Akira Ishimaru
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering (eBook, PDF)
From Fundamentals to Applications
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Akira Ishimaru
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering (eBook, PDF)
From Fundamentals to Applications
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One of the most methodical treatments of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering—including new applications and ideas
Presented in two parts, this book takes an analytical approach on the subject and emphasizes new ideas and applications used today. Part one covers fundamentals of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering. It provides ample end-of-chapter problems and offers a 90-page solution manual to help readers check and comprehend their work. The second part of the book explores up-to-date applications of electromagnetic waves—including…mehr
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One of the most methodical treatments of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering—including new applications and ideas
Presented in two parts, this book takes an analytical approach on the subject and emphasizes new ideas and applications used today. Part one covers fundamentals of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering. It provides ample end-of-chapter problems and offers a 90-page solution manual to help readers check and comprehend their work. The second part of the book explores up-to-date applications of electromagnetic waves—including radiometry, geophysical remote sensing and imaging, and biomedical and signal processing applications.
Written by a world renowned authority in the field of electromagnetic research, this new edition of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering: From Fundamentals to Applications presents detailed applications with useful appendices, including mathematical formulas, Airy function, Abel’s equation, Hilbert transform, and Riemann surfaces. The book also features newly revised material that focuses on the following topics:
Primarily a textbook for graduate courses in electrical engineering, Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering is also ideal for graduate students in bioengineering, geophysics, ocean engineering, and geophysical remote sensing. The book is also a useful reference for engineers and scientists working in fields such as geophysical remote sensing, bio–medical engineering in optics and ultrasound, and new materials and integration with signal processing.
Presented in two parts, this book takes an analytical approach on the subject and emphasizes new ideas and applications used today. Part one covers fundamentals of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering. It provides ample end-of-chapter problems and offers a 90-page solution manual to help readers check and comprehend their work. The second part of the book explores up-to-date applications of electromagnetic waves—including radiometry, geophysical remote sensing and imaging, and biomedical and signal processing applications.
Written by a world renowned authority in the field of electromagnetic research, this new edition of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering: From Fundamentals to Applications presents detailed applications with useful appendices, including mathematical formulas, Airy function, Abel’s equation, Hilbert transform, and Riemann surfaces. The book also features newly revised material that focuses on the following topics:
- Statistical wave theories—which have been extensively applied to topics such as geophysical remote sensing, bio-electromagnetics, bio-optics, and bio-ultrasound imaging
- Integration of several distinct yet related disciplines, such as statistical wave theories, communications, signal processing, and time reversal imaging
- New phenomena of multiple scattering, such as coherent scattering and memory effects
- Multiphysics applications that combine theories for different physical phenomena, such as seismic coda waves, stochastic wave theory, heat diffusion, and temperature rise in biological and other media
- Metamaterials and solitons in optical fibers, nonlinear phenomena, and porous media
Primarily a textbook for graduate courses in electrical engineering, Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering is also ideal for graduate students in bioengineering, geophysics, ocean engineering, and geophysical remote sensing. The book is also a useful reference for engineers and scientists working in fields such as geophysical remote sensing, bio–medical engineering in optics and ultrasound, and new materials and integration with signal processing.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Erscheinungstermin: 27. Oktober 2017
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119079897
- Artikelnr.: 52579441
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Erscheinungstermin: 27. Oktober 2017
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781119079897
- Artikelnr.: 52579441
Akira Ishimaru, PhD, has served as a member-at-large of the U.S. National Committee (USNC) and was chairman of Commission B of the USNC/International Union of Radio Science. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, the Optical Society of America, the Acoustical Society of America and the Institute of Physics, U.K. He is also the recipient of numerous awards in his field. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering.
About The Author Xix
Preface Xxi
Preface To The First Edition Xxv
Acknowledgments Xxvii
Part I Fundamentals 1
1 Introduction 3
2 Fundamental Field Equations 7
2.1 Maxwell’s Equations / 7
2.2 Time-Harmonic Case / 10
2.3 Constitutive Relations / 11
2.4 Boundary Conditions / 15
2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting’s Theorem / 18
2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials / 22
2.7 Electric Hertz Vector / 24
2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell’s Equations / 25
2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector / 26
2.10 Uniqueness Theorem / 27
2.11 Reciprocity Theorem / 28
2.12 Acoustic Waves / 30
Problems / 33
3 Waves In Inhomogeneous And Layered Media 35
3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case / 35
3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media / 36
3.3 Polarization / 37
3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization) / 39
3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization) / 43
3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster’s Angle, and Total Reflection / 44
3.7 Waves in Layered Media / 47
3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary / 50
3.9 Complex Waves / 51
3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave / 54
3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab / 57
3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons / 63
3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media / 66
3.14 WKB Method / 68
3.15 Bremmer Series / 72
3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point / 76
3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab / 77
3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile / 80
Problems / 81
4 Waveguides And Cavities 85
4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides / 85
4.2 TM Modes or E Modes / 86
4.3 TE Modes or H Modes / 87
4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues / 89
4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions / 91
4.6 k–β Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities / 95
4.7 Rectangular Waveguides / 98
4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides / 100
4.9 TEM Modes / 104
4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide / 106
4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers / 109
4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers / 116
4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides / 117
4.14 Cavity Resonators / 120
4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures / 123
4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities / 128
Problems / 133
5 Green’s Functions 137
5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media / 137
5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 139
5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 144
5.4 Scalar Green’s Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green’s Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions / 145
5.5 Green’s Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation / 150
5.6 Fourier Transform Method / 155
5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide / 157
5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder / 159
5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere / 163
Problems / 166
6 Radiation From Apertures And Beam Waves 169
6.1 Huygens’ Principle and Extinction Theorem / 169
6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution / 173
6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation / 176
6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction / 178
6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation / 182
6.6 Beam Waves / 183
6.7 Goos–Hanchen Effect / 187
6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes / 191
6.9 Vector Green’s Theorem, Stratton–Chu Formula, and Franz Formula / 194
6.10 Equivalence Theorem / 197
6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves / 198
Problems / 199
7 Periodic Structures And Coupled-Mode Theory 201
7.1 Floquet’s Theorem / 202
7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures / 203
7.3 Periodic Layers / 209
7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure / 213
7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis / 219
7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory / 224
Problems / 229
8 Dispersion And Anisotropic Media 233
8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability / 233
8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material / 235
8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma / 237
8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water / 240
8.5 Interfacial Polarization / 240
8.6 Mixing Formula / 241
8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media / 244
8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma / 244
8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media / 247
8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma / 248
8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field / 249
8.12 Faraday Rotation / 253
8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field / 255
8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere / 256
8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium / 257
8.16 Warm Plasma / 259
8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma / 261
8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor / 263
8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite / 266
8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites / 267
8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media / 270
8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media / 272
8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects / 276
8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies / 278
Problems / 280
9 Antennas, Apertures, And Arrays 285
9.1 Antenna Fundamentals / 285
9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions / 289
9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops / 292
9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings / 296
9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution / 301
9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas / 305
9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions / 308
9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna / 313
Problems / 314
10 Scattering Of Waves By Conducting And Dielectric Objects 317
10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude / 318
10.2 Radar Equations / 321
10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections / 322
10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections / 325
10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object / 328
10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object / 330
10.7 Rayleigh–Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) / 334
10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters / 338
10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light / 341
10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix / 342
10.11 Acoustic Scattering / 344
10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body / 346
10.13 Physical Optics Approximation / 347
10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications / 350
Problems / 354
11 Waves In Cylindrical Structures, Spheres, And Wedges 357
11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder / 357
11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder / 361
11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder / 364
11.4 Radiation Field / 366
11.5 Saddle-Point Technique / 368
11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval’s Theorem / 371
11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform / 373
11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves / 376
11.9 Poisson’s Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock
Representation / 379
11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere / 382
11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge / 390
11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge / 392
11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave / 394
Problems / 395
12 Scattering By Complex Objects 401
12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces / 402
12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body / 404
12.3 EFIE and MFIE / 406
12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method) / 408
12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix / 414
12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces / 416
12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case / 418
12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case / 423
12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies / 426
12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen / 427
12.11 Small Apertures / 430
12.12 Babinet’s Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas / 433
12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons / 439
12.14 Related Problems / 441
Problems / 441
13 Geometric Theory Of Diffraction And Lowfrequency Techniques 443
13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction / 444
13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet’s Problem / 447
13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann’s Problem and Slope Diffraction / 452
13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge / 455
13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source / 457
13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source / 461
13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence / 463
13.8 Curved Wedge / 463
13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques / 465
13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction / 466
13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering / 467
Problems / 470
14 Planar Layers, Strip Lines, Patches, And Apertures 473
14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab / 473
14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium / 481
14.3 Strip Lines / 485
14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers / 492
14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers / 496
14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 500
14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 502
Problems / 506
15 Radiation From A Dipole On The Conducting Earth 509
15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem / 509
15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth / 510
15.3 Reflected Waves in Air / 514
15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique / 517
15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand / 519
15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave / 521
15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem / 524
15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration / 528
15.9 Refracted Wave / 536
15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole / 538
15.11 Radiation in Layered Media / 541
15.12 Geometric Optical Representation / 545
15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation / 549
Problems / 550
Part II Applications 553
16 Inverse Scattering 555
16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography / 555
16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform / 559
16.3 Diffraction Tomography / 561
16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering / 567
16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem / 570
16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel’s Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere / 572
16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation / 575
16.8 Optimization of Polarization / 578
16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature / 580
16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter / 582
Problems / 584
17 Radiometry, Noise Temperature, And Interferometry 587
17.1 Radiometry / 587
17.2 Brightness and Flux Density / 588
17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature / 589
17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer / 592
17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface / 594
17.6 System Temperature / 598
17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature / 600
17.8 Radar Range Equation / 601
17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions / 602
17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer / 604
Problems / 607
18 Stochastic Wave Theories 611
18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories / 612
18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics / 612
18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity / 612
18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging / 613
18.5 Stochastic Green’s Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems / 615
18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function / 619
18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines / 621
