Energy and Environment (eBook, PDF)

Redaktion: André, Michel; Samaras, Zissis

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Transport systems are facing an impossible dilemma: satisfy an increasing demand for mobility of people and goods, while decreasing their fossil-energy requirements and preserving the environment. Additionally, transport has an opportunity to evolve in a changing world, with new services, technologies but also new requirements (fast delivery, reliability, improved accessibility).

In this book, recent research works are reported around the triptych: "transport, energy and environment", which demonstrates that vehicle technologies and fuels can still improve, but it is necessary to prepare their implementation (e.g. electro-mobility), to think of new services, and to involve all actors, particularly enterprises, who will be the drivers of innovation. Mitigation strategies are studied to promote innovative, multimodal and clean transports and services. Research progress is reported on air pollution, vibrations and noise, their mitigation and assessment methodologies.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. Juni 2016
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119307617
• Artikelnr.: 45260737

Autorenporträt

Michel André is deputy director of the research department "Planning - Mobility - Environment" (AME), which comprises 7 laboratories of IFSTTAR in France. He also conducts research work at the Transports and Environment Laboratory, on transport and air pollution, pollutant emission measurement, real-world driving cycles, vehicle fleets and traffic conditions, pollution modeling and methodologies for assessing air pollution, and mitigation policies and measures. Zissis Samaras is Full Professor and Director of the Lab of Applied Thermodynamics (LAT), Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece. His research work deals primarily with engine and vehicle emissions testing and modeling, and he has carried out a wide range of projects on modeling emissions from internal combustion engines. Bernard Jacob (Set Coordinator): Chair of the Programme Committee of TRA2014, is deputy scientific director for transport, infrastructures and safety with IFSTTAR. His research works are in bridge and road safety, traffic loads on bridges, heavy vehicles and weigh-in-motion. He is Professor at Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat in France, and President of the International Society for WIM (ISWIM).

Inhaltsangabe

Acknowledgments xxi
Preface xxiii
Bernard JACOB and Jean-Bernard KOVARIK
Introduction xxvii
Michel ANDRÉ and Zissis SAMARAS
Part 1. Electromobility and its Implementation 1
Introduction to Part 1 3
Zissis SAMARAS
Chapter 1. Toward a Europe-Wide Interoperable Electromobility System 5
Gabriele GIUSTINIANI, Luca PERSIA, Heike BARLAG and Norbert VIERHEILIG
1.1. Background 5
1.2. The Green eMotion project partnership and objectives 7
1.3. GeM achievements so far 8
1.4. Next steps 13
1.5. Conclusions . 16
1.6. Bibliography . 17
Chapter 2. Advanced Services for Electromobility: the Integration of the
SmartCEM Project Platform for the Reggio Emilia Pilot Site 19
Mauro DELL'AMICO, Guido DI PASQUALE, Leandro GUIDOTTI and Pietro MASCOLO
2.1. Introduction 19
2.2. Reggio Emilia pilot site 21
2.3. Research hypotheses 23
2.4. Technical architecture and data exchange 23
2.5. Experimental design, data and questionnaires 24
