Xiang Zhou, Chongjin Xie
Enabling Technologies for High Spectral-efficiency Coherent Optical Communication Networks (eBook, PDF)
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Enabling Technologies for High Spectral-efficiency Coherent Optical Communication Networks
Presents the technological advancements that enable high spectral-efficiency and high-capacity fiber-optic communication systems and networks
This book examines key technology advances in high spectral-efficiency fiber-optic communication systems and networks, enabled by the use of coherent detection and digital signal processing (DSP). The first of this book’s 16 chapters is a detailed introduction. Chapter 2 reviews the modulation formats, while Chapter 3 focuses on detection and error correction…mehr
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Enabling Technologies for High Spectral-efficiency Coherent Optical Communication Networks
Presents the technological advancements that enable high spectral-efficiency and high-capacity fiber-optic communication systems and networks
This book examines key technology advances in high spectral-efficiency fiber-optic communication systems and networks, enabled by the use of coherent detection and digital signal processing (DSP). The first of this book’s 16 chapters is a detailed introduction. Chapter 2 reviews the modulation formats, while Chapter 3 focuses on detection and error correction technologies for coherent optical communication systems. Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to Nyquist-WDM and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). In chapter 6, polarization and nonlinear impairments in coherent optical communication systems are discussed. The fiber nonlinear effects in a non-dispersion-managed system are covered in chapter 7. Chapter 8 describes linear impairment equalization and Chapter 9 discusses various nonlinear mitigation techniques. Signal synchronization is covered in Chapters 10 and 11. Chapter 12 describes the main constraints put on the DSP algorithms by the hardware structure. Chapter 13 addresses the fundamental concepts and recent progress of photonic integration. Optical performance monitoring and elastic optical network technology are the subjects of Chapters 14 and 15. Finally, Chapter 16 discusses spatial-division multiplexing and MIMO processing technology, a potential solution to solve the capacity limit of single-mode fibers.
Enabling Technologies for High Spectral-efficiency Coherent Optical Communication Networks is a reference for researchers, engineers, and graduate students.
Presents the technological advancements that enable high spectral-efficiency and high-capacity fiber-optic communication systems and networks
This book examines key technology advances in high spectral-efficiency fiber-optic communication systems and networks, enabled by the use of coherent detection and digital signal processing (DSP). The first of this book’s 16 chapters is a detailed introduction. Chapter 2 reviews the modulation formats, while Chapter 3 focuses on detection and error correction technologies for coherent optical communication systems. Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to Nyquist-WDM and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). In chapter 6, polarization and nonlinear impairments in coherent optical communication systems are discussed. The fiber nonlinear effects in a non-dispersion-managed system are covered in chapter 7. Chapter 8 describes linear impairment equalization and Chapter 9 discusses various nonlinear mitigation techniques. Signal synchronization is covered in Chapters 10 and 11. Chapter 12 describes the main constraints put on the DSP algorithms by the hardware structure. Chapter 13 addresses the fundamental concepts and recent progress of photonic integration. Optical performance monitoring and elastic optical network technology are the subjects of Chapters 14 and 15. Finally, Chapter 16 discusses spatial-division multiplexing and MIMO processing technology, a potential solution to solve the capacity limit of single-mode fibers.
- Contains basic theories and up-to-date technology advancements in each chapter
- Describes how capacity-approaching coding schemes based on low-density parity check (LDPC) and spatially coupled LDPC codes can be constructed by combining iterative demodulation and decoding
- Demonstrates that fiber nonlinearities can be accurately described by some analytical models, such as GN-EGN model
- Presents impairment equalization and mitigation techniques
Enabling Technologies for High Spectral-efficiency Coherent Optical Communication Networks is a reference for researchers, engineers, and graduate students.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Erscheinungstermin: 29. April 2016
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118714966
- Artikelnr.: 44990985
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Erscheinungstermin: 29. April 2016
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781118714966
- Artikelnr.: 44990985
Xiang Zhou is a Tech Lead within Google Platform Advanced Technology. Before joining Google, he was with AT&T Labs, conducting research on various aspects of optical transmission and photonics networking technologies. Dr. Zhou is an OSA fellow and an associate editor for Optics Express. He has extensive publications in the field of optical communications.
Chongjin Xie is a Senior Director at Ali Infrastructure Service, Alibaba Group. Before joining Alibaba Group, he was a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent. Dr. Xie is a fellow of OSA and senior member of IEEE. He is an associate editor of the Journal of Lightwave Technology and has served in various conference committees.
Chongjin Xie is a Senior Director at Ali Infrastructure Service, Alibaba Group. Before joining Alibaba Group, he was a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent. Dr. Xie is a fellow of OSA and senior member of IEEE. He is an associate editor of the Journal of Lightwave Technology and has served in various conference committees.
List of Contributors xv
Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
Xiang Zhou and Chongjin Xie
1.1 High-Capacity Fiber Transmission Technology Evolution, 1
1.2 Fundamentals of Coherent Transmission Technology, 4
1.2.1 Concept of Coherent Detection, 4
1.2.2 Digital Signal Processing, 5
1.2.3 Key Devices, 7
1.3 Outline of this Book, 8
References, 9
2 Multidimensional Optimized Optical Modulation Formats 13
Magnus Karlsson and Erik Agrell
2.1 Introduction, 13
2.2 Fundamentals of Digital Modulation, 15
2.2.1 System Models, 15
2.2.2 Channel Models, 17
2.2.3 Constellations and Their Performance Metrics, 18
2.3 Modulation Formats and Their Ideal Performance, 20
2.3.1 Format Optimizations and Comparisons, 21
2.3.2 Optimized Formats in Nonlinear Channels, 30
2.4 Combinations of Coding and Modulation, 31
2.4.1 Soft-Decision Decoding, 31