18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories / 622
19 Geophysical Remote Sensing And Imaging 625
19.1 Polarimetric Radar / 626
19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem / 630
19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar / 632
19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity / 634
19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles / 636
19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory / 638
19.7 Space–Time Radiative Transfer / 639
19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity / 641
19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions / 644
19.10 Van Cittert–Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature / 646
19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image / 650
20 Biomedical Em, Optics, And Ultrasound 657
20.1 Bioelectromagnetics / 658
20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues / 659
20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood / 663
20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues / 666
20.5 Photon Density Waves / 670
20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry / 672
20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues / 677
20.8 Ultrasound in Blood / 680
21 Waves In Metamaterials And Plasmon 685
21.1 Refractive Index n and μ–ε Diagram / 686
21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity / 688
21.3 Split-Ring Resonators / 689
21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials / 692
21.5 Space–Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction / 697
21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves / 701
21.7 Negative Goos–Hanchen Shift / 704
21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves / 708
21.9 Brewster’s Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster’s Angle / 712
21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak / 716
21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform / 720
22 Time-Reversal Imaging 723
22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space / 724
22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple
Scattering Medium / 729
22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time- eversal Operator) / 731
22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space / 735
22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) / 739
22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) / 739
22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique / 740
23 Scattering By Turbulence, Particles, Diffuse Medium, And Rough Surfaces 743
23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence / 743
23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence / 746
23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case / 748
23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog / 750
23.5 Gaussian and Henyey–Greenstein Scattering Formulas / 751
23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence,
Particles, and Biological Media / 752
23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation / 753
23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function / 754
23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence / 756
23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum / 759
23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening / 760
23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening / 761
23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index / 762
23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator / 765
23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media / 771
23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering / 774
23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects / 779
24 Coherence In Multiple Scattering And Diagram Method 785
24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence / 786
24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces / 787
24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon
Localization / 789
24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe–Salpeter Equations / 791
24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation / 793
24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement / 794
24.7 Memory Effects / 795
25 Solitons And Optical Fibers 797
25.1 History / 797
25.2 KDV (Korteweg–De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water / 799
25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers / 802
26 Porous Media, Permittivity, Fluid Permeability Of Shales And Seismic Coda 807
26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking / 808
26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie’s Law, and Percolation and Fractal / 809
26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy’s Law / 811
26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 812
26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales / 813
26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda / 814
26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source / 815
26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 819
Appendices 821
References 913
Index 929
Preface Xxi
Preface To The First Edition Xxv
Acknowledgments Xxvii
Part I Fundamentals 1
1 Introduction 3
2 Fundamental Field Equations 7
2.1 Maxwell’s Equations / 7
2.2 Time-Harmonic Case / 10
2.3 Constitutive Relations / 11
2.4 Boundary Conditions / 15
2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting’s Theorem / 18
2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials / 22
2.7 Electric Hertz Vector / 24
2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell’s Equations / 25
2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector / 26
2.10 Uniqueness Theorem / 27
2.11 Reciprocity Theorem / 28
2.12 Acoustic Waves / 30
Problems / 33
3 Waves In Inhomogeneous And Layered Media 35
3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case / 35
3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media / 36
3.3 Polarization / 37
3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization) / 39
3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization) / 43
3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster’s Angle, and Total Reflection / 44
3.7 Waves in Layered Media / 47
3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary / 50
3.9 Complex Waves / 51
3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave / 54
3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab / 57
3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons / 63
3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media / 66
3.14 WKB Method / 68
3.15 Bremmer Series / 72
3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point / 76
3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab / 77
3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile / 80
Problems / 81
4 Waveguides And Cavities 85
4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides / 85
4.2 TM Modes or E Modes / 86
4.3 TE Modes or H Modes / 87
4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues / 89
4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions / 91
4.6 k–β Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities / 95
4.7 Rectangular Waveguides / 98
4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides / 100
4.9 TEM Modes / 104
4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide / 106
4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers / 109
4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers / 116
4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides / 117
4.14 Cavity Resonators / 120
4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures / 123
4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities / 128
Problems / 133
5 Green’s Functions 137
5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media / 137
5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 139
5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 144
5.4 Scalar Green’s Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green’s Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions / 145
5.5 Green’s Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation / 150
5.6 Fourier Transform Method / 155
5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide / 157
5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder / 159
5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere / 163
Problems / 166
6 Radiation From Apertures And Beam Waves 169
6.1 Huygens’ Principle and Extinction Theorem / 169
6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution / 173
6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation / 176
6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction / 178
6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation / 182
6.6 Beam Waves / 183
6.7 Goos–Hanchen Effect / 187
6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes / 191
6.9 Vector Green’s Theorem, Stratton–Chu Formula, and Franz Formula / 194
6.10 Equivalence Theorem / 197
6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves / 198
Problems / 199
7 Periodic Structures And Coupled-Mode Theory 201
7.1 Floquet’s Theorem / 202
7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures / 203
7.3 Periodic Layers / 209
7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure / 213
7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis / 219
7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory / 224
Problems / 229
8 Dispersion And Anisotropic Media 233
8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability / 233
8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material / 235
8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma / 237
8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water / 240
8.5 Interfacial Polarization / 240
8.6 Mixing Formula / 241
8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media / 244
8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma / 244
8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media / 247
8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma / 248
8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field / 249
8.12 Faraday Rotation / 253
8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field / 255
8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere / 256
8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium / 257
8.16 Warm Plasma / 259
8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma / 261
8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor / 263
8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite / 266
8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites / 267
8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media / 270
8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media / 272
8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects / 276
8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies / 278
Problems / 280
9 Antennas, Apertures, And Arrays 285
9.1 Antenna Fundamentals / 285
9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions / 289
9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops / 292
9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings / 296
9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution / 301
9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas / 305
9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions / 308
9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna / 313
Problems / 314
10 Scattering Of Waves By Conducting And Dielectric Objects 317
10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude / 318
10.2 Radar Equations / 321
10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections / 322
10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections / 325
10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object / 328
10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object / 330
10.7 Rayleigh–Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) / 334
10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters / 338
10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light / 341
10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix / 342
10.11 Acoustic Scattering / 344
10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body / 346
10.13 Physical Optics Approximation / 347
10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications / 350
Problems / 354
11 Waves In Cylindrical Structures, Spheres, And Wedges 357
11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder / 357
11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder / 361
11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder / 364
11.4 Radiation Field / 366
11.5 Saddle-Point Technique / 368
11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval’s Theorem / 371
11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform / 373
11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves / 376
11.9 Poisson’s Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock
Representation / 379
11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere / 382
11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge / 390
11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge / 392
11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave / 394
Problems / 395
12 Scattering By Complex Objects 401
12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces / 402
12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body / 404
12.3 EFIE and MFIE / 406
12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method) / 408
12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix / 414
12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces / 416
12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case / 418
12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case / 423
12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies / 426
12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen / 427
12.11 Small Apertures / 430
12.12 Babinet’s Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas / 433
12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons / 439
12.14 Related Problems / 441
Problems / 441
13 Geometric Theory Of Diffraction And Lowfrequency Techniques 443
13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction / 444
13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet’s Problem / 447
13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann’s Problem and Slope Diffraction / 452
13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge / 455
13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source / 457
13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source / 461
13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence / 463
13.8 Curved Wedge / 463
13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques / 465
13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction / 466
13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering / 467
Problems / 470
14 Planar Layers, Strip Lines, Patches, And Apertures 473
14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab / 473
14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium / 481
14.3 Strip Lines / 485
14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers / 492
14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers / 496
14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 500
14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 502
Problems / 506
15 Radiation From A Dipole On The Conducting Earth 509
15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem / 509
15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth / 510
15.3 Reflected Waves in Air / 514
15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique / 517
15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand / 519
15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave / 521
15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem / 524
15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration / 528
15.9 Refracted Wave / 536
15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole / 538
15.11 Radiation in Layered Media / 541
15.12 Geometric Optical Representation / 545
15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation / 549
Problems / 550
Part II Applications 553
16 Inverse Scattering 555
16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography / 555
16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform / 559
16.3 Diffraction Tomography / 561
16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering / 567
16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem / 570
16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel’s Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere / 572
16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation / 575
16.8 Optimization of Polarization / 578
16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature / 580
16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter / 582
Problems / 584
17 Radiometry, Noise Temperature, And Interferometry 587
17.1 Radiometry / 587
17.2 Brightness and Flux Density / 588
17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature / 589
17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer / 592
17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface / 594
17.6 System Temperature / 598
17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature / 600
17.8 Radar Range Equation / 601
17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions / 602
17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer / 604
Problems / 607
18 Stochastic Wave Theories 611
18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories / 612
18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics / 612
18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity / 612
18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging / 613
18.5 Stochastic Green’s Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems / 615
18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function / 619
18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines / 621
18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories / 622
19 Geophysical Remote Sensing And Imaging 625
19.1 Polarimetric Radar / 626
19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem / 630
19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar / 632
19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity / 634
19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles / 636
19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory / 638