2.6. Conclusions 28
2.7. Bibliography 29
Chapter 3. Cognitive Mapping and Multi-criteria Assessment for the Design
of an Electric Car Sharing Service 31
Alessandro LUÈ, Alberto COLORNI and Roberto NOCERINO
3.1. Introduction 31
3.2. Decision-aiding methods and causal maps 33
3.3. Assessment of the configuration options 36
3.4. Conclusion 42
3.5. Bibliography 42
Chapter 4. Eco-driving for Clean Vehicles - Optimizing Energy Use for Trams
and e-buses 47
Wolfgang BACKHAUS
4.1. Background 47
4.2. Advanced training and education for safe eco-driving of clean
vehicles: ACTUATE 48
4.3. Evaluation of training programmes for safe eco-driving of clean
vehicles 52
4.4. Conclusions 56
4.5. Bibliography 57
Chapter 5. The Role and Activities of SMEs in EU R&D Transport Programmes:
the Case of Electric Vehicles 59
David MORRIS
5.1. Introduction 59
5.2. Innovation in the transport market 60
5.3. Methodology 63
5.4. SME involvement in EU R&D programmes 64
5.5. Strategies employed by SMEs to overcome barriers 69
5.6. Summary 70
5.7. Acknowledgments 70
5.8. Bibliography 71
Part 2. Vehicle and Engine Technologies Development 73
Introduction to Part 2 75
Zissis SAMARAS
Chapter 6. HERCULES-1: The Long-Term (2004-2014) R&D Programme on Large
Engine Technologies for Ships 77
Nikolaos KYRTATOS
6.1. Introduction 78
6.2. Achievements of Hercules-A and Hercules-B 79
6.3. Objectives of Hercules-C 81
6.4. Project HERCULES-C results 81
6.5. Conclusions 90
6.6. Acknowledgments 91
6.7. Bibliography 91
Chapter 7. Energy Storage System Studies for Heavy Duty Hybrid Electric
Vehicles in the EC HCV Project 93
Mario CONTE, Francesco VELLUCCI, Massimo CERAOLO, Peter DAEMON, Giorgio
MANTOVANI, Christian NIKLAS, Sophie TINTIGNAC and Giancarlo TROTTI
7.1. Introduction 93
7.2. The reference vehicles and the selected energy storage systems (ESS)
95
7.3. Dedicated testing procedures 96
7.4. Testing results 100
7.5. Conclusions 105
7.6. Acknowledgments 105
7.7. Bibliography 106
Chapter 8. Achievements and Lessons Learnt in the Zero Regio EU Project 109
Heinrich LIENKAMP and Ashok RASTOGI
8.1. Introduction 109
8.2. Hydrogen infrastructure 110
8.3. Fuel-cell vehicles 115
8.4. Results of demonstration 115
8.5. Unexpected events and lessons learnt 118
8.6. Post-project activities and future plans 120
8.7. Concluding remarks 121
8.8. Bibliography 121
Chapter 9. FEV HiFORS Injector with Continuous Rate Shaping: Influence on
Mixture Formation and Combustion Process 123
Paul GRZESCHIK, Hermann-Josef LAUMEN and Udo SCHLEMMER KELLING
9.1. Introduction 123
9.2. HiFORS injector 124
9.3. Optical chamber rate shaping investigations 126
9.4. Single cylinder engine investigations 128
9.5. Conclusion and outlook 134
9.6. Acknowledgments 134
9.7. Bibliography 134
Chapter 10. Development of Predictive Vehicle and Drivetrain Operating
Strategies Based Upon Advanced Information and Communication Technologies
137
Stephen JONES, Arno HUSS, Emre KURAL, Alexander MASSONER, Edoardo MORRA,
Christa SIMON, Reinhard TATSCHL and Christian VOCK
10.1. Introduction 137
10.2. Energy potential analysis with offline simulation 139
10.3. Analysis of ICT measures for the reduction of CO2 emissions in urban
areas 141
10.4. Development and implementation of predictive energy management
systems for real-life application 142
10.5. Conclusions and outlook 148
10.6. Acknowledgments 149
10.7. Bibliography 149
Part 3. Energies and Fuels for Transports 151