2.4.2 Hard-Decision Decoding, 37
2.4.3 Iterative Decoding, 39
2.5 Experimental Work, 40
2.5.1 Transmitter Realizations and Transmission Experiments, 40
2.5.2 Receiver Realizations and Digital Signal Processing, 45
2.5.3 Formats Overview, 49
2.5.4 Symbol Detection, 50
2.5.5 Realizing Dimensions, 51
2.6 Summary and Conclusions, 54
References, 56
3 Advances in Detection and Error Correction for Coherent Optical Communications: Regular, Irregular, and Spatially Coupled LDPC Code Designs 65
Laurent Schmalen, Stephan ten Brink, and Andreas Leven
3.1 Introduction, 65
3.2 Differential Coding for Optical Communications, 67
3.2.1 Higher-Order Modulation Formats, 67
3.2.2 The Phase-Slip Channel Model, 69
3.2.3 Differential Coding and Decoding, 71
3.2.4 Maximum a Posteriori Differential Decoding, 78
3.2.5 Achievable Rates of the Differentially Coded Phase-Slip
Channel, 81
3.3 LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation, 83
3.3.1 Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes, 85
3.3.2 Code Design for Iterative Differential Decoding, 91
3.3.3 Higher-Order Modulation Formats with V < Q, 100
3.4 Coded Differential Modulation with Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes, 101
3.4.1 Protograph-Based Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes, 102
3.4.2 Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes with Iterative Demodulation, 105
3.4.3 Windowed Differential Decoding of SC-LDPC Codes, 108
3.4.4 Design of Protograph-Based SC-LDPC Codes for
Differential-Coded Modulation, 108
3.5 Conclusions, 112
Appendix: LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation—Decoding Algorithms, 112
Differential Decoding, 114
LDPC Decoding, 115
References, 117
4 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing: Nyquist-WDM 123
Gabriella Bosco
4.1 Introduction, 123
4.2 Nyquist Signaling Schemes, 125
4.2.1 Ideal Nyquist-WDM (Δf = Rs), 126
4.2.2 Quasi-Nyquist-WDM (Δf > Rs), 128
4.2.3 Super-Nyquist-WDM (Δf < Rs), 130
4.3 Detection of a Nyquist-WDM Signal, 134
4.4 Practical Nyquist-WDM Transmitter Implementations, 137
4.4.1 Optical Nyquist-WDM, 139
4.4.2 Digital Nyquist-WDM, 141
4.5 Nyquist-WDM Transmission, 146
4.5.1 Optical Nyquist-WDM Transmission Experiments, 148
4.5.2 Digital Nyquist-WDM Transmission Experiments, 148
4.6 Conclusions, 149
References, 150
5 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing – OFDM 157
An Li, Di Che, Qian Hu, Xi Chen, and William Shieh 5.1 OFDM Basics, 158
5.2 Coherent Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM), 161
5.2.1 Principle of CO-OFDM, 161
5.3 Direct-Detection Optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM), 169
5.3.1 Linearly Mapped DDO-OFDM, 169
5.3.2 Nonlinearly Mapped DDO-OFDM (NLM-DDO-OFDM), 173
5.4 Self-Coherent Optical OFDM, 174
5.4.1 Single-Ended Photodetector-Based SCOH, 175
5.4.2 Balanced Receiver-Based SCOH, 177
5.4.3 Stokes Vector Direct Detection, 177
5.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM System (DFT-S OFDM), 180
5.5.1 Principle of DFT-S OFDM, 180
5.5.2 Unique-Word-Assisted DFT-S OFDM (UW-DFT-S OFDM), 182
5.6 OFDM-Based Superchannel Transmissions, 183
5.6.1 No-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM (NGI-CO-OFDM) Superchannel, 184
5.6.2 Reduced-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM (RGI-CO-OFDM) Superchannel, 186
5.6.3 DFT-S OFDM Superchannel, 188
5.7 Summary, 193
References, 194
6 Polarization and Nonlinear Impairments in Fiber Communication Systems 201
Chongjin Xie
6.1 Introduction, 201
6.2 Polarization of Light, 202
6.3 PMD and PDL in Optical Communication Systems, 206
6.3.1 PMD, 206
6.3.2 PDL, 208
6.4 Modeling of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers, 209
6.5 Coherent Optical Communication Systems and Signal Equalization, 211
6.5.1 Coherent Optical Communication Systems, 211
6.5.2 Signal Equalization, 213
6.6 PMD and PDL Impairments in Coherent Systems, 215
6.6.1 PMD Impairment, 216
6.6.2 PDL Impairment, 222
6.7 Nonlinear Impairments in Coherent Systems, 228
6.7.1 System Model, 229
6.7.2 Homogeneous PDM-QPSK System, 230
6.7.3 Hybrid PDM-QPSK and 10-Gb/s OOK System, 233
6.7.4 Homogeneous PDM-16QAM System, 234
6.8 Summary, 240
References, 241
7 Analytical Modeling of the Impact of Fiber Non-Linear Propagation on Coherent Systems and Networks 247
Pierluigi Poggiolini, Yanchao Jiang, Andrea Carena, and Fabrizio Forghieri
7.1 Why are Analytical Models Important?, 247
7.1.1 What Do Professionals Need?, 247
7.2 Background, 248
7.2.1 Modeling Approximations, 249
7.3 Introducing the GN–EGN Model Class, 260
7.3.1 Getting to the GN Model, 260
7.3.2 Towards the EGN Model, 265
7.4 Model Selection Guide, 269
7.4.1 From Model to System Performance, 269
7.4.2 Point-to-Point Links, 270
7.4.3 The Complete EGN Model, 272
7.4.4 Case Study: Determining the Optimum System Symbol Rate, 286
7.4.5 NLI Modeling for Dynamically Reconfigurable Networks, 289
7.5 Conclusion, 294
Acknowledgements, 295
Appendix, 295
A.1 The White-Noise Approximation, 295
A.1 BER Formulas for the Most Common QAM Systems, 295
A.2 The Link Function
Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
Xiang Zhou and Chongjin Xie
1.1 High-Capacity Fiber Transmission Technology Evolution, 1
1.2 Fundamentals of Coherent Transmission Technology, 4
1.2.1 Concept of Coherent Detection, 4
1.2.2 Digital Signal Processing, 5
1.2.3 Key Devices, 7
1.3 Outline of this Book, 8
References, 9
2 Multidimensional Optimized Optical Modulation Formats 13
Magnus Karlsson and Erik Agrell
2.1 Introduction, 13
2.2 Fundamentals of Digital Modulation, 15
2.2.1 System Models, 15
2.2.2 Channel Models, 17
2.2.3 Constellations and Their Performance Metrics, 18
2.3 Modulation Formats and Their Ideal Performance, 20
2.3.1 Format Optimizations and Comparisons, 21
2.3.2 Optimized Formats in Nonlinear Channels, 30
2.4 Combinations of Coding and Modulation, 31
2.4.1 Soft-Decision Decoding, 31
2.4.2 Hard-Decision Decoding, 37
2.4.3 Iterative Decoding, 39
2.5 Experimental Work, 40
2.5.1 Transmitter Realizations and Transmission Experiments, 40
2.5.2 Receiver Realizations and Digital Signal Processing, 45
2.5.3 Formats Overview, 49
2.5.4 Symbol Detection, 50
2.5.5 Realizing Dimensions, 51
2.6 Summary and Conclusions, 54
References, 56
3 Advances in Detection and Error Correction for Coherent Optical Communications: Regular, Irregular, and Spatially Coupled LDPC Code Designs 65
Laurent Schmalen, Stephan ten Brink, and Andreas Leven
3.1 Introduction, 65
3.2 Differential Coding for Optical Communications, 67
3.2.1 Higher-Order Modulation Formats, 67
3.2.2 The Phase-Slip Channel Model, 69
3.2.3 Differential Coding and Decoding, 71
3.2.4 Maximum a Posteriori Differential Decoding, 78
3.2.5 Achievable Rates of the Differentially Coded Phase-Slip
Channel, 81
3.3 LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation, 83
3.3.1 Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes, 85
3.3.2 Code Design for Iterative Differential Decoding, 91
