Robert W. Fitzgerald, Brian J. Meacham

Fire Performance Analysis for Buildings (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

A building fire is dynamic. A continually changing hostile fire environment influences time relationships that affect fire defenses and risks to people and building functions. The fire and fire defenses in each building interact with different sequences and distinct ways. Risks are characterized by the building's performance. Significantly updated and restructured new edition Fire Performance Analysis for Buildings, 2nd Edition organizes the complex interactions into an analytical framework to evaluate any building - at any location - built under any regulatory jurisdiction or era. Systematic, logical procedures evaluate individual component behavior and integrate results to understand holistic performance. The Interactive Performance Information (IPI) chart structures complex time-related interactions among the fire, fire defenses, and associated risks. Quantification uses state-of-the-art deterministic methods of fire safety engineering and fire science. Managing uncertainty is specifically addressed. Key features: * Emphasizes fire performance analysis for new or existing buildings. * Augments fire dynamics calculation methods with qualitative methods to form a more complete understanding of the effects of hostile fire characteristics on building performance. * Describes fire ground operations for engineers with no fire service experience. An analysis evaluates ways the site and building design help or hinder manual fire suppression. * Establishes a transition from traditional structural requirements to modern calculation based structural analysis and design for fire conditions. Structural concepts are described for non-structural engineers to enable the roles of each profession to be integrated into comprehensive performance evaluations. * Addresses techniques of managing uncertainty to improve understanding and communication with professionals of other disciplines. * Describes methods of risk management using information from the building's performance analysis. Fire Performance Analysis for Buildings, 2nd Edition has been completely restructured around a performance based framework. Applications integrate traditional fire defenses with fire science and engineering to combine component performance with holistic performance.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Jossey-Bass
• Seitenzahl: 720
• Erscheinungstermin: 27. März 2017
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118926338
• Artikelnr.: 52577815

Autorenporträt

Robert W. Fitzgerald, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA Brian J. Meacham, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv 1 Fire Performance and Buildings 1 1.1 The Dynamics of Building Fire Performance 1 1.2 The Anatomy of Building Fire Safety 1 Part I The Foundation 7 2 Preliminary Organization 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Overview of Evaluations 9 Part One: Organizational Concepts 12 2.3 The Diagnostic Fire 12 2.4 Anatomy of a Representative Fire 12 Part Two: Barriers, Spaces, and Connectivity 15 2.7 Spaces and Barriers 15 2.8 Barriers and Fire 15 Part Three: Fire Defenses 23 2.14 Fire Defenses 23 2.15 Active Fire Defenses 24 2.17 Closure 30 3 Tools of Analysis 31 3.1 Introduction 31 Part One: The Logic 32 3.2 The Framework Logic 32 3.3 The Major Parts 32 Part Two: Space-Barrier Connectivity 51 3.14 Introduction 51 3.15 Room Connectivity 51 Part Three: Additional Tools 55 3.19 Networks and Charts 55 3.20 Organizational Charts 55 4 An Introduction to the Interactive Performance Information Chart 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 The Basic Template 59 5 Quantification 73 5.1 Performance Evaluations 73 5.2 Information Accessibility 74 Part II The Parts 79 6 The Room Fire 81 6.1 Introduction 81 Part One: Room Fire Concepts 82 6.2 Fire 82 6.3 The Role of Heat: Ignition 82 Part Two: Room Fire Descriptors 94 6.17 Introduction 94 6.18 Fuels 94 7 The Room Fire: Qualitative Analysis 119 7.1 The Role of Qualitative Analysis 119 7.2 Qualitative Estimates for Room Fires 120 Part One: Bottom
up Estimates 121 7.3 Bottom