19.7 Space–Time Radiative Transfer / 639
19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity / 641
19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions / 644
19.10 Van Cittert–Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature / 646
19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image / 650
20 Biomedical Em, Optics, And Ultrasound 657
20.1 Bioelectromagnetics / 658
20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues / 659
20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood / 663
20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues / 666
20.5 Photon Density Waves / 670
20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry / 672
20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues / 677
20.8 Ultrasound in Blood / 680
21 Waves In Metamaterials And Plasmon 685
21.1 Refractive Index n and μ–ε Diagram / 686
21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity / 688
21.3 Split-Ring Resonators / 689
21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials / 692
21.5 Space–Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction / 697
21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves / 701
21.7 Negative Goos–Hanchen Shift / 704
21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves / 708
21.9 Brewster’s Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster’s Angle / 712
21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak / 716
21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform / 720
22 Time-Reversal Imaging 723
22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space / 724
22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple
Scattering Medium / 729
22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time- eversal Operator) / 731
22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space / 735
22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) / 739
22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) / 739
22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique / 740
23 Scattering By Turbulence, Particles, Diffuse Medium, And Rough Surfaces 743
23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence / 743
23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence / 746
23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case / 748
23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog / 750
23.5 Gaussian and Henyey–Greenstein Scattering Formulas / 751
23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence,
Particles, and Biological Media / 752
23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation / 753
23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function / 754
23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence / 756
23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum / 759
23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening / 760
23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening / 761
23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index / 762
23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator / 765
23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media / 771
23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering / 774
23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects / 779
24 Coherence In Multiple Scattering And Diagram Method 785
24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence / 786
24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces / 787
24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon
Localization / 789
24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe–Salpeter Equations / 791
24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation / 793
24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement / 794
24.7 Memory Effects / 795
25 Solitons And Optical Fibers 797
25.1 History / 797
25.2 KDV (Korteweg–De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water / 799
25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers / 802
26 Porous Media, Permittivity, Fluid Permeability Of Shales And Seismic Coda 807
26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking / 808
26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie’s Law, and Percolation and Fractal / 809
26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy’s Law / 811
26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 812
26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales / 813
26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda / 814
26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source / 815
26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 819
Appendices 821
References 913
Index 929
CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix PREFACE xxi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii PART I FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 FUNDAMENTAL FIELD EQUATIONS 7 2.1 Maxwell's Equations
7 2.2 Time-Harmonic Case
10 2.3 Constitutive Relations
11 2.4 Boundary Conditions
15 2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting's Theorem
18 2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials
22 2.7 Electric Hertz Vector
24 2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell's Equations
25 2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector
26 2.10 Uniqueness Theorem
27 2.11 Reciprocity Theorem
28 2.12 Acoustic Waves
30 Problems
33 3 WAVES IN INHOMOGENEOUS AND LAYERED MEDIA 35 3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case
35 3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media
36 3.3 Polarization
37 3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization)
39 3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization)
43 3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster's Angle, and Total Reflection
44 3.7 Waves in Layered Media
47 3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary
50 3.9 Complex Waves
51 3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave
54 3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab
57 3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons
63 3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media
66 3.14 WKB Method
68 3.15 Bremmer Series
72 3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point
76 3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab
77 3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile
80 Problems
81 4 WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITIES 85 4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides
85 4.2 TM Modes or E Modes
86 4.3 TE Modes or H Modes
87 4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues
89 4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions
91 4.6 k-ß Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities
95 4.7 Rectangular Waveguides
98 4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides
100 4.9 TEM Modes
104 4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide
106 4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers
109 4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers
116 4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides
117 4.14 Cavity Resonators
120 4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures
123 4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities
128 Problems
133 5 GREEN'S FUNCTIONS 137 5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media
137 5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium
139 5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium
144 5.4 Scalar Green's Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green's Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions
145 5.5 Green's Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation
150 5.6 Fourier Transform Method
155 5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide
157 5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder
159 5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere
163 Problems
166 6 RADIATION FROM APERTURES AND BEAM WAVES 169 6.1 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem
169 6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution
173 6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation
176 6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
178 6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation
182 6.6 Beam Waves
183 6.7 Goos-Hanchen Effect
187 6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes
191 6.9 Vector Green's Theorem, Stratton-Chu Formula, and Franz Formula
194 6.10 Equivalence Theorem
197 6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves
198 Problems
199 7 PERIODIC STRUCTURES AND COUPLED-MODE THEORY 201 7.1 Floquet's Theorem
202 7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures
203 7.3 Periodic Layers
209 7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure
213 7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis
219 7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory
224 Problems
229 8 DISPERSION AND ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 233 8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability
233 8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material
235 8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma
237 8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water
240 8.5 Interfacial Polarization
240 8.6 Mixing Formula
241 8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media
244 8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma
244 8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media
247 8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma
248 8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field
249 8.12 Faraday Rotation
253 8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field
255 8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere
256 8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium
257 8.16 Warm Plasma
259 8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma
261 8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor
263 8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite
266 8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites
267 8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media
270 8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media
272 8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects
276 8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies
278 Problems
280 9 ANTENNAS, APERTURES, AND ARRAYS 285 9.1 Antenna Fundamentals
285 9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions
289 9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops
292 9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings
296 9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution
301 9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas
305 9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions
308 9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna
313 Problems
314 10 SCATTERING OF WAVES BY CONDUCTING AND DIELECTRIC OBJECTS 317 10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude
318 10.2 Radar Equations
321 10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections
322 10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections
325 10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object
328 10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object
330 10.7 Rayleigh-Debye Scattering (Born Approximation)
334 10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters
338 10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light
341 10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix
342 10.11 Acoustic Scattering
344 10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body
346 10.13 Physical Optics Approximation
347 10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications
350 Problems
354 11 WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES, SPHERES, AND WEDGES 357 11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder
357 11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder
361 11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder
364 11.4 Radiation Field
366 11.5 Saddle-Point Technique
368 11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval's Theorem
371 11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform
373 11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves
376 11.9 Poisson's Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock Representation
379 11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere
382 11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge
390 11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge
392 11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave
394 Problems
395 12 SCATTERING BY COMPLEX OBJECTS 401 12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces
402 12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body
404 12.3 EFIE and MFIE
406 12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method)
408 12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix
414 12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces
416 12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case
418 12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case
423 12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies
426 12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen
427 12.11 Small Apertures
430 12.12 Babinet's Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas
433 12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons
439 12.14 Related Problems
441 Problems
441 13 GEOMETRIC THEORY OF DIFFRACTION AND LOW FREQUENCY TECHNIQUES 443 13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction
444 13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet's Problem
447 13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann's Problem and Slope Diffraction
452 13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge
455 13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source
457 13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source
461 13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence
463 13.8 Curved Wedge
463 13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques
465 13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction
466 13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering
467 Problems
470 14 PLANAR LAYERS, STRIP LINES, PATCHES, AND APERTURES 473 14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab
473 14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium
481 14.3 Strip Lines
485 14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers
492 14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers
496 14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers
500 14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers
502 Problems
506 15 RADIATION FROM A DIPOLE ON THE CONDUCTING EARTH 509 15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem
509 15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth
510 15.3 Reflected Waves in Air
514 15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique
517 15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand
519 15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave
521 15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem
524 15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration
528 15.9 Refracted Wave
536 15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole
538 15.11 Radiation in Layered Media
541 15.12 Geometric Optical Representation
545 15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation
549 Problems
550 PART II APPLICATIONS 553 16 INVERSE SCATTERING 555 16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography
555 16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform
559 16.3 Diffraction Tomography
561 16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering
567 16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem
570 16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel's Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere
572 16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation
575 16.8 Optimization of Polarization
578 16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature
580 16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter
582 Problems
584 17 RADIOMETRY, NOISE TEMPERATURE, AND INTERFEROMETRY 587 17.1 Radiometry
587 17.2 Brightness and Flux Density
588 17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature
589 17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer
592 17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface
594 17.6 System Temperature
598 17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature
600 17.8 Radar Range Equation
601 17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions
602 17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer
604 Problems
607 18 STOCHASTIC WAVE THEORIES 611 18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories
612 18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics
612 18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity
612 18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging
613 18.5 Stochastic Green's Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems
615 18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function
619 18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines
621 18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories
622 19 GEOPHYSICAL REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING 625 19.1 Polarimetric Radar
626 19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem
630 19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar
632 19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity
634 19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles
636 19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory
638 19.7 Space-Time Radiative Transfer
639 19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity
641 19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions
644 19.10 Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature
646 19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image
650 20 BIOMEDICAL EM, OPTICS, AND ULTRASOUND 657 20.1 Bioelectromagnetics
658 20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues
659 20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood
663 20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues
666 20.5 Photon Density Waves
670 20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry
672 20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues
