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This book describes the fundamental aspects of the new generation of electrical distribution grids, taking as its starting point the opportunities that exist for restructuring existing infrastructure. It emphasizes the incorporation of renewable energy sources into the distribution grid and the need for a technological evolution towards the implementation of smartgrids. The book is organized into two parts: the first part analyzes the integration of distributed energy sources into the distribution grid and the impact of these sources on grid operation. After a general description of the…mehr
This book describes the fundamental aspects of the new generation of electrical distribution grids, taking as its starting point the opportunities that exist for restructuring existing infrastructure. It emphasizes the incorporation of renewable energy sources into the distribution grid and the need for a technological evolution towards the implementation of smartgrids. The book is organized into two parts: the first part analyzes the integration of distributed energy sources into the distribution grid and the impact of these sources on grid operation. After a general description of the general characteristics of distribution grids and renewable energy sources, it then analyzes the economics of electrical energy distribution networks and presents the impact of these sources on grid operation. The second part of the book then analyzes the various functions which allow for safe operation of the grid and realization of the path towards real world application of smartgrids.
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Autorenporträt
Nouredine Hadjsaïd is a professor at the?Institut Polytechnique?de Grenoble in France. Jean-Claude Sabonnadière is a professor emeritus at the?Institut Polytechnique?de Grenoble in France.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xv Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE Chapter 1. The Electrical Distribution Network: From Heritage to Innovation 1 Nouredine HADJSAÏD, Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE and Jean-Pierre ANGELIER 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The new power system paradigm 6 1.3. Structure and characteristics of current distribution systems 7 1.4. Consumption 11 1.5. Transmission and distribution systems operators 13 1.6. Future challenges for the distribution system 17 1.7. The link between investment and quality 32 1.8. Financing mechanisms and investment actors of distribution systems 36 1.9. Conclusion 38 1.10. Glossary 38 1.11. Bibliography 39 Chapter 2. Characteristics of Distribution Networks 41 Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ-HÉRAULT, Raphaël CAIRE, Sylvain MARTINO, Christophe ANDRIEU and Bertrand RAISON 2.1. Part 1: the French network 41 2.2. The North American network 61 2.3. Bibliography 81 Chapter 3. Overview of Decentralized Means of Production 83 Haizea GAZTAÑAGA, Raphaël CAIRE, Seddik BACHA and Daniel ROYE 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. Deregulation 84 3.3. Emergent means of production 85 3.4. Conclusion: a challenge and a development opportunity for mains power 119 3.5. Bibliography 119 Chapter 4. Connection to the Decentralized Production Network: Regulatory and Economic Aspects 123 Cédric CLASTRES, Philippe MENANTEAU and Lina-Maria RUIZ 4.1. Introduction 123 4.2. European policies and growth dynamics of REn 124 4.3. Incentive policies for the deployment of renewable energies 129 4.4. Integration and connection of new renewable energy producers to the network 141 4.5. The insertion of renewable energies into the electrical market 147 4.6. Bibliography 157 Chapter 5. Impacts of Distributed Generation on the Electrical Network 161 Raphaël CAIRE and Tuan TRAN-QUOC 5.1. Introduction 161 5.2. Impact of distributed generation on electrical parameters 164 5.3. Impacts on the design, planning and exploitation 191 5.4. Impacts on network equipment 197 5.5. Bibliography 200 Chapter 6. Photovoltaic Systems Connected to the Network 203 Tuan TRAN-QUOC and Seddik BACHA 6.1. Introduction to grid-connected PV production 203 6.2. Structure of photovoltaic inverters 207 6.3. Control/command of the grid side converter 217 6.4. Anti-islanding protection of PV systems 221 6.5. Impact on the voltage and harmonics of grid connected PV systems 225 6.6. Impact on the voltage 230 6.7. Impact on voltage unbalance 233 6.8. Conclusion 234 6.9. Bibliography 235 Chapter 7. Voltage Control in Distribution Systems with