up Scenario Estimates 121 7.3.1 Realm 1: FFS to IG 121 Part Two: Top
down Estimates 133 7.7 Qualitative Room Classifications 133 7.8 FGP Comparisons 133 8 Beyond the Room of Origin 147 8.1 Introduction 147 8.2 The Inspection Plan 147 Part One: Barrier Effectiveness 149 8.3 Barrier Functions in Buildings 149 8.4 Barrier Fire Functions 149 Part Two: Barrier-Space Modules 159 8.8 Introduction 159 8.9 Barrier-Space Modules 159 Part Three: Qualitative Fire Analysis 165 8.17 Introduction 165 8.18 The Process 165 9 Smoke Analysis 175 9.1 Introduction 175 9.2 The Plan 176 10 The Diagnostic Fire 191 10.1 Diagnostic Fires 191 10.2 Interactive Performance Information (IPI) Chart and the Diagnostic Fire 191 10.3 Closure 192 11 Fire Detection 193 11.1 Introduction 193 Part One: Automatic Detection 194 11.2 Instrument Detection 194 11.3 Detection Instruments 194 Part Two: Human Detection 200 11.6 Concepts in Human Fire Detection 200 11.7 Human Detection Analysis 200 11.8 Closure 202 12 Alarm: Actions After Detection 203 12.1 Introduction 203 Part One: Alert Occupants 205 12.2 Focus on Alert 205 12.3 Alerting Occupants 205 Part Two: Notify Local Fire Department 209 12.5 Introduction 209 12.6 Human Notification (MN) 209 12.7 Discussion 212 12.8 Automated Notification Services 213 12.9 Discussion 216 Part Three: Building System Interfaces 217 12.10 Release Services 217 13 Fire Department Extinguishment: Arrival 219 13.1 Introduction 219 13.2 Organizing the Topic 219 Part One: Manual Extinguishment Overview 221 13.3 The Role of the Fire Department 221 13.4 Building Analysis Overview 221 13.5 Part A: Ignition to Notification 223 Part Two: Community Fire Departments 226 13.8 Fire Department Organizations 226 13.9 Fire Companies 226 Part Three: Community Fire Response 231 13.11 Fire Department Response Time 231 13.12 Communications Centers 231 14 Fire Department Extinguishment: First Water (MA) 237 The Fire Fighter and the Engineer 237 14.1 Introduction 239 Part One: An Overview of Manual Extinguishment Analysis 241 14.2 The Process 241 14.3 Phase 1: Initial Water Application (MA) 242 14.4 Summary 248 Part Two: A Brief Look at Fire Fighting 249 14.5 Initial Fire Ground Actions 249 14.6 Information 249 14.7 Pause for Discussion 251 14.8 Manual Fire Fighting 252 14.9 No Two Fires Are Alike 253 14.10 Summary 253 Part Three: Supply Water Analysis 254 14.11 Introduction 254 14.12 Scenario Analysis 254 14.13 Supply Water Analysis 258 Part Four: Interior Fire Attack Analysis 278 14.29 Introduction 278 14.30 Overview of Stretching Interior Attack Lines 278 14.31 Task Modules 279 Part Five: Phase 1 Analysis 290 14.39 Introduction 290 14.40 Phase 1 Comments 290 15 Fire Department Extinguishment: Control and Extinguishment 295 15.1 First Water Applied... Now What? 295 15.2 The Engineer and the Incident Commander 295 16 Automatic Sprinkler Suppression 305 16.1 Introduction 305 16.2 Sprinkler System Performance 305 Part One: Sprinkler Systems 307 16.3 Sprinkler Extinguishment 307 16.4 The Sprinkler System 308 16.5 Types of Sprinkler Systems 309 Part Two: Sprinkler Performance 312 16.6 Organization for Thinking 312 16.7 Agent Application (AA) 312 16.8 Agent Application Events 313 16.19 Automatic Suppression 323 16.20 Closure 324 17 The Composite Fire 325 17.1 Introduction 325 17.2 The Fire Limit (L) 325 18 Materials, Codes, Standards, Practices, and Performance 331 18.1 Introduction 331 Part One: Building Construction 333 18.2 The Structural Frame 333 18.3 Material Behavior in Fires 334 Part Two: Historical Perspective 338 18.4 The Built Environment Around World War I 338 18.5 Structural Practice Around World War I 338 Part Three: Fire Endurance Testing 345 18.12 Fire Test Interpretations 345 18.13 The Standard Fire Endurance Test 345 18.14 Fire Endurance Test Discussion 346 Part Four: Fire Severity 349 18.15 Introduction 349 18.16 Fuel Loads 349 18.17 The Ingberg Correlation 352 Part Five: Transitions 363 18.25 The Issue 363 19 Concepts in Structural Analysis for Fire Conditions 365 19.1 Introduction 365 19.2 Structural Fire Performance 365 Part One: Building Design 367 19.3 The Development Process 367 19.4 Building Design 367 19.5 Information Technology 368 Part Two: