Direct solar data covers only several decades; a period too short to answer these questions. Fortunately, there are other indirect ways to study these, possibly rare, extreme solar events: cosmogenic proxy data stored in natural stratified archives. The first severe solar event was discovered by Miyake et al. (2012) to have occurred in 774-775 CE. Soon thereafter several other similar, but slightly weaker, events were found, paving the way for analysis of these extreme events on the multi-millennial timescale.
Another indirect way to assess extreme solar events is to look not into the Sun's past but to a large ensemble of sunlike stars with a high-precision modern instrument, such as the Kepler telescope. Such analyses suggest that super-flares can appear on sunlike stars, but it is still an open question whether statistics from these sunlike stars can be directly applied to our Sun. At present, studies of extreme solar events are growing, forming a new research discipline. This book, written by leaders in the corresponding aspects of the field, presents a first systematic review of the current state of the art.
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