Introduction to Part 3 153
Zissis SAMARAS
Chapter 11. Measures to Promote the Diffusion of Alternative Fuel Vehicles
in EU27 155
Michael KRAIL and Wolfgang SCHADE
11.1. Introduction 155
11.2. The integrated assessment model ASTRA 157
11.3. Diffusion of alternative fuel cars 160
11.4. Policies and scenarios 165
11.5. Conclusions 169
11.6. Acknowledgments 170
11.7. Bibliography 170
Chapter 12. Creating Prospective Value Chains for Renewable Road Transport
Energy Sources up to 2050 in Nordic Countries 173
Anu TUOMINEN, Nina WESSBERG, Anna LEINONEN, Annele EEROLA and Simon BOLWIG
12.1. Introduction 173
12.2. Theoretical background 174
12.3. Method 178
12.4. Building future contexts for the prospective value chains 181
12.5. Analysis of value network actors: a biodiesel case study 183
12.6. Discussion and conclusions 185
12.7. Acknowledgments . 186
12.8. Bibliography 186
Chapter 13. The Consequences of Increasing Fuel Prices on Car Travel and
Household Budgets 189
Richard GRIMAL
13.1. A break in trend in car travel: increasing financial constraints and
the proximity of saturation 189
13.2. A lagged reaction to rising fuel prices 194
13.3. The rise of fuel poverty 200
13.4. Bibliography 206
Chapter 14. The Development of an Innovative On-board CNG Storage System
for Methane-Fuelled Cars Conducted Within the FP7 EU Project 'InGAS' 209
David Mark STORER, Giorgio MENZATO, Michael KLESCHINSKI, Volker STRUBEL,
Bernhard KIENER, Jerzy KALETA, Pawel GASIOR, Wojciech BLAZEJEWSKI, Georg
MAIR and Christian GREGOR
14.1. Development of innovative, low-cost Type IV CNG vessels 209
14.2. Development of advanced components for the on-board CNG storage and
supply system 212
14.3. Design of CNG storage module 214
14.4. Integration of CNG storage module in vehicle 215
14.5. Performance validation 215
14.6. Considerations regarding production issues 216
14.7. Conclusions 217
14.8. Acknowledgments 219
Chapter 15. Sustainability Assessment of Infrastructure Elements with
Integrated Energy Harvesting Technologies 221
Bijan ADL-ZARRABI, Mohammad HOSEINI, York OSTERMEYER and Holger WALLBAUM
15.1. Background 221
15.2. Highway E39 in Norway 223
15.3. Identification of environmental and economic lifecycle challenges 229
15.4. Pareto optimized concepts balancing economic and environmental
aspects 230
15.5. Conclusions 231
15.6. Bibliography 232
Part 4. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation 235
Introduction to Part 4 237
Michel ANDRÉ
Chapter 16. GHG Mitigation Strategy in the European Transport Sector 241
Wolfgang SCHADE and Michael KRAIL
16.1. Introduction 241
16.2. Analysis of R&D funding and the innovation systems of the transport
modes 244
16.3. Scoping of GHG reduction measures and technical reduction potentials
247
16.4. Techno-economic assessment of cost of GHG reduction measures 249
16.5. Stepwise scenario building and model-based assessment of scenarios
and their GHG reduction pathways 250
16.6. Synthesis on suitable GHG reduction strategy for transport 253
16.7. Conclusions 255
16.8. Acknowledgments 256
16.9. Bibliography 257
Chapter 17. Why do CO2 Emissions from Heavy Road Freight Transport Increase
in Spite of Higher Fuel Prices? 259
Inge VIERTH
17.1. Introduction  259
17.2. Swedish freight transport market 260
17.3. Logistic efficiency of road freight transports 263
17.4. Consumed fuel per vehicle-km 265
17.5. CO2-intensity of fuel used in the road freight sector 269
