Egypt at the beginning of the nineteenth century, 1801 - 1811 AD, Part Three: Muhammad Fouad Shukri dives into a pivotal era in Egypt's history, as the country was in the midst of complete political chaos after the departure of the French. Events intertwine, and the great powers of France, England, the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluks struggle for control and influence. The story begins with the repercussions of the French's exit from Egypt in 1801, and shows how chaos engulfed the country until Muhammad Ali came to power in 1805. The book examines how Muhammad Ali was able to face many challenges, including confronting Fraser's campaign in 1807 and forcing the British to leave Egypt. It also highlights his role in getting rid of popular leaders such as Sayyid Omar Makram, and ends with a dramatic chapter with the famous Citadel Massacre in 1811, where Muhammad Ali eliminated the Mamluks, his last internal rivals. "Egypt at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century" is a profound and comprehensive study of how Egypt's strong leadership reshaped the political and social landscape at a critical period in its history.
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