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A concise, robust introduction to the various topics covered by the discipline of forensic chemistry The Forensic Chemistry Handbook focuses on topics in each of the major chemistry-related areas of forensic science. With chapter authors that span the forensic chemistry field, this book exposes readers to the state of the art on subjects such as serology (including blood, semen, and saliva), DNA/molecular biology, explosives and ballistics, toxicology, pharmacology, instrumental analysis, arson investigation, and various other types of chemical residue analysis. In addition, the Forensic…mehr
A concise, robust introduction to the various topics covered by the discipline of forensic chemistry The Forensic Chemistry Handbook focuses on topics in each of the major chemistry-related areas of forensic science. With chapter authors that span the forensic chemistry field, this book exposes readers to the state of the art on subjects such as serology (including blood, semen, and saliva), DNA/molecular biology, explosives and ballistics, toxicology, pharmacology, instrumental analysis, arson investigation, and various other types of chemical residue analysis. In addition, the Forensic Chemistry Handbook: * Covers forensic chemistry in a clear, concise, and authoritative way * Brings together in one volume the key topics in forensics where chemistry plays an important role, such as blood analysis, drug analysis, urine analysis, and DNA analysis * Explains how to use analytical instruments to analyze crime scene evidence * Contains numerous charts, illustrations, graphs, and tables to give quick access to pertinent information Media focus on high-profile trials like those of Scott Peterson or Kobe Bryant have peaked a growing interest in the fascinating subject of forensic chemistry. For those readers who want to understand the mechanisms of reactions used in laboratories to piece together crime scenes--and to fully grasp the chemistry behind it--this book is a must-have.
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Lawrence Kobilinsky is currently the Chairman of the Department of Sciences and Professor of Biology and Immunology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. An internationally renowned forensic scientist, he is a Fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences as well as the New York Microscopical Society. He has published extensively in the areas of identification and individualization using protein genetic markers and DNA analysis, and is the coauthor of Wiley's DNA: Forensic and Legal Applications.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xv Contributors xxi 1. Forensic Environmental Chemistry 1 Anthony Carpi and Andrew J. Schweighardt 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Chemical Fingerprinting 4 1.3 Spatial Association of Environmental Incidents 18 References 20 2. Principles and Issues in Forensic Analysis of Explosives 23 Jimmie C. Oxley, Maurice Marshall, and Sarah L. Lancaster 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Sample Collection 25 2.3 Packaging 29 2.4 Sorting 30 2.5 Documentation 31 2.6 Environmental Control and Monitoring 31 2.7 Storage 33 2.8 Analysis 33 2.9 Records 36 2.10 Quality Assurance 36 2.11 Safety and Other Issues 37 Conclusion 37 References 38 3. Analysis of Fire Debris 41 John J. Lentini 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Evolution of Separation Techniques 43 3.3 Evolution of Analytical Techniques 47 3.4 Evolution of Standard Methods 49 3.5 Isolating the Residue 51 3.6 Analyzing the Isolated ILR 56 3.7 Reporting Procedures 101 3.8 Record Keeping 102 3.9 Quality Assurance 105 Conclusion 105 References 106 4. Forensic Examination of Soils 109 Raymond