677 20.8 Ultrasound in Blood
680 21 WAVES IN METAMATERIALS AND PLASMON 685 21.1 Refractive Index n and mu-epsilon Diagram
686 21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity
688 21.3 Split-Ring Resonators
689 21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials
692 21.5 Space-Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction
697 21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves
701 21.7 Negative Goos-Hanchen Shift
704 21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves
708 21.9 Brewster's Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster's Angle
712 21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak
716 21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform
720 22 TIME-REVERSAL IMAGING 723 22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space
724 22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple Scattering Medium
729 22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time-Reversal Operator)
731 22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space
735 22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition)
739 22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification)
739 22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique
740 23 SCATTERING BY TURBULENCE, PARTICLES, DIFFUSE MEDIUM, AND ROUGH SURFACES 743 23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence
743 23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence
746 23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case
748 23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog
750 23.5 Gaussian and Henyey-Greenstein Scattering Formulas
751 23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence, Particles, and Biological Media
752 23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation
753 23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function
754 23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence
756 23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum
759 23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening
760 23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening
761 23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index
762 23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator
765 23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media
771 23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering
774 23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects
779 24 COHERENCE IN MULTIPLE SCATTERING AND DIAGRAM METHOD 785 24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence
786 24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces
787 24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon Localization
789 24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter Equations
791 24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation
793 24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement
794 24.7 Memory Effects
795 25 SOLITONS AND OPTICAL FIBERS 797 25.1 History
797 25.2 KDV (Korteweg-De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water
799 25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers
802 26 POROUS MEDIA, PERMITTIVITY, FLUID PERMEABILITY OF SHALES AND SEISMIC CODA 807 26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking
808 26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie's Law, and Percolation and Fractal
809 26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy's Law
811 26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave
812 26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales
813 26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda
814 26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source
815 26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave
819 APPENDICES 821 REFERENCES 913 INDEX 929
7 2.2 Time-Harmonic Case
10 2.3 Constitutive Relations
11 2.4 Boundary Conditions
15 2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting's Theorem
18 2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials
22 2.7 Electric Hertz Vector
24 2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell's Equations
25 2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector
26 2.10 Uniqueness Theorem
27 2.11 Reciprocity Theorem
28 2.12 Acoustic Waves
30 Problems
33 3 WAVES IN INHOMOGENEOUS AND LAYERED MEDIA 35 3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case
35 3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media
36 3.3 Polarization
37 3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization)
39 3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization)
43 3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster's Angle, and Total Reflection
44 3.7 Waves in Layered Media
47 3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary
50 3.9 Complex Waves
51 3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave
54 3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab
57 3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons
63 3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media
66 3.14 WKB Method
68 3.15 Bremmer Series
72 3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point
76 3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab
77 3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile
80 Problems
81 4 WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITIES 85 4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides
85 4.2 TM Modes or E Modes
86 4.3 TE Modes or H Modes
87 4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues
89 4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions
91 4.6 k-ß Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities
95 4.7 Rectangular Waveguides
98 4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides
100 4.9 TEM Modes
104 4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide
106 4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers
109 4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers
116 4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides
117 4.14 Cavity Resonators
120 4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures
123 4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities
128 Problems
133 5 GREEN'S FUNCTIONS 137 5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media
137 5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium
139 5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium
144 5.4 Scalar Green's Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green's Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions
145 5.5 Green's Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation
150 5.6 Fourier Transform Method
155 5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide
157 5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder
159 5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere
163 Problems
166 6 RADIATION FROM APERTURES AND BEAM WAVES 169 6.1 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem
169 6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution
173 6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation
176 6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
178 6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation
182 6.6 Beam Waves
183 6.7 Goos-Hanchen Effect
187 6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes
191 6.9 Vector Green's Theorem, Stratton-Chu Formula, and Franz Formula
194 6.10 Equivalence Theorem
197 6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves
198 Problems
199 7 PERIODIC STRUCTURES AND COUPLED-MODE THEORY 201 7.1 Floquet's Theorem
202 7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures
203 7.3 Periodic Layers
209 7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure
213 7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis
219 7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory
224 Problems
229 8 DISPERSION AND ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 233 8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability
233 8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material
235 8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma
237 8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water
240 8.5 Interfacial Polarization
240 8.6 Mixing Formula
241 8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media
244 8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma
244 8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media
247 8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma
248 8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field
249 8.12 Faraday Rotation
253 8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field
255 8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere
256 8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium
257 8.16 Warm Plasma
259 8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma
261 8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor
263 8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite
266 8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites
267 8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media
270 8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media
272 8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects
276 8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies
278 Problems
280 9 ANTENNAS, APERTURES, AND ARRAYS 285 9.1 Antenna Fundamentals
285 9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions
289 9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops
292 9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings
296 9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution
301 9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas
305 9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions
308 9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna
313 Problems
314 10 SCATTERING OF WAVES BY CONDUCTING AND DIELECTRIC OBJECTS 317 10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude
318 10.2 Radar Equations
321 10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections
322 10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections
325 10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object
328 10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object
330 10.7 Rayleigh-Debye Scattering (Born Approximation)
334 10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters
338 10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light
341 10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix
342 10.11 Acoustic Scattering
344 10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body
346 10.13 Physical Optics Approximation
347 10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications
350 Problems
354 11 WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES, SPHERES, AND WEDGES 357 11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder
357 11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder
361 11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder
364 11.4 Radiation Field
366 11.5 Saddle-Point Technique
368 11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval's Theorem
371 11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform
373 11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves
376 11.9 Poisson's Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock Representation
379 11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere
382 11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge
390 11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge
392 11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave
394 Problems
395 12 SCATTERING BY COMPLEX OBJECTS 401 12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces
402 12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body
404 12.3 EFIE and MFIE
406 12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method)
408 12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix
414 12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces
416 12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case
418 12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case
423 12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies
426 12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen
427 12.11 Small Apertures
430 12.12 Babinet's Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas
433 12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons
439 12.14 Related Problems
441 Problems
441 13 GEOMETRIC THEORY OF DIFFRACTION AND LOW FREQUENCY TECHNIQUES 443 13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction
444 13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet's Problem
447 13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann's Problem and Slope Diffraction
452 13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge
455 13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source
457 13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source
461 13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence
463 13.8 Curved Wedge
463 13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques
465 13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction
466 13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering
467 Problems
470 14 PLANAR LAYERS, STRIP LINES, PATCHES, AND APERTURES 473 14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab
473 14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium
481 14.3 Strip Lines
485 14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers
492 14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers
496 14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers
500 14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers
502 Problems
506 15 RADIATION FROM A DIPOLE ON THE CONDUCTING EARTH 509 15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem
509 15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth
510 15.3 Reflected Waves in Air
514 15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique
517 15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand
519 15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave
521 15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem
524 15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration
528 15.9 Refracted Wave
536 15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole
538 15.11 Radiation in Layered Media
541 15.12 Geometric Optical Representation
545 15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation
549 Problems
550 PART II APPLICATIONS 553 16 INVERSE SCATTERING 555 16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography
555 16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform
559 16.3 Diffraction Tomography
561 16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering
567 16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem
570 16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel's Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere
572 16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation
575 16.8 Optimization of Polarization
578 16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature
580 16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter
582 Problems
584 17 RADIOMETRY, NOISE TEMPERATURE, AND INTERFEROMETRY 587 17.1 Radiometry
587 17.2 Brightness and Flux Density
588 17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature
589 17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer
592 17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface
594 17.6 System Temperature
598 17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature
600 17.8 Radar Range Equation
601 17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions
602 17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer
604 Problems
607 18 STOCHASTIC WAVE THEORIES 611 18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories
612 18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics
612 18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity
612 18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging
613 18.5 Stochastic Green's Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems
615 18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function
619 18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines
621 18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories
622 19 GEOPHYSICAL REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING 625 19.1 Polarimetric Radar
626 19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem
630 19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar
632 19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity
634 19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles
636 19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory
638 19.7 Space-Time Radiative Transfer
639 19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity
641 19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions
644 19.10 Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature
646 19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image
650 20 BIOMEDICAL EM, OPTICS, AND ULTRASOUND 657 20.1 Bioelectromagnetics
658 20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues
659 20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood
663 20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues
666 20.5 Photon Density Waves
670 20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry
672 20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues
677 20.8 Ultrasound in Blood
680 21 WAVES IN METAMATERIALS AND PLASMON 685 21.1 Refractive Index n and mu-epsilon Diagram
686 21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity
688 21.3 Split-Ring Resonators
689 21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials
692 21.5 Space-Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction
697 21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves
701 21.7 Negative Goos-Hanchen Shift
704 21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves
708 21.9 Brewster's Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster's Angle
712 21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak
716 21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform
720 22 TIME-REVERSAL IMAGING 723 22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space
724 22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple Scattering Medium
729 22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time-Reversal Operator)
731 22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space
