Antoine Thomas

Essentials of Polymer Flooding Technique (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Provides an easy-to-read introduction to the area of polymer flooding to improve oil production The production and utilization of oil has transformed our world. However, dwindling reserves are forcing industry to manage resources more efficiently, while searching for alternative fuel sources that are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Polymer flooding is an enhanced oil recovery technique that improves sweep, reduces water production, and improves recovery in geological reservoirs. This book summarizes the key factors associated with polymers and polymer flooding--from the selection of the type of polymer through characterization techniques, to field design and implementation--and discusses the main issues to consider when deploying this technology to improve oil recovery from mature reservoirs. Essentials of Polymer Flooding Technique introduces the area of polymer flooding at a basic level for those new to petroleum production. It describes how polymers are used to improve efficiency of "chemical" floods (involving surfactants and alkaline solutions). The book also offers a concise view of several key polymer-flooding topics that can't be found elsewhere. These are in the areas of pilot project design, field project engineering (water quality, oxygen removal, polymer dissolution equipment, filtration, pumps and other equipment), produced water treatment, economics, and some of the important field case histories that appear in the last section. * Provides an easy to read introduction to polymer flooding to improve oil production whilst presenting the underlying mechanisms * Employs "In A Nutshell" key point summaries at the end of each chapter * Includes important field case studies to aid researchers in addressing time- and financial-consumption in dealing with this issue * Discusses field engineering strategies appropriate for professionals working in field operation projects Essentials of Polymer Flooding Technique is an enlightening book that will be of great interest to petroleum engineers, reservoir engineers, geoscientists, managers in petroleum industry, students in the petroleum industry, and researchers in chemical enhanced oil recovery methods.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 328
• Erscheinungstermin: 14. März 2019
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119537618
• Artikelnr.: 55750079

Autorenporträt

Antoine Thomas holds an MSc in Petroleum Geosciences from the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Géologie in Nancy, France (2009). He joined SNF in 2011 as a reservoir engineer dealing with Polymer Flooding project design, implementation and assistance, for various customers worldwide. In 2013, he spent part of his time in the R&D department, building the core flooding capacities for SNF and managing R&D projects in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and hydraulic fracturing. He moved to Moscow in 2018 to supervise the Oil & Gas business, from a technical standpoint, while maintaining contact with all SNF subsidiaries.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv

Abbreviations xix

About the Author xxiii

Introduction xxv

1. Why Enhanced Oil Recovery? 3

1.1. What Is a Reservoir? 4

1.2. Hydrocarbon Recovery Mechanisms 4

1.2.1. Anecdote 7

1.3. Definitions of IOR and EOR 8

1.4. What Controls Oil Recovery? 8

1.5. Classification and Description of EOR Processes 11

1.5.1. Thermal Processes 11

1.5.2. Chemical Processes 15

1.5.3. Miscible Processes 15

1.6. Why EOR? Cost, Reserve Replacement, and Recovery Factors 17

References 20

2. Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods 23

2.1. Introduction 24

2.2. Chemical EOR Methods 26

2.2.1. Polymer Flooding 27

2.2.2. High-Viscosity Polymer Slugs 32

2.2.3. Surfactant-Polymer (SP) 33

2.2.3.1. Surfactants 33

2.2.3.2. Field Cases 37

2.2.4. Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding (ASP) 38

2.2.4.1. Theory 38

2.2.4.2. Laboratory Studies 40

2.2.4.3. Economics 44

2.2.4.4. Field Cases 45

2.2.5. Other Chemical Methods 49

2.2.5.1. Gels vs. Polymer Injection 49

2.2.5.2. Colloidal Dispersion Gels 50

2.2.5.3. Microgels and Nanogels 53

2.2.5.4. Relative Permeability Modifiers (RPM) 54

References 56

3. Polymer Flooding 65

3.1. Introduction 66

3.2. Concept 67

3.2.1. Fractional Flow 67

3.2.2. Polymer Flooding Applicability 70

3.2.3. Timing 71

3.3. Envelope of Application 73

3.3.1. History 73

3.3.2. Reservoir Prescreening 77

3.3.2.1. Lithology 78

3.3.2.2. Wettability 78

3.3.2.3. Current Oil Saturation 80

3.3.2.4. Porosity Type 80

3.3.2.5. Gas Cap 80

3.3.2.6. Aquifer 81

3.3.2.7. Salinity/Hardness 81

3.3.2.8. Dykstra-Parsons 82

3.3.2.9. Clays 83

3.3.2.10. Water-cut 84

3.3.2.11. Flooding Pattern and Spacing 85

3.4. Conclusions 85

References 87

4. Polymers 91

4.1. Introduction 92

4.2. Polyacrylamide - Generalities 93

4.2.1. Introduction 93

4.2.2. Monomers 93

4.2.2.1. Acrylamide 93

4.2.2.2. Acrylic Acid 95

4.2.2.3. ATBS 95

4.2.2.4. N-Vinylpyrrolidone 96

4.2.3. Polymerization Processes 96

4.2.3.1. Gel Polymerization Process 97

4.2.3.2. Inverse Emulsion Polymerization Process 98

4.3. Polymer Selection Guidelines 99

4.3.1. Generalities 99

4.3.1.1. Polymer Form 100

4.3.1.2. Polymer Chemistry 101

4.3.1.3. Polymer Molecular Weight 101

4.3.2. Polymer Selection 102

4.3.2.1. Molecular Weight 103

4.3.3. Other Polymer Families 103

4.3.3.1. Associative Polymers 103

4.3.3.2. Thermoresponsive Polymers 105

4.4. Polymer Characteristics and Rheology 105

4.4.1. Viscosity 106

4.4.1.1. Generalities 106

4.4.2. Rheology 109

4.4.3. Solubility 110

4.5. Polymer Stability 110

4.5.1. Chemical Degradation 110

4.5.1.1. Oxygen 111

4.5.1.2. Iron 112

4.5.1.3. Protection from Chemical Degradation 112

4.5.2. Mechanical Degradation 114

4.5.3. Thermal Degradation 115

4.5.4. Improving Polymer Stability 117

4.6. Laboratory Evaluations 118

4.6.1. Solubility and Filterability 119

4.6.1.1. Solubility 119