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Presents a comprehensive description of the theory and practical implementation of Doppler radar-based physiological monitoring This book includes an overview of current physiological monitoring techniques and explains the fundamental technology used in remote non-contact monitoring methods. Basic radio wave propagation and radar principles are introduced along with the fundamentals of physiological motion and measurement. Specific design and implementation considerations for physiological monitoring radar systems are then discussed in detail. The authors address current research and…mehr
Presents a comprehensive description of the theory and practical implementation of Doppler radar-based physiological monitoring
This book includes an overview of current physiological monitoring techniques and explains the fundamental technology used in remote non-contact monitoring methods. Basic radio wave propagation and radar principles are introduced along with the fundamentals of physiological motion and measurement. Specific design and implementation considerations for physiological monitoring radar systems are then discussed in detail. The authors address current research and commercial development of Doppler radar based physiological monitoring for healthcare and other applications.
Explains pros and cons of different Doppler radar architectures, including CW, FMCW, and pulsed Doppler radar
Discusses nonlinear demodulation methods, explaining dc offset, dc information, center tracking, and demodulation enabled by dc cancellation
Reviews advanced system architectures that address issues of dc offset, spectrum folding, motion interference, and range resolution
Covers Doppler radar physiological measurements demonstrated to date, from basic cardiopulmonary rate extractions to more involved volume assessments
Doppler Radar Physiological Sensing serves as a fundamental reference for radar, biomedical, and microwave engineers as well as healthcare professionals interested in remote physiological monitoring methods.
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Autorenporträt
Olga Boric-Lubecke, PhD, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and an IEEE Fellow. She is widely recognized as a pioneer and leader in microwave radar technologies for non-contact cardiopulmonary monitoring, and in the design of integrated circuits for biomedical applications.
Victor M. Lubecke, PhD, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He is an emeritus IEEE Distinguished Microwave Lecturer and has over 25 years of experience in research and development of devices and methods for radio-based remote sensing systems.
Amy Droitcour, PhD, has spent ten years developing radar-based vital signs measurement technology through her dissertation research and leading product development as CTO of Kai Medical. She currently serves as Senior Vice President of R&D at Wave 80 Biosciences.
Byung-Kwon-Park, PhD, is a senior research engineer at the Mechatronics R&D Center in Korea.