3.3.3 Higher-Order Modulation Formats with V < Q, 100
3.4 Coded Differential Modulation with Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes, 101
3.4.1 Protograph-Based Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes, 102
3.4.2 Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes with Iterative Demodulation, 105
3.4.3 Windowed Differential Decoding of SC-LDPC Codes, 108
3.4.4 Design of Protograph-Based SC-LDPC Codes for
Differential-Coded Modulation, 108
3.5 Conclusions, 112
Appendix: LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation—Decoding Algorithms, 112
Differential Decoding, 114
LDPC Decoding, 115
References, 117
4 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing: Nyquist-WDM 123
Gabriella Bosco
4.1 Introduction, 123
4.2 Nyquist Signaling Schemes, 125
4.2.1 Ideal Nyquist-WDM (Δf = Rs), 126
4.2.2 Quasi-Nyquist-WDM (Δf > Rs), 128
4.2.3 Super-Nyquist-WDM (Δf < Rs), 130
4.3 Detection of a Nyquist-WDM Signal, 134
4.4 Practical Nyquist-WDM Transmitter Implementations, 137
4.4.1 Optical Nyquist-WDM, 139
4.4.2 Digital Nyquist-WDM, 141
4.5 Nyquist-WDM Transmission, 146
4.5.1 Optical Nyquist-WDM Transmission Experiments, 148
4.5.2 Digital Nyquist-WDM Transmission Experiments, 148
4.6 Conclusions, 149
References, 150
5 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing – OFDM 157
An Li, Di Che, Qian Hu, Xi Chen, and William Shieh 5.1 OFDM Basics, 158
5.2 Coherent Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM), 161
5.2.1 Principle of CO-OFDM, 161
5.3 Direct-Detection Optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM), 169
5.3.1 Linearly Mapped DDO-OFDM, 169
5.3.2 Nonlinearly Mapped DDO-OFDM (NLM-DDO-OFDM), 173
5.4 Self-Coherent Optical OFDM, 174
5.4.1 Single-Ended Photodetector-Based SCOH, 175
5.4.2 Balanced Receiver-Based SCOH, 177
5.4.3 Stokes Vector Direct Detection, 177
5.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM System (DFT-S OFDM), 180
5.5.1 Principle of DFT-S OFDM, 180
5.5.2 Unique-Word-Assisted DFT-S OFDM (UW-DFT-S OFDM), 182
5.6 OFDM-Based Superchannel Transmissions, 183
5.6.1 No-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM (NGI-CO-OFDM) Superchannel, 184
5.6.2 Reduced-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM (RGI-CO-OFDM) Superchannel, 186
5.6.3 DFT-S OFDM Superchannel, 188
5.7 Summary, 193
References, 194
6 Polarization and Nonlinear Impairments in Fiber Communication Systems 201
Chongjin Xie
6.1 Introduction, 201
6.2 Polarization of Light, 202
6.3 PMD and PDL in Optical Communication Systems, 206
6.3.1 PMD, 206
6.3.2 PDL, 208
6.4 Modeling of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers, 209
6.5 Coherent Optical Communication Systems and Signal Equalization, 211
6.5.1 Coherent Optical Communication Systems, 211
6.5.2 Signal Equalization, 213
6.6 PMD and PDL Impairments in Coherent Systems, 215
6.6.1 PMD Impairment, 216
6.6.2 PDL Impairment, 222
6.7 Nonlinear Impairments in Coherent Systems, 228
6.7.1 System Model, 229
6.7.2 Homogeneous PDM-QPSK System, 230
6.7.3 Hybrid PDM-QPSK and 10-Gb/s OOK System, 233
6.7.4 Homogeneous PDM-16QAM System, 234
6.8 Summary, 240
References, 241
7 Analytical Modeling of the Impact of Fiber Non-Linear Propagation on Coherent Systems and Networks 247
Pierluigi Poggiolini, Yanchao Jiang, Andrea Carena, and Fabrizio Forghieri
7.1 Why are Analytical Models Important?, 247
7.1.1 What Do Professionals Need?, 247
7.2 Background, 248
7.2.1 Modeling Approximations, 249
7.3 Introducing the GN–EGN Model Class, 260
7.3.1 Getting to the GN Model, 260
7.3.2 Towards the EGN Model, 265
7.4 Model Selection Guide, 269
7.4.1 From Model to System Performance, 269
7.4.2 Point-to-Point Links, 270
7.4.3 The Complete EGN Model, 272
7.4.4 Case Study: Determining the Optimum System Symbol Rate, 286
7.4.5 NLI Modeling for Dynamically Reconfigurable Networks, 289
7.5 Conclusion, 294
Acknowledgements, 295
Appendix, 295
A.1 The White-Noise Approximation, 295
A.1 BER Formulas for the Most Common QAM Systems, 295
A.2 The Link Function
List of Contributors xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 Xiang Zhou and
Chongjin Xie 1.1 High-Capacity Fiber Transmission Technology Evolution 1
1.2 Fundamentals of Coherent Transmission Technology 4 1.3 Outline of this
Book 8 References 9 2 Multidimensional Optimized Optical Modulation Formats
13 Magnus Karlsson and Erik Agrell 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Fundamentals of
Digital Modulation 15 2.3 Modulation Formats and Their Ideal Performance 20
2.4 Combinations of Coding and Modulation 31 2.5 Experimental Work 40 2.6
Summary and Conclusions 54 References 56 3 Advances in Detection and Error
Correction for Coherent Optical Communications: Regular, Irregular, and
Spatially Coupled LDPC Code Designs 65 Laurent Schmalen, Stephan ten Brink,
and Andreas Leven 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Differential Coding for Optical
Communications 67 3.3 LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation 83 3.4 Coded
Differential Modulation with Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes 101 3.5
Conclusions 112 Appendix: LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation--Decoding
Algorithms 112 Differential Decoding 114 LDPC Decoding 115 References 117 4
Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing: Nyquist-WDM 123 Gabriella Bosco 4.1
Introduction 123 4.2 Nyquist Signaling Schemes 125 4.3 Detection of a
Nyquist-WDM Signal 134 4.4 Practical Nyquist-WDM Transmitter
Implementations 137 4.5 Nyquist-WDM Transmission 146 4.6 Conclusions 149
References 150 5 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing - OFDM 157 An Li, Di
Che, Qian Hu, Xi Chen, and William Shieh 5.1 OFDM Basics 158 5.2 Coherent
Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) 161 5.3 Direct-Detection Optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM) 169
5.4 Self-Coherent Optical OFDM 174 5.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
OFDM System (DFT-S OFDM) 180 5.6 OFDM-Based Superchannel Transmissions 183
5.7 Summary 193 References 194 6 Polarization and Nonlinear Impairments in
Fiber Communication Systems 201 Chongjin Xie 6.1 Introduction 201 6.2
Polarization of Light 202 6.3 PMD and PDL in Optical Communication Systems
206 6.4 Modeling of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 209 6.5 Coherent
Optical Communication Systems and Signal Equalization 211 6.6 PMD and PDL
Impairments in Coherent Systems 215 6.7 Nonlinear Impairments in Coherent
Systems 228 6.8 Summary 240 References 241 7 Analytical Modeling of the
Impact of Fiber Non-Linear Propagation on Coherent Systems and Networks 247
Pierluigi Poggiolini, Yanchao Jiang, Andrea Carena, and Fabrizio Forghieri
7.1 Why are Analytical Models Important? 247 7.2 Background 248 7.3
Introducing the GN-EGN Model Class 260 7.4 Model Selection Guide 269 7.5
Conclusion 294 Acknowledgements 295 Appendix 295 A.1 The White-Noise