C. Murray 4.1 Introduction 110 4.2 Murder and the Pond 111 4.3 Oil Slicks and Sands 113 4.4 Medical Link 114 4.5 Examination Methods 114 4.6 Chemical Methods 127 4.7 Looking Ahead 129 References 130 5. Analysis of Paint Evidence 131 Scott G. Ryland and Edward M. Suzuki 5.1 Introduction 132 5.2 Paint Chemistry and Color Science 134 5.3 Types of Paint 139 5.4 Paint Evidence Interpretation Considerations 141 5.5 Analytical Methods 142 5.6 Examples 208 References 217 6. Analysis Techniques Used for the Forensic Examination of Writing and Printing Inks 225 Gerald M. LaPorte and Joseph C. Stephens 6.1 Introduction 226 6.2 Ink 226 6.3 Ink Analysis 230 6.4 Office Machine Systems 242 Conclusion 247 References 248 7. The Role of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Forensic Chemistry 251 Ali Koçak 7.1 Introduction to Vibrational Spectroscopy 252 7.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 253 7.3 Infrared Sampling Techniques 255 7.4 Raman Spectroscopy 260 7.5 Raman Spectroscopic Techniques 262 7.6 Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Forensic Analysis 264 References 265 8. Forensic Serology 269 Richard Li 8.1 Introduction 270 8.2 Identification of Blood 271 8.3 Species Identification 278 8.4 Identification of Semen 282 8.5 Identification of Saliva 286 References 289 9. Forensic DNA Analysis 291 Henrietta Margolis Nunno 9.1 Introduction 292 9.2 Methodology 296 9.3 Problems Encountered in STR Analysis 307 9.4 Methodology for mtDNA Analysis 316 References 322 10. Current and Future Uses of DNA Microarrays in Forensic Science 327 Nathan H. Lents 10.1 Introduction 328 10.2 What is a DNA Microarray? 328 10.3 DNA Microarrays in Toxicogenomics 332 10.4 Detection of Microorganisms Using Microarrays 334 10.5 Probing Human Genomes by DNA Microarrays 340 Conclusion 345 References 345 11. Date-Rape Drugs with Emphasis on GHB 355 Stanley M. Parsons 11.1 Introduction 357 11.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Action 357 11.3 Societal Context of Date-Rape Agents 361 11.4 Metabolism Fundamentals 363 11.5 Biosynthesis of Endogenous GHB 368 11.6 Absorption and Distribution of Ingested GHB 376 11.7 Initial Catabolism of GHB 377 11.8 Chemistry of GHB and Related Metabolites not Requiring Enzymes 380 11.9 Experimental Equilibrium Constants for Redox Reactions of GHB 380 11.10 Estimated Equilibrium Constants for Redox Reactions of GHB in Vivo 381 11.11 Different Perspectives on Turnover of Endogenous GHB are Consistent 384 11.12 Disposition of Succinic Semialdehyde 385 11.13 Conversion of Prodrugs to GHB and Related Metabolites 386 11.14 Subcellular Compartmentalization of GHB-Related Compounds 388 11.15 Comparative Catabolism of Ethanol, 1,4-Butanediol, Fatty Acids, and GHB 389 11.16 Catabolism of MDMA, Flunitrazepam, and Ketamine 390 11.17 Detection of Date-Rape Drugs 390 11.18 Special Circumstances of GHB 395 11.19 Considerations During Development of Field Tests 396 11.20 Development of an Enzymatic Test for GHB 399 Conclusion 402 Notes 404 References 406 12. Forensic and Clinical Issues in Alcohol Analysis 435 Richard Stripp 12.1 Introduction 436 12.2 Blood Alcohol Concentration 437 12.3 Alcohol Impairment and Driving Skills 441 12.4 Field Sobriety Tests 443 12.5 Blood Alcohol Measurements 444 References 453 13. Fundamental Issues of Postmortem Toxicology 457 Donald B. Hoffman, Beth E. Zedeck, and Morris S. Zedeck 13.1 Introduction 458 13.2 Tissue and Fluid Specimens 460 13.3 Specimen Collection and Storage 466 13.4 Extraction Procedures 467 13.5 Analytical Techniques 467 13.6 Interpretation 470 Conclusion 475 References 476 14. Entomotoxicology: Drugs, Toxins, and Insects 483 Jason H. Byrd and Michelle R. Peace 14.1 Introduction 484 14.2 The Fly and Forensic Science 484 References 495 Index 501