735 22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition)
739 22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification)
739 22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique
740 23 SCATTERING BY TURBULENCE, PARTICLES, DIFFUSE MEDIUM, AND ROUGH SURFACES 743 23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence
743 23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence
746 23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case
748 23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog
750 23.5 Gaussian and Henyey-Greenstein Scattering Formulas
751 23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence, Particles, and Biological Media
752 23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation
753 23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function
754 23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence
756 23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum
759 23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening
760 23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening
761 23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index
762 23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator
765 23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media
771 23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering
774 23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects
779 24 COHERENCE IN MULTIPLE SCATTERING AND DIAGRAM METHOD 785 24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence
786 24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces
787 24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon Localization
789 24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter Equations
791 24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation
793 24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement
794 24.7 Memory Effects
795 25 SOLITONS AND OPTICAL FIBERS 797 25.1 History
797 25.2 KDV (Korteweg-De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water
799 25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers
802 26 POROUS MEDIA, PERMITTIVITY, FLUID PERMEABILITY OF SHALES AND SEISMIC CODA 807 26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking
808 26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie's Law, and Percolation and Fractal
809 26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy's Law
811 26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave
812 26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales
813 26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda
814 26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source
815 26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave
819 APPENDICES 821 REFERENCES 913 INDEX 929
About The Author Xix
Preface Xxi
Preface To The First Edition Xxv
Acknowledgments Xxvii
Part I Fundamentals 1
1 Introduction 3
2 Fundamental Field Equations 7
2.1 Maxwell’s Equations / 7
2.2 Time-Harmonic Case / 10
2.3 Constitutive Relations / 11
2.4 Boundary Conditions / 15
2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting’s Theorem / 18
2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials / 22
2.7 Electric Hertz Vector / 24
2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell’s Equations / 25
2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector / 26
2.10 Uniqueness Theorem / 27
2.11 Reciprocity Theorem / 28
2.12 Acoustic Waves / 30
Problems / 33
3 Waves In Inhomogeneous And Layered Media 35
3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case / 35
3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media / 36
3.3 Polarization / 37
3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization) / 39
3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization) / 43
3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster’s Angle, and Total Reflection / 44
3.7 Waves in Layered Media / 47
3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary / 50
3.9 Complex Waves / 51
3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave / 54
3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab / 57
3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons / 63
3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media / 66
3.14 WKB Method / 68
3.15 Bremmer Series / 72
3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point / 76
3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab / 77
3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile / 80
Problems / 81
4 Waveguides And Cavities 85
4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides / 85
4.2 TM Modes or E Modes / 86
4.3 TE Modes or H Modes / 87
4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues / 89
4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions / 91
4.6 k–β Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities / 95
4.7 Rectangular Waveguides / 98
4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides / 100
4.9 TEM Modes / 104
4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide / 106
4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers / 109
4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers / 116
4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides / 117
4.14 Cavity Resonators / 120
4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures / 123
4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities / 128
Problems / 133
5 Green’s Functions 137
5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media / 137
5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 139
5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 144
5.4 Scalar Green’s Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green’s Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions / 145
5.5 Green’s Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation / 150
5.6 Fourier Transform Method / 155
5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide / 157
5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder / 159
5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere / 163
Problems / 166
6 Radiation From Apertures And Beam Waves 169
6.1 Huygens’ Principle and Extinction Theorem / 169
6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution / 173
6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation / 176
6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction / 178
6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation / 182
6.6 Beam Waves / 183
6.7 Goos–Hanchen Effect / 187
6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes / 191
6.9 Vector Green’s Theorem, Stratton–Chu Formula, and Franz Formula / 194
6.10 Equivalence Theorem / 197
6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves / 198
Problems / 199
7 Periodic Structures And Coupled-Mode Theory 201
7.1 Floquet’s Theorem / 202
7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures / 203
7.3 Periodic Layers / 209
7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure / 213
7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis / 219
7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory / 224
Problems / 229
8 Dispersion And Anisotropic Media 233
8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability / 233
8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material / 235
8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma / 237
8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water / 240
8.5 Interfacial Polarization / 240
8.6 Mixing Formula / 241
8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media / 244
8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma / 244
8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media / 247
8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma / 248
8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field / 249
8.12 Faraday Rotation / 253
8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field / 255
8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere / 256
8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium / 257
8.16 Warm Plasma / 259
8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma / 261
8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor / 263
8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite / 266
8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites / 267
8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media / 270
8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media / 272
8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects / 276
8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies / 278
Problems / 280
9 Antennas, Apertures, And Arrays 285
9.1 Antenna Fundamentals / 285
9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions / 289
9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops / 292
9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings / 296
9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution / 301
9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas / 305
9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions / 308
9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna / 313
Problems / 314
10 Scattering Of Waves By Conducting And Dielectric Objects 317
10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude / 318
10.2 Radar Equations / 321
10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections / 322
10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections / 325
10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object / 328
10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object / 330
10.7 Rayleigh–Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) / 334
10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters / 338
10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light / 341
10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix / 342
10.11 Acoustic Scattering / 344
10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body / 346
10.13 Physical Optics Approximation / 347
10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications / 350
Problems / 354
11 Waves In Cylindrical Structures, Spheres, And Wedges 357
11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder / 357
11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder / 361
11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder / 364
11.4 Radiation Field / 366
11.5 Saddle-Point Technique / 368
11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval’s Theorem / 371
11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform / 373
11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves / 376
11.9 Poisson’s Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock
Representation / 379
11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere / 382
11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge / 390
11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge / 392
11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave / 394
Problems / 395
12 Scattering By Complex Objects 401
12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces / 402
12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body / 404
12.3 EFIE and MFIE / 406
12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method) / 408
12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix / 414
12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces / 416
12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case / 418
12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case / 423
12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies / 426
12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen / 427
12.11 Small Apertures / 430
12.12 Babinet’s Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas / 433
12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons / 439
12.14 Related Problems / 441
Problems / 441
13 Geometric Theory Of Diffraction And Lowfrequency Techniques 443
13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction / 444
13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet’s Problem / 447
13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann’s Problem and Slope Diffraction / 452
13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge / 455
13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source / 457
13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source / 461
13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence / 463
13.8 Curved Wedge / 463
13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques / 465
13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction / 466
13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering / 467
Problems / 470
14 Planar Layers, Strip Lines, Patches, And Apertures 473
14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab / 473
14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium / 481
14.3 Strip Lines / 485
14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers / 492
14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers / 496
14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 500
14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 502
Problems / 506
15 Radiation From A Dipole On The Conducting Earth 509
15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem / 509
15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth / 510
15.3 Reflected Waves in Air / 514
15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique / 517
15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand / 519
15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave / 521
15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem / 524
15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration / 528
15.9 Refracted Wave / 536
15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole / 538
15.11 Radiation in Layered Media / 541
15.12 Geometric Optical Representation / 545
15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation / 549
Problems / 550
Part II Applications 553
16 Inverse Scattering 555
16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography / 555
16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform / 559
16.3 Diffraction Tomography / 561
16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering / 567
16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem / 570
16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel’s Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere / 572
16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation / 575
16.8 Optimization of Polarization / 578
16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature / 580
16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter / 582
Problems / 584
17 Radiometry, Noise Temperature, And Interferometry 587
17.1 Radiometry / 587
17.2 Brightness and Flux Density / 588
17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature / 589
17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer / 592
17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface / 594
17.6 System Temperature / 598
17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature / 600
17.8 Radar Range Equation / 601
17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions / 602
17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer / 604
Problems / 607
18 Stochastic Wave Theories 611
18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories / 612
18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics / 612
18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity / 612
18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging / 613
18.5 Stochastic Green’s Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems / 615
18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function / 619
18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines / 621
18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories / 622
19 Geophysical Remote Sensing And Imaging 625
19.1 Polarimetric Radar / 626
19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem / 630
19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar / 632
19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity / 634
19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles / 636
19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory / 638
19.7 Space–Time Radiative Transfer / 639
19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity / 641
19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions / 644
19.10 Van Cittert–Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature / 646
19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image / 650
20 Biomedical Em, Optics, And Ultrasound 657
20.1 Bioelectromagnetics / 658
20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues / 659
20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood / 663
20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues / 666
20.5 Photon Density Waves / 670
20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry / 672
20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues / 677
20.8 Ultrasound in Blood / 680
21 Waves In Metamaterials And Plasmon 685
21.1 Refractive Index n and μ–ε Diagram / 686
21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity / 688
21.3 Split-Ring Resonators / 689
21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials / 692
21.5 Space–Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction / 697
21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves / 701
21.7 Negative Goos–Hanchen Shift / 704
21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves / 708
21.9 Brewster’s Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster’s Angle / 712
21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak / 716
21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform / 720
22 Time-Reversal Imaging 723
22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space / 724
22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple
Scattering Medium / 729
22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time- eversal Operator) / 731
22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space / 735
22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) / 739
22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) / 739
22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique / 740
23 Scattering By Turbulence, Particles, Diffuse Medium, And Rough Surfaces 743
23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence / 743
23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence / 746
23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case / 748