Aditya Singh, PhD, is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Hawaii Neuroscience and MRI research Program.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Contributors xi 1 Introduction 1 Amy D. Droitcour Olga Boric-Lubecke Shuhei Yamada and Victor M. Lubecke 1.1 Current Methods of Physiological Monitoring 2 1.2 Need for Noncontact Physiological Monitoring 3 1.2.1 Patients with Compromised Skin 3 1.2.2 Sleep Monitoring 4 1.2.3 Elderly Monitoring 5 1.3 Doppler Radar Potential for Physiological Monitoring 5 1.3.1 Principle of Operation and Power Budget 6 1.3.2 History of Doppler Radar in Physiological Monitoring 8 References 16 2 Radar Principles 21 Ehsan Yavari Olga Boric-Lubecke and Shuhei Yamada 2.1 Brief History of Radar 21 2.2 Radar Principle of Operation 22 2.2.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Reflection 23 2.2.2 Radar Cross Section 24 2.2.3 Radar Equation 25 2.3 Doppler Radar 28 2.3.1 Doppler Effect 28 2.3.2 Doppler Radar Waveforms: CW FMCW Pulsed 29 2.4 Monostatic and Bistatic Radar 32 2.5 Radar Applications 35 References 36 3 Physiological Motion and Measurement 39 Amy D. Droitcour and Olga Boric-Lubecke 3.1 Respiratory System Motion 39 3.1.1 Introduction to the Respiratory System 39 3.1.2 Respiratory Motion 40 3.1.3 Chest Wall Motion Associated with Breathing 43 3.1.4 Breathing Patterns in Disease and Disorder 43 3.2 Heart System Motion 44 3.2.1 Location and Gross Anatomy of the Heart 45 3.2.2 Electrical and Mechanical Events of the Heart 46 3.2.3 Chest Surface Motion Due to Heart Function 48 3.2.4 Quantitative Measurement of Chest Wall Motion Due to Heartbeat 50 3.3 Circulatory System Motion 53 3.3.1 Location and Structure of the Major Arteries and Veins 54 3.3.2 Blood Flow Through Arteries and Veins 55 3.3.3 Surface Motion from Blood Flow 56 3.3.4 Circulatory System Motion: Variation with Age 57 3.4 Interaction of Respiratory Heart and Circulatory Motion at the Skin Surface 58 3.5 Measurement of Heart and Respiratory Surface Motion 58 3.5.1 Radar Measurement of Physiological Motion 59 3.5.2 Surface Motion Measurement of Respiration Rate 59 3.5.3 Surface Motion Measurement of Heart/Pulse Rate 61 References 63 4 Physiological Doppler Radar Overview 69 Aditya Singh Byung-Kwon Park Olga Boric-Lubecke Isar Mostafanezhad and Victor M. Lubecke 4.1 RF Front End 70 4.1.1 Quadrature Receiver 73 4.1.2 Phase Coherence and Range Correlation 77 4.1.3 Frequency Choice 79 4.1.4 Antenna Considerations 80 4.1.5 Power Budget 80 4.2 Baseband Module 83 4.2.1 Analog Signal Conditioning and Coupling Methods 83 4.2.2 Data Acquisition 85 4.3 Signal Processing 86 4.3.1 Phase Demodulation 86 4.3.2 Demodulated Phase Processing 87 4.4 Noise Sources 90 4.4.1 Electrical Noise 90 4.4.2 Mechanical Noise 92 4.5 Conclusions 92 References 93 5 CW Homodyne Transceiver Challenges 95 Aditya Singh Alex Vergara Amy D. Droitcour Byung-Kwon Park Olga Boric-Lubecke Shuhei Yamada and Victor M. Lubecke 5.1 RF Front End 95 5.1.1 Single-Channel Limitations 96 5.1.2 LO Leakage Cancellation 103 5.1.3 IQ Imbalance Assessment 109 5.2 Baseband Module 113 5.2.1 AC and DC Coupling 113 5.2.2 DC Canceller 114 5.3 Signal Demodulation 118 5.3.1 DC Offset and DC Information 118 5.3.2 Center Tracking 125 5.3.3 DC Cancellation Results 130 References 134 6 Sources of Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 137 Amy D. Droitcour Olga Boric-Lubecke and Shuhei Yamada 6.1 Signal Power Radar Equation and Radar Cross Section 138 6.1.1 Radar Equation 138 6.1.2 Radar Cross Section 140 6.1.3 Reflection and Absorption 141 6.1.4 Phase-to-Amplitude Conversion 141 6.2 Oscillator Phase Noise Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise 143 6.2.1 Oscillator Phase Noise 143 6.2.2 Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise 147 6.3 Contributions of Various Noise Sources 151 6.3.1 Phase Noise 151 6.3.2 Baseband 1/f Noise 154 6.3.3 RF Additive White Gaussian Noise 154 6.