Olga Boric-Lubecke, Victor M. Lubecke, Amy D. Droitcour, Byung-Kwon Park, Aditya Singh

Doppler Radar Physiological Sensing (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Presents a comprehensive description of the theory and practical implementation of Doppler radar-based physiological monitoring

This book includes an overview of current physiological monitoring techniques and explains the fundamental technology used in remote non-contact monitoring methods. Basic radio wave propagation and radar principles are introduced along with the fundamentals of physiological motion and measurement. Specific design and implementation considerations for physiological monitoring radar systems are then discussed in detail. The authors address current research and commercial development of Doppler radar based physiological monitoring for healthcare and other applications.

• Explains pros and cons of different Doppler radar architectures, including CW, FMCW, and pulsed Doppler radar
• Discusses nonlinear demodulation methods, explaining dc offset, dc information, center tracking, and demodulation enabled by dc cancellation
• Reviews advanced system architectures that address issues of dc offset, spectrum folding, motion interference, and range resolution
• Covers Doppler radar physiological measurements demonstrated to date, from basic cardiopulmonary rate extractions to more involved volume assessments

Doppler Radar Physiological Sensing serves as a fundamental reference for radar, biomedical, and microwave engineers as well as healthcare professionals interested in remote physiological monitoring methods.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Erscheinungstermin: 14. Dezember 2015
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119078425
• Artikelnr.: 44414350

Autorenporträt

Olga Boric-Lubecke, PhD, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and an IEEE Fellow. She is widely recognized as a pioneer and leader in microwave radar technologies for non-contact cardiopulmonary monitoring, and in the design of integrated circuits for biomedical applications.

Victor M. Lubecke, PhD, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He is an emeritus IEEE Distinguished Microwave Lecturer and has over 25 years of experience in research and development of devices and methods for radio-based remote sensing systems.

Amy Droitcour, PhD, has spent ten years developing radar-based vital signs measurement technology through her dissertation research and leading product development as CTO of Kai Medical. She currently serves as Senior Vice President of R&D at Wave 80 Biosciences.

Byung-Kwon-Park, PhD, is a senior research engineer at the Mechatronics R&D Center in Korea.

Aditya Singh, PhD, is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Hawaii Neuroscience and MRI research Program.