Approximation 295 A.1.2 The Link Function my 296 A.1.3 The EGN Model
Formulas for the X2-X4 and M1-M3 Islands 297 A.1.4 Outline of GN-EGN Model
Derivation 299 A.1.5 List of Acronyms 303 References 304 8 Digital
Equalization in Coherent Optical Transmission Systems 311 Seb Savory 8.1
Introduction 311 8.2 Primer on the Mathematics of Least Squares Finite
Impulse Response Filters 312 8.3 Equalization of Chromatic Dispersion 318
8.4 Equalization of Polarization-Mode Dispersion 323 8.5 Concluding Remarks
and Future Research Directions 329 Acknowledgments 330 References 330 9
Nonlinear Compensation for Digital Coherent Transmission 333 Guifang Li 9.1
Introduction 333 9.2 Digital Backward Propagation (DBP) 334 9.3 Reducing
DBP Complexity for Dispersion-Unmanaged WDM Transmission 339 9.4 DBP for
Dispersion-Managed WDM Transmission 342 9.5 DBP for
Polarization-Multiplexed Transmission 349 9.6 Future Research 350
References 351 10 Timing Synchronization in Coherent Optical Transmission
Systems 355 Han Sun and Kuang-Tsan Wu 10.1 Introduction 355 10.2 Overall
System Environment 357 10.3 Jitter Penalty and Jitter Sources in a Coherent
System 359 10.4 Digital Phase Detectors 368 10.5 The Chromatic Dispersion
Problem 383 10.6 The Polarization-Mode Dispersion Problem 386 10.7 Timing
Synchronization for Coherent Optical OFDM 390 10.8 Future Research 391
References 392 11 Carrier Recovery in Coherent Optical Communication
Systems 395 Xiang Zhou 11.1 Introduction 395 11.2 Optimal Carrier Recovery
397 11.3 Hardware-Efficient Phase Recovery Algorithms 399 11.4
Hardware-Efficient Frequency Recovery Algorithms 416 11.5 Equalizer-Phase
Noise Interaction and its Mitigation 424 11.6 Carrier Recovery in Coherent
OFDM Systems 429 11.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 430
References 431 12 Real-Time Implementation of High-Speed Digital Coherent
Transceivers 435 Timo Pfau 12.1 Algorithm Constraints 435 12.2 Hardware
Implementation of Digital Coherent Receivers 442 References 446 13 Photonic
Integration 447 Po Dong and Sethumadhavan Chandrasekhar 13.1 Introduction
447 13.2 Overview of Photonic Integration Technologies 449 13.3
Transmitters 451 13.4 Receivers 459 13.5 Conclusions 467 Acknowledgments
467 References 467 14 Optical Performance Monitoring for Fiber-Optic
Communication Networks 473 Faisal N. Khan, Zhenhua Dong, Chao Lu, and Alan
Pak Tao Lau 14.1 Introduction 473 14.2 OPM TECHNIQUES FOR DIRECT DETECTION
SYSTEMS 482 14.3 OPM For Coherent Detection Systems 490 14.4 Integrating
OPM Functionalities in Networking 499 14.5 Conclusions and Outlook 499
Acknowledgments 500 References 500 15 Rate-Adaptable Optical Transmission
and Elastic Optical Networks 507 Patricia Layec, Annalisa Morea, Yvan
Pointurier, and Jean-Christophe Antona 15.1 Introduction 507 15.2 Key
Building Blocks 511 15.3 Practical Considerations for Elastic WDM
Transmission 527 15.4 Opportunities for Elastic Technologies in Core
Networks 530 15.5 Long Term Opportunities 534 15.6 Conclusions 539
Acknowledgments 539 References 539 16 Space-Division Multiplexing and MIMO
Processing 547 Roland Ryf and Nicolas K. Fontaine 16.1 Space-Division
Multiplexing in Optical Fibers 547 16.2 Optical Fibers for SDM Transmission
548 16.3 Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers with Low Crosstalk 551 16.4
MIMO-Based Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers 553 16.5 Impulse Response in
SDM Fibers with Mode Coupling 558 16.6 MIMO-Based SDM Transmission Results
566 16.7 Optical Components for SDM Transmission 568 16.8 Conclusion 593
Acknowledgments 593 References 594 Index 609
Chongjin Xie 1.1 High-Capacity Fiber Transmission Technology Evolution 1
1.2 Fundamentals of Coherent Transmission Technology 4 1.3 Outline of this
Book 8 References 9 2 Multidimensional Optimized Optical Modulation Formats
13 Magnus Karlsson and Erik Agrell 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Fundamentals of
Digital Modulation 15 2.3 Modulation Formats and Their Ideal Performance 20
2.4 Combinations of Coding and Modulation 31 2.5 Experimental Work 40 2.6
Summary and Conclusions 54 References 56 3 Advances in Detection and Error
Correction for Coherent Optical Communications: Regular, Irregular, and
Spatially Coupled LDPC Code Designs 65 Laurent Schmalen, Stephan ten Brink,
and Andreas Leven 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Differential Coding for Optical
Communications 67 3.3 LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation 83 3.4 Coded
Differential Modulation with Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes 101 3.5
Conclusions 112 Appendix: LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation--Decoding
Algorithms 112 Differential Decoding 114 LDPC Decoding 115 References 117 4
Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing: Nyquist-WDM 123 Gabriella Bosco 4.1
Introduction 123 4.2 Nyquist Signaling Schemes 125 4.3 Detection of a
Nyquist-WDM Signal 134 4.4 Practical Nyquist-WDM Transmitter
Implementations 137 4.5 Nyquist-WDM Transmission 146 4.6 Conclusions 149
References 150 5 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing - OFDM 157 An Li, Di
Che, Qian Hu, Xi Chen, and William Shieh 5.1 OFDM Basics 158 5.2 Coherent
Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) 161 5.3 Direct-Detection Optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM) 169
5.4 Self-Coherent Optical OFDM 174 5.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
OFDM System (DFT-S OFDM) 180 5.6 OFDM-Based Superchannel Transmissions 183
5.7 Summary 193 References 194 6 Polarization and Nonlinear Impairments in
Fiber Communication Systems 201 Chongjin Xie 6.1 Introduction 201 6.2
Polarization of Light 202 6.3 PMD and PDL in Optical Communication Systems
206 6.4 Modeling of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 209 6.5 Coherent
Optical Communication Systems and Signal Equalization 211 6.6 PMD and PDL
Impairments in Coherent Systems 215 6.7 Nonlinear Impairments in Coherent
Systems 228 6.8 Summary 240 References 241 7 Analytical Modeling of the
Impact of Fiber Non-Linear Propagation on Coherent Systems and Networks 247
Pierluigi Poggiolini, Yanchao Jiang, Andrea Carena, and Fabrizio Forghieri
7.1 Why are Analytical Models Important? 247 7.2 Background 248 7.3
Introducing the GN-EGN Model Class 260 7.4 Model Selection Guide 269 7.5
Conclusion 294 Acknowledgements 295 Appendix 295 A.1 The White-Noise
Approximation 295 A.1.2 The Link Function my 296 A.1.3 The EGN Model
Formulas for the X2-X4 and M1-M3 Islands 297 A.1.4 Outline of GN-EGN Model
Derivation 299 A.1.5 List of Acronyms 303 References 304 8 Digital
Equalization in Coherent Optical Transmission Systems 311 Seb Savory 8.1
Introduction 311 8.2 Primer on the Mathematics of Least Squares Finite
Impulse Response Filters 312 8.3 Equalization of Chromatic Dispersion 318
8.4 Equalization of Polarization-Mode Dispersion 323 8.5 Concluding Remarks
and Future Research Directions 329 Acknowledgments 330 References 330 9