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 155 6.5 Validation of Range Correlation 157 6.6 Human Testing Validation 158 References 168 7 Doppler Radar Physiological Assessments 171 John Kiriazi Olga Boric-Lubecke Shuhei Yamada Victor M. Lubecke and Wansuree Massagram 7.1 Actigraphy 172 7.2 Respiratory Rate 176 7.3 Tidal Volume 179 7.4 Heart Rates 184 7.5 Heart Rate Variability 185 7.6 Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia 190 7.7 RCs and Subject Orientation 196 References 204 8 Advanced Performance Architectures 207 Aditya Singh Aly Fathy Isar Mostafanezhad Jenshan Lin Olga Boric-Lubecke Shuhei Yamada Victor M. Lubecke and Yazhou Wang 8.1 DC Offset and Spectrum Folding 208 8.1.1 Single-Channel Homodyne System with Phase Tuning 208 8.1.2 Heterodyne System with Frequency Tuning 213 8.1.3 Low-IF Architecture 220 8.2 Motion Interference Suppression 224 8.2.1 Interference Cancellation 226 8.2.2 Bistatic Radar: Sensor Nodes 231 8.2.3 Passive RF Tags 240 8.3 Range Detection 250 8.3.1 Physiological Monitoring with FMCW Radar 250 8.3.2 Physiological Monitoring with UWB Radar 251 References 266 9 Applications and Future Research 269 Aditya Singh and Victor M. Lubecke 9.1 Commercial Development 269 9.1.1 Healthcare 269 9.1.2 Defense 272 9.2 Recent Research Areas 272 9.2.1 Sleep Study 272 9.2.2 Range 275 9.2.3 Multiple Subject Detection 276 9.2.4 Animal Monitoring 279 9.3 Conclusion 282 References 282 Index 285
List of Contributors xi 1 Introduction 1 Amy D. Droitcour Olga Boric-Lubecke Shuhei Yamada and Victor M. Lubecke 1.1 Current Methods of Physiological Monitoring 2 1.2 Need for Noncontact Physiological Monitoring 3 1.2.1 Patients with Compromised Skin 3 1.2.2 Sleep Monitoring 4 1.2.3 Elderly Monitoring 5 1.3 Doppler Radar Potential for Physiological Monitoring 5 1.3.1 Principle of Operation and Power Budget 6 1.3.2 History of Doppler Radar in Physiological Monitoring 8 References 16 2 Radar Principles 21 Ehsan Yavari Olga Boric-Lubecke and Shuhei Yamada 2.1 Brief History of Radar 21 2.2 Radar Principle of Operation 22 2.2.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Reflection 23 2.2.2 Radar Cross Section 24 2.2.3 Radar Equation 25 2.3 Doppler Radar 28 2.3.1 Doppler Effect 28 2.3.2 Doppler Radar Waveforms: CW FMCW Pulsed 29 2.4 Monostatic and Bistatic Radar 32 2.5 Radar Applications 35 References 36 3 Physiological Motion and Measurement 39 Amy D. Droitcour and Olga Boric-Lubecke 3.1 Respiratory System Motion 39 3.1.1 Introduction to the Respiratory System 39 3.1.2 Respiratory Motion 40 3.1.3 Chest Wall Motion Associated with Breathing 43 3.1.4 Breathing Patterns in Disease and Disorder 43 3.2 Heart System Motion 44 3.2.1 Location and Gross Anatomy of the Heart 45 3.2.2 Electrical and Mechanical Events of the Heart 46 3.2.3 Chest Surface Motion Due to Heart Function 48 3.2.4 Quantitative Measurement of Chest Wall Motion Due to Heartbeat 50 3.3 Circulatory System Motion 53 3.3.1 Location and Structure of the Major Arteries and Veins 54 3.3.2 Blood Flow Through Arteries and Veins 55 3.3.3 Surface Motion from Blood Flow 56 3.3.4 Circulatory System Motion: Variation with Age 57 3.4 Interaction of Respiratory Heart and Circulatory Motion at the Skin Surface 58 3.5 Measurement of Heart and Respiratory Surface Motion 