23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog / 750
23.5 Gaussian and Henyey–Greenstein Scattering Formulas / 751
23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence,
Particles, and Biological Media / 752
23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation / 753
23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function / 754
23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence / 756
23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum / 759
23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening / 760
23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening / 761
23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index / 762
23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator / 765
23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media / 771
23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering / 774
23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects / 779
24 Coherence In Multiple Scattering And Diagram Method 785
24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence / 786
24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces / 787
24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon
Localization / 789
24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe–Salpeter Equations / 791
24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation / 793
24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement / 794
24.7 Memory Effects / 795
25 Solitons And Optical Fibers 797
25.1 History / 797
25.2 KDV (Korteweg–De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water / 799
25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers / 802
26 Porous Media, Permittivity, Fluid Permeability Of Shales And Seismic Coda 807
26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking / 808
26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie’s Law, and Percolation and Fractal / 809
26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy’s Law / 811
26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 812
26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales / 813
26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda / 814
26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source / 815
26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 819
Appendices 821
References 913
Index 929
Preface Xxi
Preface To The First Edition Xxv
Acknowledgments Xxvii
Part I Fundamentals 1
1 Introduction 3
2 Fundamental Field Equations 7
2.1 Maxwell’s Equations / 7
2.2 Time-Harmonic Case / 10
2.3 Constitutive Relations / 11
2.4 Boundary Conditions / 15
2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting’s Theorem / 18
2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials / 22
2.7 Electric Hertz Vector / 24
2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell’s Equations / 25
2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector / 26
2.10 Uniqueness Theorem / 27
2.11 Reciprocity Theorem / 28
2.12 Acoustic Waves / 30
Problems / 33
3 Waves In Inhomogeneous And Layered Media 35
3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case / 35
3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media / 36
3.3 Polarization / 37
3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization) / 39
3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization) / 43
3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster’s Angle, and Total Reflection / 44
3.7 Waves in Layered Media / 47
3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary / 50
3.9 Complex Waves / 51
3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave / 54
3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab / 57
3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons / 63
3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media / 66
3.14 WKB Method / 68
3.15 Bremmer Series / 72
3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point / 76
3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab / 77
3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile / 80
Problems / 81
4 Waveguides And Cavities 85
4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides / 85
4.2 TM Modes or E Modes / 86
4.3 TE Modes or H Modes / 87
4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues / 89
4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions / 91
4.6 k–β Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities / 95
4.7 Rectangular Waveguides / 98
4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides / 100
4.9 TEM Modes / 104
4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide / 106
4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers / 109
4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers / 116
4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides / 117
4.14 Cavity Resonators / 120
4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures / 123
4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities / 128
Problems / 133
5 Green’s Functions 137
5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media / 137
5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 139
5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 144
5.4 Scalar Green’s Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green’s Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions / 145
5.5 Green’s Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation / 150
5.6 Fourier Transform Method / 155
5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide / 157
5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder / 159
5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere / 163
Problems / 166
6 Radiation From Apertures And Beam Waves 169
6.1 Huygens’ Principle and Extinction Theorem / 169
6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution / 173
6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation / 176
6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction / 178
6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation / 182
6.6 Beam Waves / 183
6.7 Goos–Hanchen Effect / 187
6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes / 191
6.9 Vector Green’s Theorem, Stratton–Chu Formula, and Franz Formula / 194
6.10 Equivalence Theorem / 197
6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves / 198
Problems / 199
7 Periodic Structures And Coupled-Mode Theory 201
7.1 Floquet’s Theorem / 202
7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures / 203
7.3 Periodic Layers / 209
7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure / 213
7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis / 219
7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory / 224
Problems / 229
8 Dispersion And Anisotropic Media 233
8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability / 233
8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material / 235
8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma / 237
8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water / 240
8.5 Interfacial Polarization / 240
8.6 Mixing Formula / 241
8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media / 244
8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma / 244
8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media / 247
8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma / 248
8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field / 249
8.12 Faraday Rotation / 253
8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field / 255
8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere / 256
8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium / 257
8.16 Warm Plasma / 259
8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma / 261
8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor / 263
8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite / 266
8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites / 267
8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media / 270
8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media / 272
8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects / 276
8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies / 278
Problems / 280
9 Antennas, Apertures, And Arrays 285
9.1 Antenna Fundamentals / 285
9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions / 289
9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops / 292
9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings / 296
9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution / 301
9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas / 305
9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions / 308
9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna / 313
Problems / 314
10 Scattering Of Waves By Conducting And Dielectric Objects 317
10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude / 318
10.2 Radar Equations / 321
10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections / 322
10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections / 325
10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object / 328
10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object / 330
10.7 Rayleigh–Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) / 334
10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters / 338
10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light / 341
10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix / 342
10.11 Acoustic Scattering / 344
10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body / 346
10.13 Physical Optics Approximation / 347
10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications / 350
Problems / 354
11 Waves In Cylindrical Structures, Spheres, And Wedges 357
11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder / 357
11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder / 361
11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder / 364
11.4 Radiation Field / 366
11.5 Saddle-Point Technique / 368
11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval’s Theorem / 371
11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform / 373
11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves / 376
11.9 Poisson’s Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock
Representation / 379
11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere / 382
11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge / 390
11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge / 392
11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave / 394
Problems / 395
12 Scattering By Complex Objects 401
12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces / 402
12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body / 404
12.3 EFIE and MFIE / 406
12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method) / 408
12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix / 414
12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces / 416
12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case / 418
12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case / 423
12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies / 426
12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen / 427
12.11 Small Apertures / 430
12.12 Babinet’s Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas / 433
12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons / 439
12.14 Related Problems / 441
Problems / 441
13 Geometric Theory Of Diffraction And Lowfrequency Techniques 443
13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction / 444
13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet’s Problem / 447
13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann’s Problem and Slope Diffraction / 452
13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge / 455
13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source / 457
13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source / 461
13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence / 463
13.8 Curved Wedge / 463
13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques / 465
13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction / 466
13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering / 467
Problems / 470
14 Planar Layers, Strip Lines, Patches, And Apertures 473
14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab / 473
14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium / 481
14.3 Strip Lines / 485
14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers / 492
14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers / 496
14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 500
14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 502
Problems / 506
15 Radiation From A Dipole On The Conducting Earth 509
15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem / 509
15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth / 510
15.3 Reflected Waves in Air / 514
15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique / 517
15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand / 519
15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave / 521
15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem / 524
15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration / 528
15.9 Refracted Wave / 536
15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole / 538
15.11 Radiation in Layered Media / 541
15.12 Geometric Optical Representation / 545
15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation / 549
Problems / 550
Part II Applications 553
16 Inverse Scattering 555
16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography / 555
16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform / 559
16.3 Diffraction Tomography / 561
16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering / 567
16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem / 570
16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel’s Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere / 572
16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation / 575
16.8 Optimization of Polarization / 578
16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature / 580
16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter / 582
Problems / 584
17 Radiometry, Noise Temperature, And Interferometry 587
17.1 Radiometry / 587
17.2 Brightness and Flux Density / 588
17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature / 589
17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer / 592
17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface / 594
17.6 System Temperature / 598
17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature / 600
17.8 Radar Range Equation / 601
17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions / 602
17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer / 604
Problems / 607
18 Stochastic Wave Theories 611
18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories / 612
18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics / 612
18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity / 612
18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging / 613
18.5 Stochastic Green’s Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems / 615
18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function / 619
18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines / 621
18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories / 622
19 Geophysical Remote Sensing And Imaging 625
19.1 Polarimetric Radar / 626
19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem / 630
19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar / 632
19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity / 634
19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles / 636
19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory / 638
19.7 Space–Time Radiative Transfer / 639
19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity / 641
19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions / 644
19.10 Van Cittert–Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature / 646
19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image / 650
20 Biomedical Em, Optics, And Ultrasound 657
20.1 Bioelectromagnetics / 658
20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues / 659
20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood / 663
20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues / 666
20.5 Photon Density Waves / 670
20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry / 672
20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues / 677
20.8 Ultrasound in Blood / 680
21 Waves In Metamaterials And Plasmon 685
21.1 Refractive Index n and μ–ε Diagram / 686
21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity / 688
21.3 Split-Ring Resonators / 689
21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials / 692
21.5 Space–Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction / 697
21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves / 701
21.7 Negative Goos–Hanchen Shift / 704
21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves / 708
21.9 Brewster’s Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster’s Angle / 712
21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak / 716
21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform / 720
22 Time-Reversal Imaging 723
22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space / 724
22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple
Scattering Medium / 729
22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time- eversal Operator) / 731
22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space / 735
22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) / 739
22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) / 739
22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique / 740
23 Scattering By Turbulence, Particles, Diffuse Medium, And Rough Surfaces 743
23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence / 743
23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence / 746
23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case / 748
23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog / 750
23.5 Gaussian and Henyey–Greenstein Scattering Formulas / 751
23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence,
Particles, and Biological Media / 752
23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation / 753
23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function / 754
23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence / 756
23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum / 759
