Roeder, Jr., Larry Winter, Albert Simard

Diplomacy and Negotiation for Humanitarian NGOs (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Diplomacy and Funding for Humanitarian Non-Profits is a practical guide to best practices in diplomacy and negotiation for non-profits (NGOs) who work to convince governments and international institutions to effectively protect humans through disaster assistance, sustainable development and the protection of cultures. The volume proposes a holistic approach to humanitarian assistance by integrating non-traditional and traditional humanitarian partners. Users of the book will be prepared to speak to diplomats and government officials in any setting, including war zones. The book mainly focuses on approaching local and national governments, the United Nations system, the international Red Cross movement and other international organizations. The reader will learn the rules of “diplomatic protocol", and much about the rules and procedures of major international bodies, as well as how to leverage media and knowledge management for planning, establishing, and managing a humanitarian initiative. To provide balance and real world relevance, the guide draws on a compilation of the extensive activities of both authors across a range of development, emergency management, knowledge management, and climate issues in government and in the NGO world, as well as interviews with a broad range of scholars and officials from NGOs, diplomatic missions, the media, the United Nations, the Red Cross, governments and corporations.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Springer New York
• Erscheinungstermin: 25. Mai 2013
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781461471134
• Artikelnr.: 43802277

Autorenporträt

Larry Roeder, MS. Consultant on Humanitarian Relief, Economic Development and Counter-Terrorism; Former Policy Adviser on Disaster Management, US Department of State; Former Executive Director, GDIN, the Global Disaster Information Network. Dr. Albert Simard, PhD. Is currently serving as Knowledge Manager at Defense Research & Development, Canada. He was a Board Member for GDIN, the Global Disaster Information Network and has developed national information systems for disaster management throughout most of his career.

Inhaltsangabe

Chapter One: Why Learn “NGO Diplomacy?”.- Extract:.-1.1 What is NGO Diplomacy?.-1.2 NGOs as a Force for the Sovereignty of People.-1.3 NGOs in the Multilateral World.-1.4 NGO Independence.- 1.5 What is Humanitarian?.- 1.6 A Model for NGO Diplomacy.- 1.7 Historical Precedent:.- 1.8 Dr. Fridtjof Nansen.- Chapter Two: A Practical Model For Diplomacy and Negotiation: Steps 1 – 3 - The Preliminary Stage Extract:.- 2.1 Introduction to the Model -- Three Phases:.- 2.2 Steps to Success and Managing Costs.- 2.2.1 Step One: Is The Initiative Worthwhile and Feasible?.- 2.2.2 Step Two: The Study Group Process.- 2.2.3 Two sets of questions need to be asked in steps one and two.- 2.2.4 Question Set Two: How Will the Goal Be Achieved?.- 2.3 The Study Team.-2.3.1 The Study Team Must Ask Hard Questions.- 2.3.2 Keeping Your Cool.- 2.4 Step Three: The Decision Memo Go or No Go?.- 2.4.1 The Off-Ramp.- 2.5 Delegation and Negotiation Staff Decisions:.- 2.5.1 The Delegation.-2.5.2 The HQ Team.- 2.6 Why the Lengthy Decision Process?.-Chapter Three: A Practical Model For Diplomacy and Negotiation: Steps 4-6 – The Negotiation and Implementation Stages.- Extract:.- 3.1 Introduction -- Three Phases:.- 3.2 Step Four: Position Papers – Delegation Guidance.- 3.3 Step Five: Binders and Reports.- 3.3.1 The Delegation Binder.- 3.4 Chief of Delegation and Team Leader.- 3.4.1 That which deflects from true success is failure.- 3.5 Coordinated Instructions.- 3.6 Tactics.- 3.6.1 Have a Draft In Hand.- 3.6.2 “What Is Our Mandate?” Delegations.- 3.6.3 Moral Suasion.- 3.6.4 Coercion.- 3.6.5 Chatham House Rules.- 3.6.5 The North South Problem.