17.6. Modeling policy impacts 270
17.7. Conclusions 272
17.8. Acknowledgments 273
17.9. Bibliography 273
Chapter 18. A Study on Super Credits and their Impact on Fleet-Average
Real-World CO2 Emissions 277
Petros KATSIS, Thomas PAPAGEORGIOU and Leonidas NTZIACHRISTOS
18.1. Introduction 277
18.2. Methodology 279
18.3. Simulation 283
18.4. Results and discussion 286
18.5. Conclusion 289
18.6. Bibliography 290
Chapter 19. A Study on Co-Modality and Eco-Driving Mobility 293
Sven MAERIVOET, Lars AKKERMANS, Kristof CARLIER and Muriel DESAEGER
19.1. Introduction 293
19.2. Analyzing the GPS-based mobility data 294
19.3. Assessing modal shift potential 299
19.4. Vehicle choice, technology and automotive service 305
19.5. Conclusions and recommendations 306
19.6. Bibliography 307
Chapter 20. Harmonizing Carbon Footprint Calculation for Freight Transport
Chains 309
Alan LEWIS, Verena EHRLER, Heidi AUVINEN, Hedi MAURER, Igor DAVYDENKO,
Antje BURMEISTER, Saskia SEIDEL, Andreas LISCHKE and Jan KIEL
20.1. Introduction 309
20.2. The basis for standardization 313
20.3. Working with real-life supply chains 318
20.4. Outlook: requirements toward a future structure for the harmonized
approach 320
20.5. Conclusions 322
20.5. Acknowledgments 322
20.6. Bibliography 322
Chapter 21. Carbon Intensity of French Shippers 325
Christophe RIZET, Cecilia CRUZ, Matthieu DE LAPPARENT and Martine VROMANT
21.1. Introduction: context and objective 325
21.2. Data: the 2004 French shipper survey 326
21.3. Estimating shipper yearly emissions from a typology of shippers 328
21.4. Estimating yearly shipper emissions with a model of carbon intensity
per tonne shipped 332
21.5. Comparison of carbon intensity per shipper estimated by the two
methods 335
21.6. Carbon intensity, carbon efficiency and the impact of a carbon tax on
shipper competitiveness 335
21.7. Conclusion 337
21.8. Acknowledgments 338
21.9. Bibliography 338
Part 5. Air Pollution 339
Introduction to Part 5 341
Michel ANDRÉ
Chapter 22. Impact of FAME Content on the Regeneration Frequency of Diesel
Particulate Filters (DPFs) 345
Kenneth D. ROSE, Heather HAMJE, Dimitris KATSAOUNIS, Christos SAMARAS,
Savas GEIVANIDIS and Zissis SAMARAS
22.1. Introduction 345
22.2. Experimental setup 347
22.3. Test procedure 348
22.4. Results 350
22.5. Conclusions 354
22.6. Acknowledgments 355
22.7. Bibliography 355
Chapter 23. Exhaust Aftertreatment Potentials of Advanced Coupled NSC-SCR
System 357
Thomas WITTKA, Bastian HOLDERBAUM and Thomas KÖRFER
23.1. Introduction 357
23.2. Description of investigated exhaust system and fuel reformer
performance 359
23.3. Discussion of results and aftertreatment potentials of investigated
exhaust system 363
23.4. Summary 369
23.5. Acknowledgments 370
23.6. Bibliography 370
Chapter 24. Power Controlled Microwave Reactor for the Removal of NOx and
SOx from the Exhaust of Marine Diesel Engines 373
Maysam ABBOD, Radu BELECA, David PEIRCE, Lionel GANIPPA, Nadarajah
MANIVANNAN and Wamadeva BALACHANDRAN
24.1. Introduction 373
24.2. Non-thermal plasma experimental set-up using diesel car engine 375
24.3. MW power control 378
24.4. Non-thermal plasma experimental set-up using 40 kW marine engine 380
24.5. Practical implementation 383
24.6. Conclusions 383
24.7. Bibliography 384
Chapter 25. Quantification of Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from
Road Transport 385
Ilias VOUITSIS, Leonidas NTZIACHRISTOS, Christos SAMARAS and Zissis SAMARAS