Structural Engineering and Building Design 371 19.6 The Master Builder 371 19.7 The Rise of Engineering 371 19.8 The Building 372 Part Three: Structural Engineering 377 19.13 Introduction 377 19.14 Beam Analysis 377 Part Four: Structural Analysis for Fire Conditions 387 19.18 Introduction 387 19.19 Outcomes 387 20 Target Spaces and Smoke 401 20.1 Introduction 401 20.2 Orientation 401 21 Life Safety 411 21.1 Introduction 411 21.2 Human Reaction to Products of Combustion 412 21.3 Tenability 414 21.4 Fire Fighter Safety 414 22 Risk Characterizations 417 22.1 Introduction 417 22.2 The Exposed 417 Part One: Human Safety 419 22.3 Life Safety 419 22.4 Overview of Life Safety Alternatives 419 Part Two: Other Risks 431 22.16 Property Protection 431 22.17 Continuity of Operations 431 23 Fire Prevention 435 23.1 Introduction 435 Part One: Prevent Established Burning 436 23.2 Prevent EB 436 23.2.1 Ignition Potential 436 23.2.2 Initial Fire Growth 437 Part Two: Automatic Special Hazard Suppression 442 23.7 Introduction 442 23.8 Carbon Dioxide Systems 443 Part III The Analysis 449 24 Fire Performance: Framework for Analysis 451 24.1 Organizational Concepts 451 24.2 Performance Evaluations 451 24.3 Analytical Framework 452 24.4 Fire, Risk, and Buildings 454 25 The Diagnostic Fire 455 25.1 Introduction 455 25.2 Top
down Estimates 456 26 Fire Detection 463 26.1 Introduction 463 Part One: Automatic Detection 464 26.2 Detection Analysis 464 26.3 Detection Example 466 26.4 Detection Estimate 469 26.5 Detector Reliability 469 Part Two: Human Detection 471 26.6 Concepts in Human Detection Analysis 471 26.7 Human Detection Analysis 471 26.8 Closure 473 27 Fire Department Notification 475 27.1 Introduction 475 27.2 The Human Link in Notification 475 28 Fire Department Extinguishment 483 28.1 Introduction 483 28.2 Framework for Analysis 483 29 Automatic Sprinkler Suppression 501 29.1 Introduction 501 29.2 Agent Application (AA) 502 30 The Composite Fire 517 30.1 Introduction 517 30.2 Event Logic Description 517 31 Structural Performance 521 31.1 Introduction 521 31.2 Interactive Performance Information (IPI) Documentation 521 32 Target Space Smoke Analysis 525 32.1 Introduction 525 32.2 Success or Failure? 526 32.3 Target Room Performance Bounds 527 33 Life Safety Analysis 531 33.1 Introduction 531 33.2 The Exposed 531 34 Prevent Established Burning 541 34.1 Introduction 541 Part One: Established Burning Prevention 544 34.2 Ignition Potential 544 34.3 Established Burning Evaluation 544 Part Two: Special Hazards Protection 550 34.6 The Role of Special Hazards Suppression 550 34.7 Framework for Analysis 550 Part IV Managing Uncertainty 555 35 Understanding Uncertainty 557 35.1 Introduction 557 35.2 Window of Uncertainty 557 36 Visual Thinking 581 36.1 Introduction 581 36.2 A Case Study 581 37 Introduction to Risk Management 597 37.1 Introduction 597 Part One: The Process 598 37.2 Audience 598 37.3 Fire Safety Management 598 Part Two: Information Acquisition 604 37.8 Introduction 604 37.9 Understand the Problem 604 Part Three: Develop a Risk Management Program 608 37.13 Structure a Risk Management Program 608 37.14 Evaluate "Prevent EB" 608 38 Analytical Foundations 615 38.1 Historical Origins 615 Part One: Logic Diagrams and Networks 617 38.2 Event Trees 617 38.3 Fault and Success Trees 618 Part Two: Probability 628 38.12 Meanings of Probability 628 38.13 Fire Safety Applications 629 Part Three: The Role of Judgment 632 38.17 Introduction 632 38.18 Building Decisions 632 Appendix A Organizational Structure 637 A.1 The Organizational Framework 637 A.2 Basic Organization 637 A.3 The Composite Fire 637 A.4 The Diagnostic Fire (
) 639 A.5 Fire Department Manual Extinguishment 640 A.6 Detection 640 A.7 Notification 642 A.8 Notification to Arrival 643 A.9 Arrival to Extinguishment 645 A.10 Automatic Sprinkler System 646 A.11 Building Response: Structural Behavior 647 A.12 Building Response: Space Tenability 648 A.13 Risk Characterizations 648 A.14 Occupant Movement 650 A.15 Other Risks 651 A.16 Prevent Established Burning (EB): Occupant Extinguishment 651 A.17 Prevent EB: Special Hazards Protection 653 A.18 Closure 653 Appendix B Model Building 655 Description 655 Plans 655 Index 661