Nonlinear Compensation for Digital Coherent Transmission 333 Guifang Li 9.1
Introduction 333 9.2 Digital Backward Propagation (DBP) 334 9.3 Reducing
DBP Complexity for Dispersion-Unmanaged WDM Transmission 339 9.4 DBP for
Dispersion-Managed WDM Transmission 342 9.5 DBP for
Polarization-Multiplexed Transmission 349 9.6 Future Research 350
References 351 10 Timing Synchronization in Coherent Optical Transmission
Systems 355 Han Sun and Kuang-Tsan Wu 10.1 Introduction 355 10.2 Overall
System Environment 357 10.3 Jitter Penalty and Jitter Sources in a Coherent
System 359 10.4 Digital Phase Detectors 368 10.5 The Chromatic Dispersion
Problem 383 10.6 The Polarization-Mode Dispersion Problem 386 10.7 Timing
Synchronization for Coherent Optical OFDM 390 10.8 Future Research 391
References 392 11 Carrier Recovery in Coherent Optical Communication
Systems 395 Xiang Zhou 11.1 Introduction 395 11.2 Optimal Carrier Recovery
397 11.3 Hardware-Efficient Phase Recovery Algorithms 399 11.4
Hardware-Efficient Frequency Recovery Algorithms 416 11.5 Equalizer-Phase
Noise Interaction and its Mitigation 424 11.6 Carrier Recovery in Coherent
OFDM Systems 429 11.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 430
References 431 12 Real-Time Implementation of High-Speed Digital Coherent
Transceivers 435 Timo Pfau 12.1 Algorithm Constraints 435 12.2 Hardware
Implementation of Digital Coherent Receivers 442 References 446 13 Photonic
Integration 447 Po Dong and Sethumadhavan Chandrasekhar 13.1 Introduction
447 13.2 Overview of Photonic Integration Technologies 449 13.3
Transmitters 451 13.4 Receivers 459 13.5 Conclusions 467 Acknowledgments
467 References 467 14 Optical Performance Monitoring for Fiber-Optic
Communication Networks 473 Faisal N. Khan, Zhenhua Dong, Chao Lu, and Alan
Pak Tao Lau 14.1 Introduction 473 14.2 OPM TECHNIQUES FOR DIRECT DETECTION
SYSTEMS 482 14.3 OPM For Coherent Detection Systems 490 14.4 Integrating
OPM Functionalities in Networking 499 14.5 Conclusions and Outlook 499
Acknowledgments 500 References 500 15 Rate-Adaptable Optical Transmission
and Elastic Optical Networks 507 Patricia Layec, Annalisa Morea, Yvan
Pointurier, and Jean-Christophe Antona 15.1 Introduction 507 15.2 Key
Building Blocks 511 15.3 Practical Considerations for Elastic WDM
Transmission 527 15.4 Opportunities for Elastic Technologies in Core
Networks 530 15.5 Long Term Opportunities 534 15.6 Conclusions 539
Acknowledgments 539 References 539 16 Space-Division Multiplexing and MIMO
Processing 547 Roland Ryf and Nicolas K. Fontaine 16.1 Space-Division
Multiplexing in Optical Fibers 547 16.2 Optical Fibers for SDM Transmission
548 16.3 Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers with Low Crosstalk 551 16.4
MIMO-Based Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers 553 16.5 Impulse Response in
SDM Fibers with Mode Coupling 558 16.6 MIMO-Based SDM Transmission Results
566 16.7 Optical Components for SDM Transmission 568 16.8 Conclusion 593
Acknowledgments 593 References 594 Index 609
List of Contributors xv
Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
Xiang Zhou and Chongjin Xie
1.1 High-Capacity Fiber Transmission Technology Evolution, 1
1.2 Fundamentals of Coherent Transmission Technology, 4
1.2.1 Concept of Coherent Detection, 4
1.2.2 Digital Signal Processing, 5
1.2.3 Key Devices, 7
1.3 Outline of this Book, 8
References, 9
2 Multidimensional Optimized Optical Modulation Formats 13
Magnus Karlsson and Erik Agrell
2.1 Introduction, 13
2.2 Fundamentals of Digital Modulation, 15
2.2.1 System Models, 15
2.2.2 Channel Models, 17
2.2.3 Constellations and Their Performance Metrics, 18
2.3 Modulation Formats and Their Ideal Performance, 20
2.3.1 Format Optimizations and Comparisons, 21
2.3.2 Optimized Formats in Nonlinear Channels, 30
2.4 Combinations of Coding and Modulation, 31
2.4.1 Soft-Decision Decoding, 31
2.4.2 Hard-Decision Decoding, 37
2.4.3 Iterative Decoding, 39
2.5 Experimental Work, 40
2.5.1 Transmitter Realizations and Transmission Experiments, 40
2.5.2 Receiver Realizations and Digital Signal Processing, 45
2.5.3 Formats Overview, 49
2.5.4 Symbol Detection, 50
2.5.5 Realizing Dimensions, 51
2.6 Summary and Conclusions, 54
References, 56
3 Advances in Detection and Error Correction for Coherent Optical Communications: Regular, Irregular, and Spatially Coupled LDPC Code Designs 65
Laurent Schmalen, Stephan ten Brink, and Andreas Leven
3.1 Introduction, 65
3.2 Differential Coding for Optical Communications, 67
3.2.1 Higher-Order Modulation Formats, 67
3.2.2 The Phase-Slip Channel Model, 69
3.2.3 Differential Coding and Decoding, 71
3.2.4 Maximum a Posteriori Differential Decoding, 78
3.2.5 Achievable Rates of the Differentially Coded Phase-Slip
Channel, 81
3.3 LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation, 83
3.3.1 Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes, 85
3.3.2 Code Design for Iterative Differential Decoding, 91
3.3.3 Higher-Order Modulation Formats with V < Q, 100
3.4 Coded Differential Modulation with Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes, 101
3.4.1 Protograph-Based Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes, 102
3.4.2 Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes with Iterative Demodulation, 105
3.4.3 Windowed Differential Decoding of SC-LDPC Codes, 108
3.4.4 Design of Protograph-Based SC-LDPC Codes for
Differential-Coded Modulation, 108
3.5 Conclusions, 112
Appendix: LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation—Decoding Algorithms, 112
Differential Decoding, 114
LDPC Decoding, 115
References, 117
4 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing: Nyquist-WDM 123
Gabriella Bosco
4.1 Introduction, 123
4.2 Nyquist Signaling Schemes, 125
4.2.1 Ideal Nyquist-WDM (Δf = Rs), 126
4.2.2 Quasi-Nyquist-WDM (Δf > Rs), 128
4.2.3 Super-Nyquist-WDM (Δf < Rs), 130
4.3 Detection of a Nyquist-WDM Signal, 134
4.4 Practical Nyquist-WDM Transmitter Implementations, 137
4.4.1 Optical Nyquist-WDM, 139
4.4.2 Digital Nyquist-WDM, 141
4.5 Nyquist-WDM Transmission, 146
4.5.1 Optical Nyquist-WDM Transmission Experiments, 148
4.5.2 Digital Nyquist-WDM Transmission Experiments, 148
4.6 Conclusions, 149
References, 150
5 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing – OFDM 157
An Li, Di Che, Qian Hu, Xi Chen, and William Shieh 5.1 OFDM Basics, 158
5.2 Coherent Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM), 161
5.2.1 Principle of CO-OFDM, 161
5.3 Direct-Detection Optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM), 169
5.3.1 Linearly Mapped DDO-OFDM, 169
5.3.2 Nonlinearly Mapped DDO-OFDM (NLM-DDO-OFDM), 173
5.4 Self-Coherent Optical OFDM, 174
5.4.1 Single-Ended Photodetector-Based SCOH, 175
5.4.2 Balanced Receiver-Based SCOH, 177
5.4.3 Stokes Vector Direct Detection, 177
5.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM System (DFT-S OFDM), 180
5.5.1 Principle of DFT-S OFDM, 180