58 3.5.1 Radar Measurement of Physiological Motion 59 3.5.2 Surface Motion Measurement of Respiration Rate 59 3.5.3 Surface Motion Measurement of Heart/Pulse Rate 61 References 63 4 Physiological Doppler Radar Overview 69 Aditya Singh Byung-Kwon Park Olga Boric-Lubecke Isar Mostafanezhad and Victor M. Lubecke 4.1 RF Front End 70 4.1.1 Quadrature Receiver 73 4.1.2 Phase Coherence and Range Correlation 77 4.1.3 Frequency Choice 79 4.1.4 Antenna Considerations 80 4.1.5 Power Budget 80 4.2 Baseband Module 83 4.2.1 Analog Signal Conditioning and Coupling Methods 83 4.2.2 Data Acquisition 85 4.3 Signal Processing 86 4.3.1 Phase Demodulation 86 4.3.2 Demodulated Phase Processing 87 4.4 Noise Sources 90 4.4.1 Electrical Noise 90 4.4.2 Mechanical Noise 92 4.5 Conclusions 92 References 93 5 CW Homodyne Transceiver Challenges 95 Aditya Singh Alex Vergara Amy D. Droitcour Byung-Kwon Park Olga Boric-Lubecke Shuhei Yamada and Victor M. Lubecke 5.1 RF Front End 95 5.1.1 Single-Channel Limitations 96 5.1.2 LO Leakage Cancellation 103 5.1.3 IQ Imbalance Assessment 109 5.2 Baseband Module 113 5.2.1 AC and DC Coupling 113 5.2.2 DC Canceller 114 5.3 Signal Demodulation 118 5.3.1 DC Offset and DC Information 118 5.3.2 Center Tracking 125 5.3.3 DC Cancellation Results 130 References 134 6 Sources of Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 137 Amy D. Droitcour Olga Boric-Lubecke and Shuhei Yamada 6.1 Signal Power Radar Equation and Radar Cross Section 138 6.1.1 Radar Equation 138 6.1.2 Radar Cross Section 140 6.1.3 Reflection and Absorption 141 6.1.4 Phase-to-Amplitude Conversion 141 6.2 Oscillator Phase Noise Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise 143 6.2.1 Oscillator Phase Noise 143 6.2.2 Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise 147 6.3 Contributions of Various Noise Sources 151 6.3.1 Phase Noise 151 6.3.2 Baseband 1/f Noise 154 6.3.3 RF Additive White Gaussian Noise 154 6.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 155 6.5 Validation of Range Correlation 157 6.6 Human Testing Validation 158 References 168 7 Doppler Radar Physiological Assessments 171 John Kiriazi Olga Boric-Lubecke Shuhei Yamada Victor M. Lubecke and Wansuree Massagram 7.1 Actigraphy 172 7.2 Respiratory Rate 176 7.3 Tidal Volume 179 7.4 Heart Rates 184 7.5 Heart Rate Variability 185 7.6 Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia 190 7.7 RCs and Subject Orientation 196 References 204 8 Advanced Performance Architectures 207 Aditya Singh Aly Fathy Isar Mostafanezhad Jenshan Lin Olga Boric-Lubecke Shuhei Yamada Victor M. Lubecke and Yazhou Wang 8.1 DC Offset and Spectrum Folding 208 8.1.1 Single-Channel Homodyne System with Phase Tuning 208 8.1.2 Heterodyne System with Frequency Tuning 213 8.1.3 Low-IF Architecture 220 8.2 Motion Interference Suppression 224 8.2.1 Interference Cancellation 226 8.2.2 Bistatic Radar: Sensor Nodes 231 8.2.3 Passive RF Tags 240 8.3 Range Detection 250 8.3.1 Physiological Monitoring with FMCW Radar 250 8.3.2 Physiological Monitoring with UWB Radar 251 References 266 9 Applications and Future Research 269 Aditya Singh and Victor M. Lubecke 9.1 Commercial Development 269 9.1.1 Healthcare 269 9.1.2 Defense 272 9.2 Recent Research Areas 272 9.2.1 Sleep Study 272 9.2.2 Range 275 9.2.3 Multiple Subject Detection 276 9.2.4 Animal Monitoring 279 9.3 Conclusion 282 References 282 Index 285
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