Inhaltsangabe

List of Contributors xi

1 Introduction 1
Amy D. Droitcour, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, and Victor M. Lubecke

1.1 Current Methods of Physiological Monitoring, 2

1.2 Need for Noncontact Physiological Monitoring, 3

1.2.1 Patients with Compromised Skin, 3

1.2.2 Sleep Monitoring, 4

1.2.3 Elderly Monitoring, 5

1.3 Doppler Radar Potential for Physiological Monitoring, 5

1.3.1 Principle of Operation and Power Budget, 6

1.3.2 History of Doppler Radar in Physiological Monitoring, 8

References, 16

2 Radar Principles 21
Ehsan Yavari, Olga Boric-Lubecke, and Shuhei Yamada

2.1 Brief History of Radar, 21

2.2 Radar Principle of Operation, 22

2.2.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Reflection, 23

2.2.2 Radar Cross Section, 24

2.2.3 Radar Equation, 25

2.3 Doppler Radar, 28

2.3.1 Doppler Effect, 28

2.3.2 Doppler Radar Waveforms: CW, FMCW, Pulsed, 29

2.4 Monostatic and Bistatic Radar, 32

2.5 Radar Applications, 35

References, 36

3 Physiological Motion and Measurement 39
Amy D. Droitcour and Olga Boric-Lubecke

3.1 Respiratory System Motion, 39

3.1.1 Introduction to the Respiratory System, 39

3.1.2 Respiratory Motion, 40

3.1.3 Chest Wall Motion Associated with Breathing, 43

3.1.4 Breathing Patterns in Disease and Disorder, 43

3.2 Heart System Motion, 44

3.2.1 Location and Gross Anatomy of the Heart, 45

3.2.2 Electrical and Mechanical Events of the Heart, 46

3.2.3 Chest Surface Motion Due to Heart Function, 48

3.2.4 Quantitative Measurement of Chest Wall Motion Due to Heartbeat, 50

3.3 Circulatory System Motion, 53

3.3.1 Location and Structure of the Major Arteries and Veins, 54

3.3.2 Blood Flow Through Arteries and Veins, 55

3.3.3 Surface Motion from Blood Flow, 56

3.3.4 Circulatory System Motion: Variation with Age, 57

3.4 Interaction of Respiratory, Heart, and Circulatory Motion at the Skin Surface, 58

3.5 Measurement of Heart and Respiratory Surface Motion, 58

3.5.1 Radar Measurement of Physiological Motion, 59

3.5.2 Surface Motion Measurement of Respiration Rate, 59

3.5.3 Surface Motion Measurement of Heart/Pulse Rate, 61

References, 63

4 Physiological Doppler Radar Overview 69
Aditya Singh, Byung-Kwon Park, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Isar Mostafanezhad, and Victor M. Lubecke

4.1 RF Front End, 70

4.1.1 Quadrature Receiver, 73

4.1.2 Phase Coherence and Range Correlation, 77

4.1.3 Frequency Choice, 79

4.1.4 Antenna Considerations, 80

4.1.5 Power Budget, 80

4.2 Baseband Module, 83

4.2.1 Analog Signal Conditioning and Coupling Methods, 83

4.2.2 Data Acquisition, 85

4.3 Signal Processing, 86

4.3.1 Phase Demodulation, 86

4.3.2 Demodulated Phase Processing, 87

4.4 Noise Sources, 90

4.4.1 Electrical Noise, 90

4.4.2 Mechanical Noise, 92

4.5 Conclusions, 92

References, 93

5 CW Homodyne Transceiver Challenges 95
Aditya Singh, Alex Vergara, Amy D. Droitcour, Byung-Kwon Park, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, and Victor M. Lubecke

5.1 RF Front End, 95

5.1.1 Single-Channel Limitations, 96

5.1.2 LO Leakage Cancellation, 103

5.1.3 IQ Imbalance Assessment, 109

5.2 Baseband Module, 113

5.2.1 AC and DC Coupling, 113

5.2.2 DC Canceller, 114

5.3 Signal Demodulation, 118

5.3.1 DC Offset and DC Information, 118

5.3.2 Center Tracking, 125

5.3.3 DC Cancellation Results, 130

References, 134

6 Sources of Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 137
Amy D. Droitcour, Olga Boric-Lubecke, and Shuhei Yamada

6.1 Signal Power, Radar Equation, and Radar Cross Section, 138

6.1.1 Radar Equation, 138

6.1.2 Radar Cross Section, 140

6.1.3 Reflection and Absorption, 141

6.1.4 Phase-to-Amplitude Conversion, 141

6.2 Oscillator Phase Noise, Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise, 143

6.2.1 Oscillator Phase Noise, 143

6.2.2 Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise, 147

6.3 Contributions of Various Noise Sources, 151

6.3.1 Phase Noise, 151

6.3.2 Baseband 1/f Noise, 154

6.3.3 RF Additive White Gaussian Noise, 154

6.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio, 155

6.5 Validation of Range Correlation, 157

6.6 Human Testing Validation, 158

References, 168

7 Doppler Radar Physiological Assessments 171
John Kiriazi, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, Victor M. Lubecke, and Wansuree Massagram

7.1 Actigraphy, 172

7.2 Respiratory Rate, 176

7.3 Tidal Volume, 179

7.4 Heart Rates, 184

7.5 Heart Rate Variability, 185

7.6 Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, 190

7.7 RCs and Subject Orientation, 196

References, 204

8 Advanced Performance Architectures 207
Aditya Singh, Aly Fathy, Isar Mostafanezhad, Jenshan Lin, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, Victor M. Lubecke, and Yazhou Wang

