Arik D. Brown

Electronically Scanned Arrays (eBook, PDF)

Fundamentals and Applications

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

An Introduction to Active Electronically Steered Array Fundamentals, provides a foundational introduction to Active Electronically Steered Arrays (AESAs). It is intended for professional engineers and engineering students who are new to AESAs. The book provides an overview of the primary subsystems of an AESA, detailed explanation of the key design concepts and fundamentals for each subsystem and concludes with performance results for various AESA architectures that are typically found in industry (Analog AESAs, Subarrayed AESAs, and Digital Beamforming AESAs). Topics covered in the book include: AESA Overview Antenna Array Elements Transmit/Receive Modules Beamformers Downconverters Exciters Receivers Performance for Different AESA ArchitecturesThe book provides a conceptual understanding of the key subsystems that comprise an AESA that is not found in another book. It is based upon the author s 20 years of experience developing, designing and building AESAs for RADAR, SIGINT, Comms and Electronic Warfare. The reader of this book will be able to apply the fundamentals discussed in their daily profession.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 272
• Erscheinungstermin: 19. November 2021
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119749066
• Artikelnr.: 63044253

Autorenporträt

Arik D. Brown, PhD, is a Senior Principal Radar Systems Architect at RADA USA. He is responsible for the strategic application and development of advanced multi-mission systems for tactical applications involving Counter-UAS, Counter-Rockets, Artillery and Mortars, Short Range Air Defense, and Active Protection Systems. He received his doctorate in Computational Electromagnetics from the University of Michigan in 2000.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Acronyms xvii

1 AESA Overview 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 AESA History 1

1.3 AESA Applications 3

1.3.1 RADAR 3

1.3.2 ElectronicWarfare 7

1.3.2.1 Electronic Attack 9

1.3.2.2 Electronic Support Measures 9

1.3.3 Communications 10

1.3.4 Signals Intelligence 10

1.4 AESA Point of Reference 11

1.5 Block Diagram 15

1.5.1 Antenna Array Elements 15

1.5.2 Transmit Receive Modules 16

1.5.3 Beamformer 16

1.6 AESA Cascaded Performance and Architecture Selection 16

References 17

2 AESA Theory 19

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 General One-Dimensional Formulation 20

2.2.1 Pattern Expression without Electronic Scanning 20

2.2.2 Pattern Expression with Electronic Scanning 22

2.3 AESA Fundamental Topics 23

2.3.1 Beamwidth 23

2.3.2 Instantaneous Bandwidth 24

2.3.3 Grating Lobes 27

2.3.4 Error Effects 29

2.3.5 Quantization Effects 29

2.3.6 Random Error Effects (Amplitude and Phase) 30

2.4 One-Dimensional Pattern Synthesis 31

2.4.1 Varying Amplitude Distribution 33

2.4.2 Varying Frequency 39

2.4.3 Varying Scan Angle 39

2.5 Conformal Arrays 40

2.5.1 Array Pattern for a Linear Array 40

2.5.2 Array Pattern for a Conformal Array 42

2.5.3 Example 43

2.5.3.1 Conformal One-Dimensional Array 43

2.6 2D AESA Pattern Formulation 44

2.6.1 AESA Spatial Coordinate Definitions 45

2.6.2 Antenna Coordinates 46

2.6.3 Radar Coordinates 48

2.6.4 Antenna Cone Angle Coordinates 49

2.6.5 Sine Space Representation 50

2.6.6 AESA Element Grid 52

2.6.6.1 Rectangular Grid 52

2.6.6.2 Triangular Grid 55

2.6.7 Two-Dimensional Pattern Synthesis 56

2.6.7.1 Ideal Patterns 57

2.7 Circular Grid AESA Patterns 61

2.8 Tilted AESA Patterns 66

2.9 Integrated Gain 71

References 73

3 Array Elements 75

3.1 Introduction 75

3.2 Bandwidth 78

3.3 Polarization 81

3.3.1 Electromagnetic Polarization Fundamentals 82

3.3.2 Types of Polarization 83

3.3.2.1 Linear Polarization 83

3.3.2.2 Circular Polarization 84

3.3.2.3 Elliptical Polarization 85

3.3.3 Polarization States 87

3.3.4 Array Polarization 88

3.3.4.1 Key Requirements 90

3.4 Array Grid 91

3.5 Mismatch and Ohmic Loss 92

3.6 Active Match 95

3.7 Scan Loss 98

References 101

4 Transmit Receive Modules 103

4.1 Overview 103

4.1.1 TRM Baseline Topology 108

4.1.1.1 TR Switches 108

4.1.1.2 Amplifiers 109

4.1.1.3 Pre-Amplifier and HPA 109

4.1.1.4 LNA 110

4.1.1.5 Phase Shifter 110

4.1.1.6 Attenuator 110

4.1.1.7 Circulator 110

4.1.1.8 Receiver Protector 111

4.1.1.9 Filters 111

4.1.2 TRM Topology Types 111

4.1.2.1 Receive Only 111

4.1.2.2 Channelization 112

4.1.2.3 Simultaneous Beams 113

4.1.2.4 Multi-Channel TRMs 113

4.2 Transmit Operation 115

4.2.1 Efficiency and Amplifier Classes 116

4.2.2 P1dB 117

4.2.3 Linearity 118

4.2.3.1 Harmonics and Intermodulation Products 118

4.2.3.2 Intercept Point 121

4.2.4 Wideband