel Production, Storage Stability, and Industrial Applications: Opportunities and Challenges 437 Girdhar Joshi 18.1 Biodiesel 438 18.2 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 439 18.3 Biodiesel Conversion Methods 445 18.4 Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel 466 18.5 Storage Stability of Biodiesel 466 18.6 Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel 475 18.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives of Biodiesel 476 19 Biomass Energy and Its Conversion 489 Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke 19.1 Introduction 490 19.2 Sources of Biomass 491 19.3 Techniques for Converting Biomass Into Energy 492 19.4 Biochemical/Biological Conversion 496 19.5 Physical Conversion 497 19.6 Power Plant Dynamic Modeling and Simulation Using Biomass as Fuel 498 19.7 Summary 500 20 Co-Gasification of Coal and Waste Biomass for Power Generation 505 Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke 20.1 Introduction 506 20.2 Co-Gasification 509 20.3 Biomass Gasification Co-Generation 516 20.4 Summary 516 References 517 Index 523
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