23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening / 760
23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening / 761
23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index / 762
23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator / 765
23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media / 771
23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering / 774
23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects / 779
24 Coherence In Multiple Scattering And Diagram Method 785
24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence / 786
24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces / 787
24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon
Localization / 789
24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe–Salpeter Equations / 791
24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation / 793
24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement / 794
24.7 Memory Effects / 795
25 Solitons And Optical Fibers 797
25.1 History / 797
25.2 KDV (Korteweg–De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water / 799
25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers / 802
26 Porous Media, Permittivity, Fluid Permeability Of Shales And Seismic Coda 807
26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking / 808
26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie’s Law, and Percolation and Fractal / 809
26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy’s Law / 811
26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 812
26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales / 813
26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda / 814
26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source / 815
26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 819
Appendices 821
References 913
Index 929
CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix PREFACE xxi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii PART I FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 FUNDAMENTAL FIELD EQUATIONS 7 2.1 Maxwell's Equations
7 2.2 Time-Harmonic Case
10 2.3 Constitutive Relations
11 2.4 Boundary Conditions
15 2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting's Theorem
18 2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials
22 2.7 Electric Hertz Vector
24 2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell's Equations
25 2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector
26 2.10 Uniqueness Theorem
27 2.11 Reciprocity Theorem
28 2.12 Acoustic Waves
30 Problems
33 3 WAVES IN INHOMOGENEOUS AND LAYERED MEDIA 35 3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case
35 3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media
36 3.3 Polarization
37 3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization)
39 3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization)
43 3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster's Angle, and Total Reflection
44 3.7 Waves in Layered Media
47 3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary
50 3.9 Complex Waves
51 3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave
54 3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab
57 3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons
63 3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media
66 3.14 WKB Method
68 3.15 Bremmer Series
72 3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point
76 3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab
77 3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile
80 Problems
81 4 WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITIES 85 4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides
85 4.2 TM Modes or E Modes
86 4.3 TE Modes or H Modes
87 4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues
89 4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions
91 4.6 k-ß Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities
95 4.7 Rectangular Waveguides
98 4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides
100 4.9 TEM Modes
104 4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide
106 4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers
109 4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers
116 4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides
117 4.14 Cavity Resonators
120 4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures
123 4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities
128 Problems
133 5 GREEN'S FUNCTIONS 137 5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media
137 5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium
139 5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium
144 5.4 Scalar Green's Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green's Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions
145 5.5 Green's Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation
150 5.6 Fourier Transform Method
155 5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide
157 5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder
159 5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere
163 Problems
166 6 RADIATION FROM APERTURES AND BEAM WAVES 169 6.1 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem
169 6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution
173 6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation
176 6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
178 6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation
182 6.6 Beam Waves
183 6.7 Goos-Hanchen Effect
187 6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes
191 6.9 Vector Green's Theorem, Stratton-Chu Formula, and Franz Formula
194 6.10 Equivalence Theorem
197 6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves
198 Problems
199 7 PERIODIC STRUCTURES AND COUPLED-MODE THEORY 201 7.1 Floquet's Theorem
202 7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures
203 7.3 Periodic Layers
209 7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure
213 7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis
219 7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory
224 Problems
229 8 DISPERSION AND ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 233 8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability
233 8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material
235 8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma
237 8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water
240 8.5 Interfacial Polarization
240 8.6 Mixing Formula
241 8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media
244 8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma
244 8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media
247 8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma
248 8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field
249 8.12 Faraday Rotation
253 8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field
255 8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere
256 8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium
257 8.16 Warm Plasma
259 8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma
261 8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor
263 8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite
266 8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites
267 8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media
270 8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media
272 8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects
276 8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies
278 Problems
280 9 ANTENNAS, APERTURES, AND ARRAYS 285 9.1 Antenna Fundamentals
285 9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions
289 9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops
292 9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings
296 9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution
301 9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas
305 9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions
308 9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna
313 Problems
314 10 SCATTERING OF WAVES BY CONDUCTING AND DIELECTRIC OBJECTS 317 10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude
318 10.2 Radar Equations
321 10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections
322 10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections
325 10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object
328 10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object
330 10.7 Rayleigh-Debye Scattering (Born Approximation)
334 10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters
338 10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light
341 10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix
342 10.11 Acoustic Scattering
344 10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body
346 10.13 Physical Optics Approximation
347 10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications
350 Problems
354 11 WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES, SPHERES, AND WEDGES 357 11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder
357 11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder
361 11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder
364 11.4 Radiation Field
366 11.5 Saddle-Point Technique
368 11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval's Theorem
371 11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform
373 11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves
376 11.9 Poisson's Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock Representation
379 11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere
382 11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge
390 11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge
392 11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave
394 Problems
395 12 SCATTERING BY COMPLEX OBJECTS 401 12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces
402 12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body
404 12.3 EFIE and MFIE
406 12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method)
408 12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix
414 12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces
416 12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case
418 12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case
423 12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies
426 12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen
427 12.11 Small Apertures
430 12.12 Babinet's Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas
433 12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons
439 12.14 Related Problems
441 Problems
441 13 GEOMETRIC THEORY OF DIFFRACTION AND LOW FREQUENCY TECHNIQUES 443 13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction
444 13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet's Problem
447 13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann's Problem and Slope Diffraction
452 13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge
455 13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source
457 13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source
461 13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence
463 13.8 Curved Wedge
463 13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques
465 13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction
466 13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering
467 Problems
470 14 PLANAR LAYERS, STRIP LINES, PATCHES, AND APERTURES 473 14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab
473 14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium
481 14.3 Strip Lines
485 14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers
492 14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers
496 14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers
500 14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers
502 Problems
506 15 RADIATION FROM A DIPOLE ON THE CONDUCTING EARTH 509 15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem
509 15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth
510 15.3 Reflected Waves in Air
514 15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique
517 15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand
519 15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave
521 15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem
524 15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration
528 15.9 Refracted Wave
536 15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole
538 15.11 Radiation in Layered Media
541 15.12 Geometric Optical Representation
545 15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation
549 Problems
550 PART II APPLICATIONS 553 16 INVERSE SCATTERING 555 16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography
555 16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform
559 16.3 Diffraction Tomography
561 16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering
567 16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem
570 16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel's Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere
572 16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation
575 16.8 Optimization of Polarization
578 16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature
580 16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter
582 Problems
584 17 RADIOMETRY, NOISE TEMPERATURE, AND INTERFEROMETRY 587 17.1 Radiometry
587 17.2 Brightness and Flux Density
588 17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature
589 17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer
592 17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface
594 17.6 System Temperature
598 17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature
600 17.8 Radar Range Equation
601 17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions
602 17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer
604 Problems
607 18 STOCHASTIC WAVE THEORIES 611 18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories
612 18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics
612 18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity
612 18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging
613 18.5 Stochastic Green's Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems
615 18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function
619 18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines
621 18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories
622 19 GEOPHYSICAL REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING 625 19.1 Polarimetric Radar
626 19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem
630 19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar
632 19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity
634 19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles
636 19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory
638 19.7 Space-Time Radiative Transfer
639 19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity
641 19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions
644 19.10 Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature
646 19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image
650 20 BIOMEDICAL EM, OPTICS, AND ULTRASOUND 657 20.1 Bioelectromagnetics
658 20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues
659 20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood
663 20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues
666 20.5 Photon Density Waves
670 20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry
672 20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues
677 20.8 Ultrasound in Blood
680 21 WAVES IN METAMATERIALS AND PLASMON 685 21.1 Refractive Index n and mu-epsilon Diagram
686 21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity
688 21.3 Split-Ring Resonators
689 21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials
692 21.5 Space-Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction
697 21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves
701 21.7 Negative Goos-Hanchen Shift
704 21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves
708 21.9 Brewster's Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster's Angle
712 21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak
716 21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform
720 22 TIME-REVERSAL IMAGING 723 22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space
724 22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple Scattering Medium
729 22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time-Reversal Operator)
731 22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space
735 22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition)
739 22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification)
739 22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique
740 23 SCATTERING BY TURBULENCE, PARTICLES, DIFFUSE MEDIUM, AND ROUGH SURFACES 743 23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence
743 23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence
746 23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case
748 23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog
750 23.5 Gaussian and Henyey-Greenstein Scattering Formulas
751 23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence, Particles, and Biological Media
752 23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation
753 23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function
754 23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence
756 23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum
759 23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening
760 23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening
761 23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index
762 23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator
765 23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media
771 23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering
774 23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects
779 24 COHERENCE IN MULTIPLE SCATTERING AND DIAGRAM METHOD 785 24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence
786 24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces
787 24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon Localization
789 24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter Equations