5.5.2 Unique-Word-Assisted DFT-S OFDM (UW-DFT-S OFDM), 182
5.6 OFDM-Based Superchannel Transmissions, 183
5.6.1 No-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM (NGI-CO-OFDM) Superchannel, 184
5.6.2 Reduced-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM (RGI-CO-OFDM) Superchannel, 186
5.6.3 DFT-S OFDM Superchannel, 188
5.7 Summary, 193
References, 194
6 Polarization and Nonlinear Impairments in Fiber Communication Systems 201
Chongjin Xie
6.1 Introduction, 201
6.2 Polarization of Light, 202
6.3 PMD and PDL in Optical Communication Systems, 206
6.3.1 PMD, 206
6.3.2 PDL, 208
6.4 Modeling of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers, 209
6.5 Coherent Optical Communication Systems and Signal Equalization, 211
6.5.1 Coherent Optical Communication Systems, 211
6.5.2 Signal Equalization, 213
6.6 PMD and PDL Impairments in Coherent Systems, 215
6.6.1 PMD Impairment, 216
6.6.2 PDL Impairment, 222
6.7 Nonlinear Impairments in Coherent Systems, 228
6.7.1 System Model, 229
6.7.2 Homogeneous PDM-QPSK System, 230
6.7.3 Hybrid PDM-QPSK and 10-Gb/s OOK System, 233
6.7.4 Homogeneous PDM-16QAM System, 234
6.8 Summary, 240
References, 241
7 Analytical Modeling of the Impact of Fiber Non-Linear Propagation on Coherent Systems and Networks 247
Pierluigi Poggiolini, Yanchao Jiang, Andrea Carena, and Fabrizio Forghieri
7.1 Why are Analytical Models Important?, 247
7.1.1 What Do Professionals Need?, 247
7.2 Background, 248
7.2.1 Modeling Approximations, 249
7.3 Introducing the GN–EGN Model Class, 260
7.3.1 Getting to the GN Model, 260
7.3.2 Towards the EGN Model, 265
7.4 Model Selection Guide, 269
7.4.1 From Model to System Performance, 269
7.4.2 Point-to-Point Links, 270
7.4.3 The Complete EGN Model, 272
7.4.4 Case Study: Determining the Optimum System Symbol Rate, 286
7.4.5 NLI Modeling for Dynamically Reconfigurable Networks, 289
7.5 Conclusion, 294
Acknowledgements, 295
Appendix, 295
A.1 The White-Noise Approximation, 295
A.1 BER Formulas for the Most Common QAM Systems, 295
A.2 The Link Function
Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
Xiang Zhou and Chongjin Xie
1.1 High-Capacity Fiber Transmission Technology Evolution, 1
1.2 Fundamentals of Coherent Transmission Technology, 4
1.2.1 Concept of Coherent Detection, 4
1.2.2 Digital Signal Processing, 5
1.2.3 Key Devices, 7
1.3 Outline of this Book, 8
References, 9
2 Multidimensional Optimized Optical Modulation Formats 13
Magnus Karlsson and Erik Agrell
2.1 Introduction, 13
2.2 Fundamentals of Digital Modulation, 15
2.2.1 System Models, 15
2.2.2 Channel Models, 17
2.2.3 Constellations and Their Performance Metrics, 18
2.3 Modulation Formats and Their Ideal Performance, 20
2.3.1 Format Optimizations and Comparisons, 21
2.3.2 Optimized Formats in Nonlinear Channels, 30
2.4 Combinations of Coding and Modulation, 31
2.4.1 Soft-Decision Decoding, 31
2.4.2 Hard-Decision Decoding, 37
2.4.3 Iterative Decoding, 39
2.5 Experimental Work, 40
2.5.1 Transmitter Realizations and Transmission Experiments, 40
2.5.2 Receiver Realizations and Digital Signal Processing, 45
2.5.3 Formats Overview, 49
2.5.4 Symbol Detection, 50
2.5.5 Realizing Dimensions, 51
2.6 Summary and Conclusions, 54
References, 56
3 Advances in Detection and Error Correction for Coherent Optical Communications: Regular, Irregular, and Spatially Coupled LDPC Code Designs 65
Laurent Schmalen, Stephan ten Brink, and Andreas Leven
3.1 Introduction, 65
3.2 Differential Coding for Optical Communications, 67
3.2.1 Higher-Order Modulation Formats, 67
3.2.2 The Phase-Slip Channel Model, 69
3.2.3 Differential Coding and Decoding, 71
3.2.4 Maximum a Posteriori Differential Decoding, 78
3.2.5 Achievable Rates of the Differentially Coded Phase-Slip
Channel, 81
3.3 LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation, 83
3.3.1 Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes, 85
3.3.2 Code Design for Iterative Differential Decoding, 91
3.3.3 Higher-Order Modulation Formats with V < Q, 100
3.4 Coded Differential Modulation with Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes, 101
3.4.1 Protograph-Based Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes, 102
3.4.2 Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes with Iterative Demodulation, 105
3.4.3 Windowed Differential Decoding of SC-LDPC Codes, 108
3.4.4 Design of Protograph-Based SC-LDPC Codes for
Differential-Coded Modulation, 108
3.5 Conclusions, 112
Appendix: LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation—Decoding Algorithms, 112
Differential Decoding, 114
LDPC Decoding, 115
References, 117
4 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing: Nyquist-WDM 123
Gabriella Bosco
4.1 Introduction, 123
4.2 Nyquist Signaling Schemes, 125
4.2.1 Ideal Nyquist-WDM (Δf = Rs), 126
4.2.2 Quasi-Nyquist-WDM (Δf > Rs), 128
4.2.3 Super-Nyquist-WDM (Δf < Rs), 130
4.3 Detection of a Nyquist-WDM Signal, 134
4.4 Practical Nyquist-WDM Transmitter Implementations, 137
4.4.1 Optical Nyquist-WDM, 139
4.4.2 Digital Nyquist-WDM, 141
4.5 Nyquist-WDM Transmission, 146
4.5.1 Optical Nyquist-WDM Transmission Experiments, 148
4.5.2 Digital Nyquist-WDM Transmission Experiments, 148
4.6 Conclusions, 149
References, 150
5 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing – OFDM 157
An Li, Di Che, Qian Hu, Xi Chen, and William Shieh 5.1 OFDM Basics, 158
5.2 Coherent Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM), 161
5.2.1 Principle of CO-OFDM, 161
5.3 Direct-Detection Optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM), 169
5.3.1 Linearly Mapped DDO-OFDM, 169
5.3.2 Nonlinearly Mapped DDO-OFDM (NLM-DDO-OFDM), 173
5.4 Self-Coherent Optical OFDM, 174
5.4.1 Single-Ended Photodetector-Based SCOH, 175
5.4.2 Balanced Receiver-Based SCOH, 177
5.4.3 Stokes Vector Direct Detection, 177
5.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM System (DFT-S OFDM), 180
5.5.1 Principle of DFT-S OFDM, 180
5.5.2 Unique-Word-Assisted DFT-S OFDM (UW-DFT-S OFDM), 182
5.6 OFDM-Based Superchannel Transmissions, 183
5.6.1 No-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM (NGI-CO-OFDM) Superchannel, 184
5.6.2 Reduced-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM (RGI-CO-OFDM) Superchannel, 186
5.6.3 DFT-S OFDM Superchannel, 188
5.7 Summary, 193
References, 194
6 Polarization and Nonlinear Impairments in Fiber Communication Systems 201
Chongjin Xie
6.1 Introduction, 201
6.2 Polarization of Light, 202
6.3 PMD and PDL in Optical Communication Systems, 206
6.3.1 PMD, 206
6.3.2 PDL, 208
6.4 Modeling of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers, 209
6.5 Coherent Optical Communication Systems and Signal Equalization, 211
6.5.1 Coherent Optical Communication Systems, 211
6.5.2 Signal Equalization, 213
6.6 PMD and PDL Impairments in Coherent Systems, 215
6.6.1 PMD Impairment, 216
6.6.2 PDL Impairment, 222
6.7 Nonlinear Impairments in Coherent Systems, 228
6.7.1 System Model, 229
6.7.2 Homogeneous PDM-QPSK System, 230
6.7.3 Hybrid PDM-QPSK and 10-Gb/s OOK System, 233