Dispersed Generation 237 Yvon BÉSANGER and Tuan TRAN-QUOC 7.1. Introduction: problems of voltage control 237 7.2. Voltage control in today's distribution systems 241 7.3. Voltage control in distribution systems with DG 242 7.4. Conclusion 270 7.5. Bibliography 271 Chapter 8. Grid Integration of Wind Turbine Systems and their Ancillary Services Participation 273 Alexandre TENINGE, Daniel ROYE and Seddik BACHA 8.1. Wind energy: context 273 8.2. Integration of wind energy in electrical systems 276 8.3. Grid code requirements and wind farms 282 8.4. Wind turbines: principles and modeling aspect 290 8.5. Study of mixed wind farm integration in an islanded grid 301 8.6. Bibliography 311 8.7. Manufacturers websites 313 8.8. List of symbols 314 Chapter 9. Reliability of Distribution Systems with Dispersed Generation 315 Yvon BÉSANGER 9.1. New considerations and challenges for the reliability of distribution systems 315 9.2. Basic concepts of electrical network reliability 319 9.3. Objectives and use of probabilistic reliability studies 330 9.4. Basic concepts of Monte Carlo simulation 333 9.5. Some results of Monte Carlo method application 343 9.6. Conclusion 348 9.7. Bibliography 349 Chapter 10. Protection, Detection and Isolation of Faults in MV Networks in the Presence of Decentralized Production 351 Bertrand RAISON, Olivier CHILARD, Delcho PENKOV and Duc CONG PHAM 10.1. Introduction 351 10.2. Characteristics of faults in HVA distribution systems 353 10.3. Functioning of protection in MV networks in the presence of decentralized production 361 10.4. Detection of faults 373 10.5. Localization of faults in the presence of decentralized production 380 10.6. Bibliography 392 Chapter 11. Load Control in the Management of Distribution Systems 395 Didier BOËDA, Christophe KIENY and Daniel ROYE 11.1. Objectives of load control for the distributor 395 11.2. Controlled loads 397 11.3. Results for real-time control 403 11.4. Real-time load control with knowledge of houses' characteristics 406 11.5. Optimized load control 407 11.6. Conclusion 413 11.7. Bibliography 414 Chapter 12. Power Electronics in the Future Distribution Grid 415 Seddik BACHA, David FREY, Erwan LEPELLETER and Raphaël CAIRE 12.1. Introduction 415 12.2. New context of distribution systems 416 12.3. PE systems in the context of existing networks 420 12.4. Current state of development 425 12.5. Conclusion 434 12.6. Bibliography 436 Chapter 13. Virtual Power Systems for Active Networks 439 Guillaume FOGGIA, Christophe KIENY and Joseph MAIRE 13.1. General context: towards an active network 439 13.2. Objectives 440 13.3. Concept of a virtual power plant (project FENIX) 442 13.4. Other developments: the Alp energy project 452 13.5. Prospects for virtual power plants on active network 454 13.6. Bibliography 457 Chapter 14. Towards Smart Grids 459 Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE 14.1. Introduction 459 14.2. Definitions of the smart grid 471 14.3. Objectives addressed by the smart grid concept 472 14.4. Stakeholders involved in the implementation of the smart grid concept 474 14.5. Research and scientific aspects of the smart grid 476 14.6. Conclusion 483 14.7. Bibliography 484 List of Authors 487 Index 489
Preface xv Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE Chapter 1. The Electrical Distribution Network: From Heritage to Innovation 1 Nouredine HADJSAÏD, Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE and Jean-Pierre ANGELIER 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The new power system paradigm 6 1.3. Structure and characteristics of current distribution systems 7 1.4. Consumption 11 1.5. Transmission and distribution systems operators 13 1.6. Future challenges for the distribution system 17 1.7. The link between investment and quality 32 1.8. Financing mechanisms and investment actors of distribution systems 36 1.9. Conclusion 38 1.10. Glossary 38 1.11. Bibliography 39 Chapter 2. Characteristics of Distribution Networks 41 Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ-HÉRAULT, Raphaël CAIRE, Sylvain MARTINO, Christophe ANDRIEU and Bertrand RAISON 2.1. Part 1: the French network 41 2.2. The North American network 61 2.3. Bibliography 81 Chapter 3. Overview of Decentralized Means of Production 83 Haizea GAZTAÑAGA, Raphaël CAIRE, Seddik BACHA and Daniel ROYE 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. Deregulation 84 3.3. Emergent means of production 85 3.4. Conclusion: a challenge and a development opportunity for mains power 119 3.5. Bibliography 119 Chapter 4. Connection to the