8.1 DC Offset and Spectrum Folding, 208

8.1.1 Single-Channel Homodyne System with Phase Tuning, 208

8.1.2 Heterodyne System with Frequency Tuning, 213

8.1.3 Low-IF Architecture, 220

8.2 Motion Interference Suppression, 224

8.2.1 Interference Cancellation, 226

8.2.2 Bistatic Radar: Sensor Nodes, 231

8.2.3 Passive RF Tags, 240

8.3 Range Detection, 250

8.3.1 Physiological Monitoring with FMCW Radar, 250

8.3.2 Physiological Monitoring with UWB Radar, 251

References, 266

9 Applications and Future Research 269
Aditya Singh and Victor M. Lubecke

9.1 Commercial Development, 269

9.1.1 Healthcare, 269

9.1.2 Defense, 272

9.2 Recent Research Areas, 272

9.2.1 Sleep Study, 272

9.2.2 Range, 275

9.2.3 Multiple Subject Detection, 276

9.2.4 Animal Monitoring, 279

9.3 Conclusion, 282

References, 282

Index 285

---

List of Contributors xi 1 Introduction 1 Amy D. Droitcour
Olga Boric-Lubecke
Shuhei Yamada
and Victor M. Lubecke 1.1 Current Methods of Physiological Monitoring
2 1.2 Need for Noncontact Physiological Monitoring
3 1.2.1 Patients with Compromised Skin
3 1.2.2 Sleep Monitoring
4 1.2.3 Elderly Monitoring
5 1.3 Doppler Radar Potential for Physiological Monitoring
5 1.3.1 Principle of Operation and Power Budget
6 1.3.2 History of Doppler Radar in Physiological Monitoring
8 References
16 2 Radar Principles 21 Ehsan Yavari
Olga Boric-Lubecke
and Shuhei Yamada 2.1 Brief History of Radar
21 2.2 Radar Principle of Operation
22 2.2.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Reflection
23 2.2.2 Radar Cross Section
24 2.2.3 Radar Equation
25 2.3 Doppler Radar
28 2.3.1 Doppler Effect
28 2.3.2 Doppler Radar Waveforms: CW
FMCW
Pulsed
29 2.4 Monostatic and Bistatic Radar
32 2.5 Radar Applications
35 References
36 3 Physiological Motion and Measurement 39 Amy D. Droitcour and Olga Boric-Lubecke 3.1 Respiratory System Motion
39 3.1.1 Introduction to the Respiratory System
39 3.1.2 Respiratory Motion
40 3.1.3 Chest Wall Motion Associated with Breathing
43 3.1.4 Breathing Patterns in Disease and Disorder
43 3.2 Heart System Motion
44 3.2.1 Location and Gross Anatomy of the Heart
45 3.2.2 Electrical and Mechanical Events of the Heart
46 3.2.3 Chest Surface Motion Due to Heart Function
48 3.2.4 Quantitative Measurement of Chest Wall Motion Due to Heartbeat
50 3.3 Circulatory System Motion
53 3.3.1 Location and Structure of the Major Arteries and Veins
54 3.3.2 Blood Flow Through Arteries and Veins
55 3.3.3 Surface Motion from Blood Flow
56 3.3.4 Circulatory System Motion: Variation with Age
57 3.4 Interaction of Respiratory
Heart
and Circulatory Motion at the Skin Surface
58 3.5 Measurement of Heart and Respiratory Surface Motion
58 3.5.1 Radar Measurement of Physiological Motion
59 3.5.2 Surface Motion Measurement of Respiration Rate
59 3.5.3 Surface Motion Measurement of Heart/Pulse Rate
61 References
63 4 Physiological Doppler Radar Overview 69 Aditya Singh
Byung-Kwon Park
Olga Boric-Lubecke
Isar Mostafanezhad
and Victor M. Lubecke 4.1 RF Front End
70 4.1.1 Quadrature Receiver