- 3.7 Interdisciplinary Complexity.- 3.8 Standard Rules of Behavior.- 3.8.1 Do the Rules Always Apply? Challenge Axioms.- 3.9 Using An Opponent’s Strategic Objectives:.- 3.10 Time Management.- 3.11 Other Points:.- 3.12 Contacts and Cooperation.- 3.12.1 Cooperation With NGOs.- 3.12.2 Cooperation withCorporations.- 3.12.3 Personal Contacts.- 3.12.4 Contact and Steering Groups.- 3.13 Field Negotiations.- 3.13.1 Know the Other Side.- 3.13.2 Perspective.- 3.14 After Action and Implementation.- 3.14.1 After-Action Report.- 3.14.2 After Action Review Session.- 3.14.3 Implementing an Agreement.- Chapter Four: Information and Knowledge Management.- Extract:.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Management Framework.- 4.3 Knowledge Management.-4.4 Knowledge Work.- 4.5 Integration.- 4.6 Conclusions.- Chapter Five: Security, Risk Analysis and Intelligence.- Extract.- Introduction to Chapter Five.- 5.1 The Need For Profiles – and Using a Data Fusion Tool to Help.- 5.2 Case Studies.- 5.2.1 The Relationship of Drought and Political/Economic Crises in Africa.- 5.2.2 The 2009 Swine Slaughter in Egypt.- 5.2.3 Civil War.- 5.2.4 The Sinai Peninsula in 2012.- 5.2.5 Poland in 1982.-5.3 Possible Annual Reports.- 5.3.1 Annual International Organization Report.- 5.3.2 Annual Voting/Consensus Practice Guide.- 5.4 Doveryay, no proveryay Дoвepяй, нo пpoвepяй: Trust But Verify.- Chapter Six: Legal Matters.- Extract:.- 6.1 Delegation Legal Adviser.- 6.2 Sanctions and Legality.- 6.2.1 United Nations Sanctions.- 6.2.2 National Sanctions and Restrictions:.- 6.2.3 Sanctions on Non-State Entities.- 6.2.4 International Courts:.- 6.3 Words Matter.-Case Study: Cultural Sensitivity in the Middle East.-6.4 Generic Problem Words and Phrases.- 6.4 Value of Written Constitution.- 6.5 International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law.- 6.5.1 International Human Rights Law (IHRL) always exists,.- 6.5.2 International Humanitarian Law (IHL) only exists in conflict.- 6.6 International Instruments.- 6.6.1 Will the Instrument Solve the Problem?.- 6.6.2 Leverage.- 6.6.3 The Authority to Negotiate.- 6.6.4 Memoranda of Understanding (MOU).-6.6.5 Resolutions.-6.6.6 Conventions and Treaties.- 6.6.7 Declarations.- 6.6.8 Treaties.- 6.6.9 People’s Treaties.-6.6.10 Protocols.-6.7 The Impact of Program Budget Implications (PBI).- 6.8 Sovereignty, the New World Order and Implementing a Deal.- 6.9 Rights of Indigenous Peoples:.- 6.10 Non-ratification or Non implementation.- Chapter Seven: War and Peace – Roles for NGOs.- Extract.- 7.1 Law of War.- 7.2 At the Peace Table.- 7.3Neutrality and Working With or Avoiding the Military.- 7.4 An International Army and Peace Keeping.- 7.4.1 Operational Advantage.- 7.4.2 The Saarland and the First Multilateral Force.- 7.4.3 Misuse of a Force.- 7.4.4 The Veto As a Positive Tool.- 7.4.5 Conclusions.- 7.5 Working with Armed Non-State Actors (ANSAs).- Chapter Eight: Failed and Weak Nation-states.- Highlights of Chapter Eight:.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.1.1 Coalition Building with Local NGOs.- 8.2 A Common Political and Economic Vision:.- 8.3 A Framework that is Inclusive and Avoids Retribution:.- 8.4 Democracy can be a quality control tool for economic policies.- 8.5 The Case of Egyptian Economic Development.- 8.6 Inform the Public.- 8.7 Equality of Opportunity and Good Governance Create Stable Politics.- Chapter Nine: International Funding.- Extract:.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Who Receives Government Funding?.- 9.3 Sustainable Funding.- 9.4 Political Taint.-9.5 Donor Rules.-Intelligence Gathering.- 9.10 Being an NGO Donor.- 9.11 Red Flags.- 9.12 Finding the Money.-Chapter Ten: Meetings and Conferences.- Extract:.- 10.1 Why Hold Private Meetings and Attend Conferences?.- 10.2 Short Meetings:.- 10.3 International Conferences:.- 10.4 The Delegation Administrative and Protocol Officer.- 10.5 The Delegation Office:.