6.7.4 Homogeneous PDM-16QAM System, 234
6.8 Summary, 240
References, 241
7 Analytical Modeling of the Impact of Fiber Non-Linear Propagation on Coherent Systems and Networks 247
Pierluigi Poggiolini, Yanchao Jiang, Andrea Carena, and Fabrizio Forghieri
7.1 Why are Analytical Models Important?, 247
7.1.1 What Do Professionals Need?, 247
7.2 Background, 248
7.2.1 Modeling Approximations, 249
7.3 Introducing the GN–EGN Model Class, 260
7.3.1 Getting to the GN Model, 260
7.3.2 Towards the EGN Model, 265
7.4 Model Selection Guide, 269
7.4.1 From Model to System Performance, 269
7.4.2 Point-to-Point Links, 270
7.4.3 The Complete EGN Model, 272
7.4.4 Case Study: Determining the Optimum System Symbol Rate, 286
7.4.5 NLI Modeling for Dynamically Reconfigurable Networks, 289
7.5 Conclusion, 294
Acknowledgements, 295
Appendix, 295
A.1 The White-Noise Approximation, 295
A.1 BER Formulas for the Most Common QAM Systems, 295
A.2 The Link Function
List of Contributors xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 Xiang Zhou and
Chongjin Xie 1.1 High-Capacity Fiber Transmission Technology Evolution 1
1.2 Fundamentals of Coherent Transmission Technology 4 1.3 Outline of this
Book 8 References 9 2 Multidimensional Optimized Optical Modulation Formats
13 Magnus Karlsson and Erik Agrell 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Fundamentals of
Digital Modulation 15 2.3 Modulation Formats and Their Ideal Performance 20
2.4 Combinations of Coding and Modulation 31 2.5 Experimental Work 40 2.6
Summary and Conclusions 54 References 56 3 Advances in Detection and Error
Correction for Coherent Optical Communications: Regular, Irregular, and
Spatially Coupled LDPC Code Designs 65 Laurent Schmalen, Stephan ten Brink,
and Andreas Leven 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Differential Coding for Optical
Communications 67 3.3 LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation 83 3.4 Coded
Differential Modulation with Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes 101 3.5
Conclusions 112 Appendix: LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation--Decoding
Algorithms 112 Differential Decoding 114 LDPC Decoding 115 References 117 4
Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing: Nyquist-WDM 123 Gabriella Bosco 4.1
Introduction 123 4.2 Nyquist Signaling Schemes 125 4.3 Detection of a
Nyquist-WDM Signal 134 4.4 Practical Nyquist-WDM Transmitter
Implementations 137 4.5 Nyquist-WDM Transmission 146 4.6 Conclusions 149
References 150 5 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing - OFDM 157 An Li, Di
Che, Qian Hu, Xi Chen, and William Shieh 5.1 OFDM Basics 158 5.2 Coherent
Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) 161 5.3 Direct-Detection Optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM) 169
5.4 Self-Coherent Optical OFDM 174 5.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
OFDM System (DFT-S OFDM) 180 5.6 OFDM-Based Superchannel Transmissions 183
5.7 Summary 193 References 194 6 Polarization and Nonlinear Impairments in
Fiber Communication Systems 201 Chongjin Xie 6.1 Introduction 201 6.2
Polarization of Light 202 6.3 PMD and PDL in Optical Communication Systems
206 6.4 Modeling of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 209 6.5 Coherent
Optical Communication Systems and Signal Equalization 211 6.6 PMD and PDL
Impairments in Coherent Systems 215 6.7 Nonlinear Impairments in Coherent
Systems 228 6.8 Summary 240 References 241 7 Analytical Modeling of the
Impact of Fiber Non-Linear Propagation on Coherent Systems and Networks 247
Pierluigi Poggiolini, Yanchao Jiang, Andrea Carena, and Fabrizio Forghieri
7.1 Why are Analytical Models Important? 247 7.2 Background 248 7.3
Introducing the GN-EGN Model Class 260 7.4 Model Selection Guide 269 7.5
Conclusion 294 Acknowledgements 295 Appendix 295 A.1 The White-Noise
Approximation 295 A.1.2 The Link Function my 296 A.1.3 The EGN Model
Formulas for the X2-X4 and M1-M3 Islands 297 A.1.4 Outline of GN-EGN Model
Derivation 299 A.1.5 List of Acronyms 303 References 304 8 Digital
Equalization in Coherent Optical Transmission Systems 311 Seb Savory 8.1
Introduction 311 8.2 Primer on the Mathematics of Least Squares Finite
Impulse Response Filters 312 8.3 Equalization of Chromatic Dispersion 318
8.4 Equalization of Polarization-Mode Dispersion 323 8.5 Concluding Remarks
and Future Research Directions 329 Acknowledgments 330 References 330 9
Nonlinear Compensation for Digital Coherent Transmission 333 Guifang Li 9.1
Introduction 333 9.2 Digital Backward Propagation (DBP) 334 9.3 Reducing
DBP Complexity for Dispersion-Unmanaged WDM Transmission 339 9.4 DBP for
Dispersion-Managed WDM Transmission 342 9.5 DBP for
Polarization-Multiplexed Transmission 349 9.6 Future Research 350
References 351 10 Timing Synchronization in Coherent Optical Transmission
Systems 355 Han Sun and Kuang-Tsan Wu 10.1 Introduction 355 10.2 Overall
System Environment 357 10.3 Jitter Penalty and Jitter Sources in a Coherent
System 359 10.4 Digital Phase Detectors 368 10.5 The Chromatic Dispersion
Problem 383 10.6 The Polarization-Mode Dispersion Problem 386 10.7 Timing
Synchronization for Coherent Optical OFDM 390 10.8 Future Research 391
References 392 11 Carrier Recovery in Coherent Optical Communication
Systems 395 Xiang Zhou 11.1 Introduction 395 11.2 Optimal Carrier Recovery
397 11.3 Hardware-Efficient Phase Recovery Algorithms 399 11.4
Hardware-Efficient Frequency Recovery Algorithms 416 11.5 Equalizer-Phase
Noise Interaction and its Mitigation 424 11.6 Carrier Recovery in Coherent
OFDM Systems 429 11.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 430
References 431 12 Real-Time Implementation of High-Speed Digital Coherent
Transceivers 435 Timo Pfau 12.1 Algorithm Constraints 435 12.2 Hardware
Implementation of Digital Coherent Receivers 442 References 446 13 Photonic
Integration 447 Po Dong and Sethumadhavan Chandrasekhar 13.1 Introduction
447 13.2 Overview of Photonic Integration Technologies 449 13.3
Transmitters 451 13.4 Receivers 459 13.5 Conclusions 467 Acknowledgments
467 References 467 14 Optical Performance Monitoring for Fiber-Optic
Communication Networks 473 Faisal N. Khan, Zhenhua Dong, Chao Lu, and Alan
Pak Tao Lau 14.1 Introduction 473 14.2 OPM TECHNIQUES FOR DIRECT DETECTION
SYSTEMS 482 14.3 OPM For Coherent Detection Systems 490 14.4 Integrating
OPM Functionalities in Networking 499 14.5 Conclusions and Outlook 499
Acknowledgments 500 References 500 15 Rate-Adaptable Optical Transmission
and Elastic Optical Networks 507 Patricia Layec, Annalisa Morea, Yvan
Pointurier, and Jean-Christophe Antona 15.1 Introduction 507 15.2 Key
Building Blocks 511 15.3 Practical Considerations for Elastic WDM
Transmission 527 15.4 Opportunities for Elastic Technologies in Core
Networks 530 15.5 Long Term Opportunities 534 15.6 Conclusions 539
Acknowledgments 539 References 539 16 Space-Division Multiplexing and MIMO