73 4.1.2 Phase Coherence and Range Correlation
77 4.1.3 Frequency Choice
79 4.1.4 Antenna Considerations
80 4.1.5 Power Budget
80 4.2 Baseband Module
83 4.2.1 Analog Signal Conditioning and Coupling Methods
83 4.2.2 Data Acquisition
85 4.3 Signal Processing
86 4.3.1 Phase Demodulation
86 4.3.2 Demodulated Phase Processing
87 4.4 Noise Sources
90 4.4.1 Electrical Noise
90 4.4.2 Mechanical Noise
92 4.5 Conclusions
92 References
93 5 CW Homodyne Transceiver Challenges 95 Aditya Singh
Alex Vergara
Amy D. Droitcour
Byung-Kwon Park
Olga Boric-Lubecke
Shuhei Yamada
and Victor M. Lubecke 5.1 RF Front End
95 5.1.1 Single-Channel Limitations
96 5.1.2 LO Leakage Cancellation
103 5.1.3 IQ Imbalance Assessment
109 5.2 Baseband Module
113 5.2.1 AC and DC Coupling
113 5.2.2 DC Canceller
114 5.3 Signal Demodulation
118 5.3.1 DC Offset and DC Information
118 5.3.2 Center Tracking
125 5.3.3 DC Cancellation Results
130 References
134 6 Sources of Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 137 Amy D. Droitcour
Olga Boric-Lubecke
and Shuhei Yamada 6.1 Signal Power
Radar Equation
and Radar Cross Section
138 6.1.1 Radar Equation
138 6.1.2 Radar Cross Section
140 6.1.3 Reflection and Absorption
141 6.1.4 Phase-to-Amplitude Conversion
141 6.2 Oscillator Phase Noise
Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise
143 6.2.1 Oscillator Phase Noise
143 6.2.2 Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise
147 6.3 Contributions of Various Noise Sources
151 6.3.1 Phase Noise
151 6.3.2 Baseband 1/f Noise
154 6.3.3 RF Additive White Gaussian Noise
154 6.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
155 6.5 Validation of Range Correlation
157 6.6 Human Testing Validation
158 References
168 7 Doppler Radar Physiological Assessments 171 John Kiriazi
Olga Boric-Lubecke
Shuhei Yamada
Victor M. Lubecke
and Wansuree Massagram 7.1 Actigraphy
172 7.2 Respiratory Rate
176 7.3 Tidal Volume
179 7.4 Heart Rates
184 7.5 Heart Rate Variability
185 7.6 Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
190 7.7 RCs and Subject Orientation
196 References
204 8 Advanced Performance Architectures 207 Aditya Singh
Aly Fathy
Isar Mostafanezhad
Jenshan Lin
Olga Boric-Lubecke
Shuhei Yamada
Victor M. Lubecke
and Yazhou Wang 8.1 DC Offset and Spectrum Folding
208 8.1.1 Single-Channel Homodyne System with Phase Tuning
208 8.1.2 Heterodyne System with Frequency Tuning
213 8.1.3 Low-IF Architecture
220 8.2 Motion Interference Suppression
224 8.2.1 Interference Cancellation
226 8.2.2 Bistatic Radar: Sensor Nodes
231 8.2.3 Passive RF Tags
240 8.3 Range Detection
250 8.3.1 Physiological Monitoring with FMCW Radar
250 8.3.2 Physiological Monitoring with UWB Radar
251 References
266 9 Applications and Future Research 269 Aditya Singh and Victor M. Lubecke 9.1 Commercial Development
269 9.1.1 Healthcare
269 9.1.2 Defense
272 9.2 Recent Research Areas
272 9.2.1 Sleep Study
272 9.2.2 Range
275 9.2.3 Multiple Subject Detection
276 9.2.4 Animal Monitoring
279 9.3 Conclusion
282 References
282 Index 285