- 10.6 Learn the Compound Layout in Advance:.- 10.7 Preconference Tactics.- 10.7.1 The Sequential Negotiation Technique.- 10.7.2 Building Allies in Advance.- 10.8 Stress Management.- 10.9 Outcome and Discussant Papers.- 10.9.1 Example of Outcome Documents:.- 10.10 Secretariat and Other Conference Bodies.- 10.10.1 The Secretariat.- 10.10.2 The Conference Chairperson.- 10.11Credentials Committee and Rules of Procedure.- 10.12 Role of the Drafting Committee.- 10.13 Example of a mega- Conference: Rio - The Earth Summit.- Chapter Eleven: PROTOCOL.- Extract:.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Attending Social Events.- 11.3 Accreditation, Badges and Business Cards.- 11.4 Politeness, Trust, and Respect.- 11.5 Gifts:.- 11.6 Managing Perceptions.- 11.7 Receptions and Personal Entertaining.- 11.8 Ambassadors.- 11.9 Invitations and Greetings.- 11.10 Dress.- 11.11 Gender and Race.- 11.12 Speak Without Notes.- 11.13 Use of Language.- 11.14 Neutrality.- 11.15 Titles and Saying Hello and Goodnight.- 11.16 Letter Formats.- Chapter Twelve: Delegation Communications and the Media.- Extract:.- 12.1 Delegation Communications and the Media.- 12.2 The Delegation Communications (Public Affairs) Officer.-12.3 Are Media Events Needed?.- 12.4 One on One Interviews.- 12.5 Public Diplomacy, Propaganda and Lobbying.- 12.5.1 Public Diplomacy.- 12.5.2 Propaganda.- 12.5.3 Lobbying:.- 12.6 Why Talk to the Media?.- 12.6.1 Explainers of Truth:.- 12.6.2 Protect the Media:.- 12.6.3 Engaging Journalists.- 12.6.4 How much is shared?.- 12.6.5 Trust.- 12.7 Media Accreditation and Access.- 12.8 Photo Display Opportunities.- 12.9 Negotiating an Unfettered Media – Especially Social Media.- 12.10 Additional Outreach Tools and Partners.- Chapter Thirteen: International Organizations and NGO Associations.- Extract:.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Sample Agencies and Associations.- 13.2.1 InterAction.- 13.2.2 CoNgo: The Conference of NGOs in Consultative Relationship with the UN.- 13.2.3 ICVA -- The International Council of Voluntary Agencies.- 13.2.4 Can one NGO Umbrella Agency Advocate for All?.- 13.2.5 UN Cluster System: A tool for NGO Diplomats.- 13.2.6 ISDR - International Strategy on Disaster Reduction (Geneva).- 13.2.7 IASC: Interagency Standing Committee and OCHA (New York).- 13.2.8 IFRC and ICRC The International RedCross Red Crescent Movement (Geneva).- 13.2.9 SPHERE Project and LEGS (Boston, Geneva, New York, Washington, Ethiopia).- 13.3 Help is Available.- 13.4 Working with Non Traditional NGO: Operation Gwamba, 1964.- Chapter 14: Creation of the League of Nations and the UN.- Extract:.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 The Study Group “Inquiry:” and the “CSOP”.- 14.3 The Peer Review:.- 14.4 The Red Scare - What Does the Other Side Fear?.- 14.5 Long-term Impacts:.- 14.6 Assigning the Negotiator:.- 14.7 Public Diplomacy.- 14.8 The Role of Compromise.- 14.8 Conclusion.- Chapter 15: The People’s Treaties at Rio+20 – 2012.- Extract:.- 15.1 Introduction:.- 15.2 Eight Steps to Rio:.-15.3 Results:.- Chapter 16: Rebuttal to an Outcome Document.- Extract:.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Statement Opposing the Final Outcome Document.- 16.3 Not everyone agreed with this assessment.- Chapter 17: An NGO Saves Belgium.- Extract:.-17.1 Introduction.-17.2 Speed Was Essential: No Time for a Study Team.- 17.3 First Events -- Saving Americans.- 17.4 And Then Belgium.- Chapter 18: The ReliefWeb Project.- Extract:.- 18.1 History.- 18. 2 Coverage and Content.-18.3 ReliefWeb Today.- Chapter 19:Die Deutsche Liga für Völkerbund (DLfV).- Extract:.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Founding.- 19.3 Purpose.- 19.4 Mistakes in Analysis – Not Understanding the Enemy or the Allies.- 19.5 Never Insult the Other Side.-19.6 Did Die Liga Have a Chance?.- 19.7 Funding.- 19.8 Membership of Die Liga.- 19.9 The Process.- 19.9 The German Study Group:.- 19.10 Reaction by the Allies at Paris.