Processing 547 Roland Ryf and Nicolas K. Fontaine 16.1 Space-Division
Multiplexing in Optical Fibers 547 16.2 Optical Fibers for SDM Transmission
548 16.3 Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers with Low Crosstalk 551 16.4
MIMO-Based Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers 553 16.5 Impulse Response in
SDM Fibers with Mode Coupling 558 16.6 MIMO-Based SDM Transmission Results
566 16.7 Optical Components for SDM Transmission 568 16.8 Conclusion 593
Acknowledgments 593 References 594 Index 609
Chongjin Xie 1.1 High-Capacity Fiber Transmission Technology Evolution 1
1.2 Fundamentals of Coherent Transmission Technology 4 1.3 Outline of this
Book 8 References 9 2 Multidimensional Optimized Optical Modulation Formats
13 Magnus Karlsson and Erik Agrell 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Fundamentals of
Digital Modulation 15 2.3 Modulation Formats and Their Ideal Performance 20
2.4 Combinations of Coding and Modulation 31 2.5 Experimental Work 40 2.6
Summary and Conclusions 54 References 56 3 Advances in Detection and Error
Correction for Coherent Optical Communications: Regular, Irregular, and
Spatially Coupled LDPC Code Designs 65 Laurent Schmalen, Stephan ten Brink,
and Andreas Leven 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Differential Coding for Optical
Communications 67 3.3 LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation 83 3.4 Coded
Differential Modulation with Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes 101 3.5
Conclusions 112 Appendix: LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation--Decoding
Algorithms 112 Differential Decoding 114 LDPC Decoding 115 References 117 4
Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing: Nyquist-WDM 123 Gabriella Bosco 4.1
Introduction 123 4.2 Nyquist Signaling Schemes 125 4.3 Detection of a
Nyquist-WDM Signal 134 4.4 Practical Nyquist-WDM Transmitter
Implementations 137 4.5 Nyquist-WDM Transmission 146 4.6 Conclusions 149
References 150 5 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing - OFDM 157 An Li, Di
Che, Qian Hu, Xi Chen, and William Shieh 5.1 OFDM Basics 158 5.2 Coherent
Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) 161 5.3 Direct-Detection Optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM) 169
5.4 Self-Coherent Optical OFDM 174 5.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
OFDM System (DFT-S OFDM) 180 5.6 OFDM-Based Superchannel Transmissions 183
5.7 Summary 193 References 194 6 Polarization and Nonlinear Impairments in
Fiber Communication Systems 201 Chongjin Xie 6.1 Introduction 201 6.2
Polarization of Light 202 6.3 PMD and PDL in Optical Communication Systems
206 6.4 Modeling of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 209 6.5 Coherent
Optical Communication Systems and Signal Equalization 211 6.6 PMD and PDL
Impairments in Coherent Systems 215 6.7 Nonlinear Impairments in Coherent
Systems 228 6.8 Summary 240 References 241 7 Analytical Modeling of the
Impact of Fiber Non-Linear Propagation on Coherent Systems and Networks 247
Pierluigi Poggiolini, Yanchao Jiang, Andrea Carena, and Fabrizio Forghieri
7.1 Why are Analytical Models Important? 247 7.2 Background 248 7.3
Introducing the GN-EGN Model Class 260 7.4 Model Selection Guide 269 7.5
Conclusion 294 Acknowledgements 295 Appendix 295 A.1 The White-Noise
Approximation 295 A.1.2 The Link Function my 296 A.1.3 The EGN Model
Formulas for the X2-X4 and M1-M3 Islands 297 A.1.4 Outline of GN-EGN Model
Derivation 299 A.1.5 List of Acronyms 303 References 304 8 Digital
Equalization in Coherent Optical Transmission Systems 311 Seb Savory 8.1
Introduction 311 8.2 Primer on the Mathematics of Least Squares Finite
Impulse Response Filters 312 8.3 Equalization of Chromatic Dispersion 318
8.4 Equalization of Polarization-Mode Dispersion 323 8.5 Concluding Remarks
and Future Research Directions 329 Acknowledgments 330 References 330 9
Nonlinear Compensation for Digital Coherent Transmission 333 Guifang Li 9.1
Introduction 333 9.2 Digital Backward Propagation (DBP) 334 9.3 Reducing
DBP Complexity for Dispersion-Unmanaged WDM Transmission 339 9.4 DBP for
Dispersion-Managed WDM Transmission 342 9.5 DBP for
Polarization-Multiplexed Transmission 349 9.6 Future Research 350
References 351 10 Timing Synchronization in Coherent Optical Transmission
Systems 355 Han Sun and Kuang-Tsan Wu 10.1 Introduction 355 10.2 Overall
System Environment 357 10.3 Jitter Penalty and Jitter Sources in a Coherent
System 359 10.4 Digital Phase Detectors 368 10.5 The Chromatic Dispersion
Problem 383 10.6 The Polarization-Mode Dispersion Problem 386 10.7 Timing
Synchronization for Coherent Optical OFDM 390 10.8 Future Research 391
References 392 11 Carrier Recovery in Coherent Optical Communication
Systems 395 Xiang Zhou 11.1 Introduction 395 11.2 Optimal Carrier Recovery
397 11.3 Hardware-Efficient Phase Recovery Algorithms 399 11.4
Hardware-Efficient Frequency Recovery Algorithms 416 11.5 Equalizer-Phase
Noise Interaction and its Mitigation 424 11.6 Carrier Recovery in Coherent
OFDM Systems 429 11.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 430
References 431 12 Real-Time Implementation of High-Speed Digital Coherent
Transceivers 435 Timo Pfau 12.1 Algorithm Constraints 435 12.2 Hardware
Implementation of Digital Coherent Receivers 442 References 446 13 Photonic
Integration 447 Po Dong and Sethumadhavan Chandrasekhar 13.1 Introduction
447 13.2 Overview of Photonic Integration Technologies 449 13.3
Transmitters 451 13.4 Receivers 459 13.5 Conclusions 467 Acknowledgments
467 References 467 14 Optical Performance Monitoring for Fiber-Optic
Communication Networks 473 Faisal N. Khan, Zhenhua Dong, Chao Lu, and Alan
Pak Tao Lau 14.1 Introduction 473 14.2 OPM TECHNIQUES FOR DIRECT DETECTION
SYSTEMS 482 14.3 OPM For Coherent Detection Systems 490 14.4 Integrating
OPM Functionalities in Networking 499 14.5 Conclusions and Outlook 499
Acknowledgments 500 References 500 15 Rate-Adaptable Optical Transmission
and Elastic Optical Networks 507 Patricia Layec, Annalisa Morea, Yvan
Pointurier, and Jean-Christophe Antona 15.1 Introduction 507 15.2 Key
Building Blocks 511 15.3 Practical Considerations for Elastic WDM
Transmission 527 15.4 Opportunities for Elastic Technologies in Core
Networks 530 15.5 Long Term Opportunities 534 15.6 Conclusions 539
Acknowledgments 539 References 539 16 Space-Division Multiplexing and MIMO
Processing 547 Roland Ryf and Nicolas K. Fontaine 16.1 Space-Division
Multiplexing in Optical Fibers 547 16.2 Optical Fibers for SDM Transmission
548 16.3 Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers with Low Crosstalk 551 16.4
MIMO-Based Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers 553 16.5 Impulse Response in
SDM Fibers with Mode Coupling 558 16.6 MIMO-Based SDM Transmission Results
566 16.7 Optical Components for SDM Transmission 568 16.8 Conclusion 593
Acknowledgments 593 References 594 Index 609