Decentralized Production Network: Regulatory and Economic Aspects 123 Cédric CLASTRES, Philippe MENANTEAU and Lina-Maria RUIZ 4.1. Introduction 123 4.2. European policies and growth dynamics of REn 124 4.3. Incentive policies for the deployment of renewable energies 129 4.4. Integration and connection of new renewable energy producers to the network 141 4.5. The insertion of renewable energies into the electrical market 147 4.6. Bibliography 157 Chapter 5. Impacts of Distributed Generation on the Electrical Network 161 Raphaël CAIRE and Tuan TRAN-QUOC 5.1. Introduction 161 5.2. Impact of distributed generation on electrical parameters 164 5.3. Impacts on the design, planning and exploitation 191 5.4. Impacts on network equipment 197 5.5. Bibliography 200 Chapter 6. Photovoltaic Systems Connected to the Network 203 Tuan TRAN-QUOC and Seddik BACHA 6.1. Introduction to grid-connected PV production 203 6.2. Structure of photovoltaic inverters 207 6.3. Control/command of the grid side converter 217 6.4. Anti-islanding protection of PV systems 221 6.5. Impact on the voltage and harmonics of grid connected PV systems 225 6.6. Impact on the voltage 230 6.7. Impact on voltage unbalance 233 6.8. Conclusion 234 6.9. Bibliography 235 Chapter 7. Voltage Control in Distribution Systems with Dispersed Generation 237 Yvon BÉSANGER and Tuan TRAN-QUOC 7.1. Introduction: problems of voltage control 237 7.2. Voltage control in today's distribution systems 241 7.3. Voltage control in distribution systems with DG 242 7.4. Conclusion 270 7.5. Bibliography 271 Chapter 8. Grid Integration of Wind Turbine Systems and their Ancillary Services Participation 273 Alexandre TENINGE, Daniel ROYE and Seddik BACHA 8.1. Wind energy: context 273 8.2. Integration of wind energy in electrical systems 276 8.3. Grid code requirements and wind farms 282 8.4. Wind turbines: principles and modeling aspect 290 8.5. Study of mixed wind farm integration in an islanded grid 301 8.6. Bibliography 311 8.7. Manufacturers websites 313 8.8. List of symbols 314 Chapter 9. Reliability of Distribution Systems with Dispersed Generation 315 Yvon BÉSANGER 9.1. New considerations and challenges for the reliability of distribution systems 315 9.2. Basic concepts of electrical network reliability 319 9.3. Objectives and use of probabilistic reliability studies 330 9.4. Basic concepts of Monte Carlo simulation 333 9.5. Some results of Monte Carlo method application 343 9.6. Conclusion 348 9.7. Bibliography 349 Chapter 10. Protection, Detection and Isolation of Faults in MV Networks in the Presence of Decentralized Production 351 Bertrand RAISON, Olivier CHILARD, Delcho PENKOV and Duc CONG PHAM 10.1. Introduction 351 10.2. Characteristics of faults in HVA distribution systems 353 10.3. Functioning of protection in MV networks in the presence of decentralized production 361 10.4. Detection of faults 373 10.5. Localization of faults in the presence of decentralized production 380 10.6. Bibliography 392 Chapter 11. Load Control in the Management of Distribution Systems 395 Didier BOËDA, Christophe KIENY and Daniel ROYE 11.1. Objectives of load control for the distributor 395 11.2. Controlled loads 397 11.3. Results for real-time control 403 11.4. Real-time load control with knowledge of houses' characteristics 406 11.5. Optimized load control 407 11.6. Conclusion 413 11.7. Bibliography 414 Chapter 12. Power Electronics in the Future Distribution Grid 415 Seddik BACHA, David FREY, Erwan LEPELLETER and Raphaël CAIRE 12.1. Introduction 415 12.2. New context of distribution systems 416 12.3. PE systems in the context of existing networks 420 12.4. Current state of development 425 12.5. Conclusion 434 12.6. Bibliography 436 Chapter 13. Virtual Power Systems for Active Networks 439 Guillaume FOGGIA, Christophe KIENY and Joseph MAIRE 13.1. General context: towards an active network 439 13.2. Objectives 440 13.3. Concept of a virtual power plant (project FENIX) 442 13.4. Other developments: the Alp energy project 452 13.5. Prospects for virtual power plants on active network 454 13.6. Bibliography 457 Chapter 14. Towards Smart Grids 459 Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE 14.1. Introduction 459 14.2. Definitions of the smart grid 471 14.3. Objectives addressed by the smart grid concept 472 14.4. Stakeholders involved in the implementation of the smart grid concept 474 14.5. Research and scientific aspects of the smart grid 476 14.6. Conclusion 483 14.7. Bibliography 484 List of Authors 487 Index 489
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