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Chapter One: Why Learn "NGO Diplomacy?".- Extract:.-1.1 What is NGO Diplomacy?.-1.2 NGOs as a Force for the Sovereignty of People.-1.3 NGOs in the Multilateral World.-1.4 NGO Independence.- 1.5 What is Humanitarian?.- 1.6 A Model for NGO Diplomacy.- 1.7 Historical Precedent:.- 1.8 Dr. Fridtjof Nansen.- Chapter Two: A Practical Model For Diplomacy and Negotiation: Steps 1 - 3 - The Preliminary Stage Extract:.- 2.1 Introduction to the Model -- Three Phases:.- 2.2 Steps to Success and Managing Costs.- 2.2.1 Step One: Is The Initiative Worthwhile and Feasible?.- 2.2.2 Step Two: The Study Group Process.- 2.2.3 Two sets of questions need to be asked in steps one and two.- 2.2.4 Question Set Two: How Will the Goal Be Achieved?.- 2.3 The Study Team.-2.3.1 The Study Team Must Ask Hard Questions.- 2.3.2 Keeping Your Cool.- 2.4 Step Three: The Decision Memo Go or No Go?.- 2.4.1 The Off-Ramp.- 2.5 Delegation and Negotiation Staff Decisions:.- 2.5.1 The Delegation.-2.5.2 The HQ Team.- 2.6 Why the Lengthy Decision Process?.-Chapter Three: A Practical Model For Diplomacy and Negotiation: Steps 4-6 - The Negotiation and Implementation Stages.- Extract:.- 3.1 Introduction -- Three Phases:.- 3.2 Step Four: Position Papers - Delegation Guidance.- 3.3 Step Five: Binders and Reports.- 3.3.1 The Delegation Binder.- 3.4 Chief of Delegation and Team Leader.- 3.4.1 That which deflects from true success is failure.- 3.5 Coordinated Instructions.- 3.6 Tactics.- 3.6.1 Have a Draft In Hand.- 3.6.2 "What Is Our Mandate?" Delegations.- 3.6.3 Moral Suasion.- 3.6.4 Coercion.- 3.6.5 Chatham House Rules.- 3.6.5 The North South Problem.- 3.7 Interdisciplinary Complexity.- 3.8 Standard Rules of Behavior.- 3.8.1 Do the Rules Always Apply? Challenge Axioms.- 3.9 Using An Opponent's Strategic Objectives:.- 3.10 Time Management.- 3.11 Other Points:.- 3.12 Contacts and Cooperation.- 3.12.1 Cooperation With NGOs.- 3.12.2 Cooperation withCorporations.- 3.12.3 Personal Contacts.- 3.12.4 Contact and Steering Groups.- 3.13 Field Negotiations.- 3.13.1 Know the Other Side.- 3.13.2 Perspective.- 3.14 After Action and Implementation.- 3.14.1 After-Action Report.- 3.14.2 After Action Review Session.- 3.14.3 Implementing an Agreement.- Chapter Four: Information and Knowledge Management.- Extract:.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Management Framework.- 4.3 Knowledge Management.-4.4 Knowledge Work.- 4.5 Integration.- 4.6 Conclusions.- Chapter Five: Security, Risk Analysis and Intelligence.- Extract.- Introduction to Chapter Five.- 5.1 The Need For Profiles - and Using a Data Fusion Tool to Help.- 5.2 Case Studies.- 5.2.1 The Relationship of Drought and Political/Economic Crises in Africa.- 5.2.2 The 2009 Swine Slaughter in Egypt.- 5.2.3 Civil War.- 5.2.4 The Sinai Peninsula in 2012.- 5.2.5 Poland in 1982.-5.3 Possible Annual Reports.- 5.3.1 Annual International Organization Report.- 5.3.2 Annual Voting/Consensus Practice Guide.- 5.4 Doveryay, no proveryay o ep , o po ep : Trust But Verify.- Chapter Six: Legal Matters.- Extract:.- 6.1 Delegation Legal Adviser.- 6.2 Sanctions and Legality.- 6.2.1 United Nations Sanctions.