791 24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation
793 24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement
794 24.7 Memory Effects
795 25 SOLITONS AND OPTICAL FIBERS 797 25.1 History
797 25.2 KDV (Korteweg-De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water
799 25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers
802 26 POROUS MEDIA, PERMITTIVITY, FLUID PERMEABILITY OF SHALES AND SEISMIC CODA 807 26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking
808 26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie's Law, and Percolation and Fractal
809 26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy's Law
811 26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave
812 26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales
813 26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda
814 26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source
815 26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave
819 APPENDICES 821 REFERENCES 913 INDEX 929
7 2.2 Time-Harmonic Case
10 2.3 Constitutive Relations
11 2.4 Boundary Conditions
15 2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting's Theorem
18 2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials
22 2.7 Electric Hertz Vector
24 2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell's Equations
25 2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector
26 2.10 Uniqueness Theorem
27 2.11 Reciprocity Theorem
28 2.12 Acoustic Waves
30 Problems
33 3 WAVES IN INHOMOGENEOUS AND LAYERED MEDIA 35 3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case
35 3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media
36 3.3 Polarization
37 3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization)
39 3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization)
43 3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster's Angle, and Total Reflection
44 3.7 Waves in Layered Media
47 3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary
50 3.9 Complex Waves
51 3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave
54 3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab
57 3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons
63 3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media
66 3.14 WKB Method
68 3.15 Bremmer Series
72 3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point
76 3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab
77 3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile
80 Problems
81 4 WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITIES 85 4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides
85 4.2 TM Modes or E Modes
86 4.3 TE Modes or H Modes
87 4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues
89 4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions
91 4.6 k-ß Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities
95 4.7 Rectangular Waveguides
98 4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides
100 4.9 TEM Modes
104 4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide
106 4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers
109 4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers
116 4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides
117 4.14 Cavity Resonators
120 4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures
123 4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities
128 Problems
133 5 GREEN'S FUNCTIONS 137 5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media
137 5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium
139 5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium
144 5.4 Scalar Green's Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green's Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions
145 5.5 Green's Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation
150 5.6 Fourier Transform Method
155 5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide
157 5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder
159 5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere
163 Problems
166 6 RADIATION FROM APERTURES AND BEAM WAVES 169 6.1 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem
169 6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution
173 6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation
176 6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
178 6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation
182 6.6 Beam Waves
183 6.7 Goos-Hanchen Effect
187 6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes
191 6.9 Vector Green's Theorem, Stratton-Chu Formula, and Franz Formula
194 6.10 Equivalence Theorem
197 6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves
198 Problems
199 7 PERIODIC STRUCTURES AND COUPLED-MODE THEORY 201 7.1 Floquet's Theorem
202 7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures
203 7.3 Periodic Layers
209 7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure
213 7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis
219 7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory
224 Problems
229 8 DISPERSION AND ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 233 8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability
233 8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material
235 8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma
237 8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water
240 8.5 Interfacial Polarization
240 8.6 Mixing Formula
241 8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media
244 8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma
244 8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media
247 8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma
248 8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field
249 8.12 Faraday Rotation
253 8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field
255 8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere
256 8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium
257 8.16 Warm Plasma
259 8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma
261 8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor
263 8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite
266 8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites
267 8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media
270 8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media
272 8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects
276 8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies
278 Problems
280 9 ANTENNAS, APERTURES, AND ARRAYS 285 9.1 Antenna Fundamentals
285 9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions
289 9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops
292 9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings
296 9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution
301 9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas
305 9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions
308 9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna
313 Problems
314 10 SCATTERING OF WAVES BY CONDUCTING AND DIELECTRIC OBJECTS 317 10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude
318 10.2 Radar Equations
321 10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections
322 10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections
325 10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object
328 10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object
330 10.7 Rayleigh-Debye Scattering (Born Approximation)
334 10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters
338 10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light
341 10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix
342 10.11 Acoustic Scattering
344 10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body
346 10.13 Physical Optics Approximation
347 10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications
350 Problems
354 11 WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES, SPHERES, AND WEDGES 357 11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder
357 11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder
361 11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder
364 11.4 Radiation Field
366 11.5 Saddle-Point Technique
368 11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval's Theorem
371 11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform
373 11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves
376 11.9 Poisson's Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock Representation
379 11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere
382 11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge
390 11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge
392 11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave
394 Problems
395 12 SCATTERING BY COMPLEX OBJECTS 401 12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces
402 12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body
404 12.3 EFIE and MFIE
406 12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method)
408 12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix
414 12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces
416 12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case
418 12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case
423 12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies
426 12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen
427 12.11 Small Apertures
430 12.12 Babinet's Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas
433 12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons
439 12.14 Related Problems
441 Problems
441 13 GEOMETRIC THEORY OF DIFFRACTION AND LOW FREQUENCY TECHNIQUES 443 13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction
444 13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet's Problem
447 13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann's Problem and Slope Diffraction
452 13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge
455 13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source
457 13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source
461 13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence
463 13.8 Curved Wedge
463 13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques
465 13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction
466 13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering
467 Problems
470 14 PLANAR LAYERS, STRIP LINES, PATCHES, AND APERTURES 473 14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab
473 14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium
481 14.3 Strip Lines
485 14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers
492 14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers
496 14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers
500 14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers
502 Problems
506 15 RADIATION FROM A DIPOLE ON THE CONDUCTING EARTH 509 15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem
509 15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth
510 15.3 Reflected Waves in Air
514 15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique
517 15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand
519 15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave
521 15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem
524 15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration
528 15.9 Refracted Wave
536 15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole
538 15.11 Radiation in Layered Media
541 15.12 Geometric Optical Representation
545 15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation
549 Problems
550 PART II APPLICATIONS 553 16 INVERSE SCATTERING 555 16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography
555 16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform
559 16.3 Diffraction Tomography
561 16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering
567 16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem
570 16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel's Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere
572 16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation
575 16.8 Optimization of Polarization
578 16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature
580 16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter
582 Problems
584 17 RADIOMETRY, NOISE TEMPERATURE, AND INTERFEROMETRY 587 17.1 Radiometry
587 17.2 Brightness and Flux Density
588 17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature
589 17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer
592 17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface
594 17.6 System Temperature
598 17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature
600 17.8 Radar Range Equation
601 17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions
602 17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer
604 Problems
607 18 STOCHASTIC WAVE THEORIES 611 18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories
612 18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics
612 18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity
612 18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging
613 18.5 Stochastic Green's Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems
615 18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function
619 18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines
621 18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories
622 19 GEOPHYSICAL REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING 625 19.1 Polarimetric Radar
626 19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem
630 19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar
632 19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity
634 19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles
636 19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory
638 19.7 Space-Time Radiative Transfer
639 19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity
641 19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions
644 19.10 Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature
646 19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image
650 20 BIOMEDICAL EM, OPTICS, AND ULTRASOUND 657 20.1 Bioelectromagnetics
658 20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues
659 20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood
663 20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues
666 20.5 Photon Density Waves
670 20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry
672 20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues
677 20.8 Ultrasound in Blood
680 21 WAVES IN METAMATERIALS AND PLASMON 685 21.1 Refractive Index n and mu-epsilon Diagram
686 21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity
688 21.3 Split-Ring Resonators
689 21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials
692 21.5 Space-Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction
697 21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves
701 21.7 Negative Goos-Hanchen Shift
704 21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves
708 21.9 Brewster's Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster's Angle
712 21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak
716 21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform
720 22 TIME-REVERSAL IMAGING 723 22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space
724 22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple Scattering Medium
729 22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time-Reversal Operator)
731 22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space
735 22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition)
739 22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification)
739 22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique
740 23 SCATTERING BY TURBULENCE, PARTICLES, DIFFUSE MEDIUM, AND ROUGH SURFACES 743 23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence
743 23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence
746 23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case
748 23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog
750 23.5 Gaussian and Henyey-Greenstein Scattering Formulas
751 23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence, Particles, and Biological Media
752 23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation
753 23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function
754 23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence
756 23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum
759 23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening
760 23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening
761 23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index
762 23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator
765 23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media
771 23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering
774 23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects
779 24 COHERENCE IN MULTIPLE SCATTERING AND DIAGRAM METHOD 785 24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence
786 24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces
787 24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon Localization
789 24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter Equations
791 24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation
793 24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement
794 24.7 Memory Effects
795 25 SOLITONS AND OPTICAL FIBERS 797 25.1 History
797 25.2 KDV (Korteweg-De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water
799 25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers
802 26 POROUS MEDIA, PERMITTIVITY, FLUID PERMEABILITY OF SHALES AND SEISMIC CODA 807 26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking
808 26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie's Law, and Percolation and Fractal
809 26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy's Law
811 26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave
812 26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales
813 26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda
814 26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source
815 26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave
819 APPENDICES 821 REFERENCES 913 INDEX 929