25.1. Introduction 385
25.2. Methodology 386
25.3. Database of road non-exhaust EFs 388
25.4. Conclusions 395
25.5. Acknowledgments 396
25.6. Bibliography 396
Chapter 26. COPERT Micro: a Tool to Calculate Vehicle Emissions in Urban
Areas 401
Christos SAMARAS, Leonidas NTZIACHRISTOS and Zissis SAMARAS
26.1. Introduction 401
26.2. Methodology 402
26.3. Software application 408
26.4. Results and applications 410
26.5. Conclusions 413
26.6. Bibliography 414
Chapter 27. Traffic and Vehicle Fleet Statistics for the Calculation of Air
Pollutant Emissions from Road Transport in France 417
Michel ANDRÉ, Marion CARTERET and Anaïs PASQUIER
27.1. Introduction 417
27.2. Data needed for estimating pollutant emissions from road transports
419
27.3. A typical approach for determining fleet composition 419
27.4. Detailed assumptions and data for France 420
27.5. Comparing different estimations for France 425
27.6. The French vehicle fleet composition: some highlights 427
27.7. Local observations and vehicle fleet variability 429
27.8. Other data required for emission calculation 431
27.9. Discussion and conclusions 432
27.10. Acknowledgments 432
27.11. Bibliography 433
Part 6. Noise and Vibration 435
Introduction to Part 6 437
Michel ANDRÉ
Chapter 28. AQUO European Collaborative Project - Development of Methods
and Indicators for the Assessment of Shipping Noise Footprint on Underwater
Environment and Impact on Marine Life 439
Christian AUDOLY, Céline ROUSSET, Thomas FOLEGOT, Michel ANDRÉ, Lanfranco
BENEDETTI and Eric BAUDIN
28.1. Introduction 439
28.2. Overview of AQUO project 440
28.3. Needs and policies 442
28.4. Noise footprint characterization 445
28.5. Methodology for the derivation of noise mitigation guidelines 450
28.6. Conclusions and ongoing actions 452
28.7. Acknowledgments 453
28.8. Bibliography 453
Chapter 29. Reduction of the Underwater Radiated Noise by Ships: New
Shipbuilding Challenge. The Vessels "Ramón Margalef" and "Ángeles Alvariño"
as Technological References of How to Build Silent Vessels 455
Publio BELTRÁN PALOMO, Raul SALINAS MULLOR and Alfonso MORENO RODRÍGUEZ
29.1. Introduction 456
29.2. Case study: "Ramón Margalef" and "Ángeles Alvariño"  461
29.3. Conclusions 470
29.4. Acknowledgments 472
29.5. Bibliography 472
Chapter 30. Mitigation of Ground Vibrations from Freight Trains 475
Patrick VANHONACKER and Hamid MASOUMI
30.1. Introduction 475
30.2. Vibrations from freight trains 476
30.3. Decomposing the vibration problem 477
30.4. Numerical modeling 478
30.5. Mitigation measure at the source 479
30.6. Mitigation measure in propagation path 485
30.7. Conclusions 489
30.8. Acknowledgements 489
30.9. Bibliography 489
Chapter 31. ACOUTRAIN: Virtual Certification of Acoustic Performance for
Freight and Passenger Trains 491
Nicolas FURIO, Maria STARNBERG, Estelle BONGINI, David THOMPSON, Ulf
ORRENIUS and Nathalie CUNY
31.1. Introduction 491
31.2. Acoutrain: a European research project 493
31.3. Conclusion 499
31.4. Acknowledgments 500
31.5. Bibliography 500
Chapter 32. Additional Efficient Warning Sounds for Electric and Hybrid
Vehicles 501
Etienne PARIZET, Ryan ROBART, Perceval PONDROM, Jean-Christophe CHAMARD,
Guillaume BAUDET, David QUINN, Karl JANSSENS and Manfred HAIDER
32.1. Introduction 501
32.2. Detectability 502
32.3. Sound meaning 505
32.4. Unpleasantness 508
32.5. Conclusion 509
32.6. Acknowledgments 510
32.7. Bibliography 510
List of Authors 511
Index 519