- 6.2.2 National Sanctions and Restrictions:.- 6.2.3 Sanctions on Non-State Entities.- 6.2.4 International Courts:.- 6.3 Words Matter.-Case Study: Cultural Sensitivity in the Middle East.-6.4 Generic Problem Words and Phrases.- 6.4 Value of Written Constitution.- 6.5 International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law.- 6.5.1 International Human Rights Law (IHRL) always exists,.- 6.5.2 International Humanitarian Law (IHL) only exists in conflict.- 6.6 International Instruments.- 6.6.1 Will the Instrument Solve the Problem?.- 6.6.2 Leverage.- 6.6.3 The Authority to Negotiate.- 6.6.4 Memoranda of Understanding (MOU).-6.6.5 Resolutions.-6.6.6 Conventions and Treaties.- 6.6.7 Declarations.- 6.6.8 Treaties.- 6.6.9 People's Treaties.-6.6.10 Protocols.-6.7 The Impact of Program Budget Implications (PBI).- 6.8 Sovereignty, the New World Order and Implementing a Deal.- 6.9 Rights of Indigenous Peoples:.- 6.10 Non-ratification or Non implementation.- Chapter Seven: War and Peace - Roles for NGOs.- Extract.- 7.1 Law of War.- 7.2 At the Peace Table.- 7.3Neutrality and Working With or Avoiding the Military.- 7.4 An International Army and Peace Keeping.- 7.4.1 Operational Advantage.- 7.4.2 The Saarland and the First Multilateral Force.- 7.4.3 Misuse of a Force.- 7.4.4 The Veto As a Positive Tool.- 7.4.5 Conclusions.- 7.5 Working with Armed Non-State Actors (ANSAs).- Chapter Eight: Failed and Weak Nation-states.- Highlights of Chapter Eight:.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.1.1 Coalition Building with Local NGOs.- 8.2 A Common Political and Economic Vision:.- 8.3 A Framework that is Inclusive and Avoids Retribution:.- 8.4 Democracy can be a quality control tool for economic policies.- 8.5 The Case of Egyptian Economic Development.- 8.6 Inform the Public.- 8.7 Equality of Opportunity and Good Governance Create Stable Politics.- Chapter Nine: International Funding.- Extract:.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Who Receives Government Funding?.- 9.3 Sustainable Funding.- 9.4 Political Taint.-9.5 Donor Rules.-Intelligence Gathering.- 9.10 Being an NGO Donor.- 9.11 Red Flags.- 9.12 Finding the Money.-Chapter Ten: Meetings and Conferences.- Extract:.- 10.1 Why Hold Private Meetings and Attend Conferences?.- 10.2 Short Meetings:.- 10.3 International Conferences:.- 10.4 The Delegation Administrative and Protocol Officer.- 10.5 The Delegation Office:.- 10.6 Learn the Compound Layout in Advance:.- 10.7 Preconference Tactics.- 10.7.1 The Sequential Negotiation Technique.- 10.7.2 Building Allies in Advance.- 10.8 Stress Management.- 10.9 Outcome and Discussant Papers.- 10.9.1 Example of Outcome Documents:.- 10.10 Secretariat and Other Conference Bodies.- 10.10.1 The Secretariat.- 10.10.2 The Conference Chairperson.- 10.11Credentials Committee and Rules of Procedure.- 10.12 Role of the Drafting Committee.- 10.13 Example of a mega- Conference: Rio - The Earth Summit.- Chapter Eleven: PROTOCOL.- Extract:.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Attending Social Events.- 11.3 Accreditation, Badges and Business Cards.- 11.4 Politeness, Trust, and Respect.- 11.5 Gifts:.- 11.6 Managing Perceptions.- 11.7 Receptions and Personal Entertaining.- 11.8 Ambassadors.- 11.9 Invitations and Greetings.- 11.10 Dress.- 11.11 Gender and Race.- 11.12 Speak Without Notes.- 11.13 Use of Language.- 11.14 Neutrality.- 11.15 Titles and Saying Hello and Goodnight.- 11.16 Letter Formats.- Chapter Twelve: Delegation Communications and the Media.- Extract:.- 12.1 Delegation Communications and the Media.- 12.2 The Delegation Communications (Public Affairs) Officer.-12.3 Are Media Events Needed?.- 12.4 One on One Interviews.- 12.5 Public Diplomacy, Propaganda and Lobbying.- 12.5.1 Public Diplomacy.- 12.5.2 Propaganda.- 12.5.3 Lobbying:.- 12.6 Why Talk to the Media?.- 12.6.1 Explainers of Truth:.- 12.6.2 Protect the Media:.- 12.6.3 Engaging Journalists.- 12.6.4 How much is shared?.- 12.6.5 Trust.- 12.7 Media Accreditation and Access.- 12.8 Photo Display Opportunities.- 12.9 Negotiating an Unfettered Media - Especially Social Media.- 12.10 Additional Outreach Tools and Partners.- Chapter Thirteen: International Organizations and NGO Associations.- Extract:.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Sample Agencies and Associations.- 13.2.1 InterAction.- 13.2.2 CoNgo: The Conference of NGOs in Consultative Relationship with the UN.- 13.2.3 ICVA -- The International Council of Voluntary Agencies.- 13.2.4 Can one NGO Umbrella Agency Advocate for All?.- 13.2.5 UN Cluster System: A tool for NGO Diplomats.- 13.2.6 ISDR - International Strategy on Disaster Reduction (Geneva).- 13.2.7 IASC: Interagency Standing Committee and OCHA (New York).- 13.2.8 IFRC and ICRC The International RedCross Red Crescent Movement (Geneva).- 13.2.9 SPHERE Project and LEGS (Boston, Geneva, New York, Washington, Ethiopia).- 13.3 Help is Available.- 13.4 Working with Non Traditional NGO: Operation Gwamba, 1964.- Chapter 14: Creation of the League of Nations and the UN.- Extract:.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 The Study Group "Inquiry:" and the "CSOP".- 14.3 The Peer Review:.- 14.4 The Red Scare - What Does the Other Side Fear?.- 14.5 Long-term Impacts:.- 14.6 Assigning the Negotiator:.- 14.7 Public Diplomacy.- 14.8 The Role of Compromise.- 14.8 Conclusion.- Chapter 15: The People's Treaties at Rio+20 - 2012.- Extract:.- 15.1 Introduction:.- 15.2 Eight Steps to Rio:.-15.3 Results:.- Chapter 16: Rebuttal to an Outcome Document.- Extract:.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Statement Opposing the Final Outcome Document.- 16.3 Not everyone agreed with this assessment.- Chapter 17: An NGO Saves Belgium.- Extract:.-17.1 Introduction.-17.2 Speed Was Essential: No Time for a Study Team.- 17.3 First Events -- Saving Americans.- 17.4 And Then Belgium.- Chapter 18: The ReliefWeb Project.- Extract:.- 18.1 History.- 18. 2 Coverage and Content.-18.3 ReliefWeb Today.- Chapter 19:Die Deutsche Liga für Völkerbund (DLfV).- Extract:.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Founding.- 19.3 Purpose.- 19.4 Mistakes in Analysis - Not Understanding the Enemy or the Allies.- 19.5 Never Insult the Other Side.-19.6 Did Die Liga Have a Chance?.- 19.7 Funding.- 19.8 Membership of Die Liga.- 19.9 The Process.- 19.9 The German Study Group:.- 19.10 Reaction by the Allies at Paris.