Preface xv Contributors xxi 1. Forensic Environmental Chemistry 1 Anthony Carpi and Andrew J. Schweighardt 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Chemical Fingerprinting 4 1.3 Spatial Association of Environmental Incidents 18 References 20 2. Principles and Issues in Forensic Analysis of Explosives 23 Jimmie C. Oxley, Maurice Marshall, and Sarah L. Lancaster 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Sample Collection 25 2.3 Packaging 29 2.4 Sorting 30 2.5 Documentation 31 2.6 Environmental Control and Monitoring 31 2.7 Storage 33 2.8 Analysis 33 2.9 Records 36 2.10 Quality Assurance 36 2.11 Safety and Other Issues 37 Conclusion 37 References 38 3. Analysis of Fire Debris 41 John J. Lentini 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Evolution of Separation Techniques 43 3.3 Evolution of Analytical Techniques 47 3.4 Evolution of Standard Methods 49 3.5 Isolating the Residue 51 3.6 Analyzing the Isolated ILR 56 3.7 Reporting Procedures 101 3.8 Record Keeping 102 3.9 Quality Assurance 105 Conclusion 105 References 106 4. Forensic Examination of Soils 109 Raymond C. Murray 4.1 Introduction 110 4.2 Murder and the Pond 111 4.3 Oil Slicks and Sands 113 4.4 Medical Link 114 4.5 Examination Methods 114 4.6 Chemical Methods 127 4.7 Looking Ahead 129 References 130 5. Analysis of Paint Evidence 131 Scott G. Ryland and Edward M. Suzuki 5.1 Introduction 132 5.2 Paint Chemistry and Color Science 134 5.3 Types of Paint 139 5.4 Paint Evidence Interpretation Considerations 141 5.5 Analytical Methods 142 5.6 Examples 208 References 217 6. Analysis Techniques Used for the Forensic Examination of Writing and Printing Inks 225 Gerald M. LaPorte and Joseph C. Stephens 6.1 Introduction 226 6.2 Ink 226 6.3 Ink Analysis 230 6.4 Office Machine Systems 242 Conclusion 247 References 248 7. The Role of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Forensic Chemistry 251 Ali Koçak 7.1 Introduction to Vibrational Spectroscopy 252 7.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 253 7.3 Infrared Sampling Techniques 255 7.4 Raman Spectroscopy 260 7.5 Raman Spectroscopic Techniques 262 7.6 Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Forensic Analysis 264 References 265 8. Forensic Serology 269 Richard Li 8.1 Introduction 270 8.2 Identification of Blood 271 8.3 Species Identification 278 8.4 Identification of Semen 282 8.5 Identification of Saliva 286 References 289 9. Forensic DNA Analysis 291 Henrietta Margolis Nunno 9.1 Introduction 292 9.2 Methodology 296 9.3 Problems Encountered in STR Analysis 307 9.4 Methodology for mtDNA Analysis 316 References 322 10. Current and Future Uses of DNA Microarrays in Forensic Science 327 Nathan H. Lents 10.1 Introduction 328 10.2 What is a DNA Microarray? 328 10.3 DNA Microarrays in Toxicogenomics 332 10.4 Detection of Microorganisms Using Microarrays 334 10.5 Probing Human Genomes by DNA Microarrays 340 Conclusion 345 References 345 11. Date-Rape Drugs with Emphasis on GHB 355 Stanley M. Parsons 11.1 Introduction 357 11.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Action 357 11.3 Societal Context of Date-Rape Agents 361 11.4 Metabolism Fundamentals 363 11.5 Biosynthesis of Endogenous GHB 368 11.6 Absorption and Distribution of Ingested GHB 376 11.7 Initial Catabolism of GHB 377 11.8 Chemistry of GHB and Related Metabolites not Requiring Enzymes 380 11.9 Experimental Equilibrium Constants for Redox Reactions of GHB 380 11.10 Estimated Equilibrium Constants for Redox Reactions of GHB in Vivo 381 11.11 Different Perspectives on Turnover of Endogenous GHB are Consistent 384 11.12 Disposition of Succinic Semialdehyde 385 11.13 Conversion of Prodrugs to GHB and Related Metabolites 386 11.14 Subcellular Compartmentalization of GHB-Related Compounds 388 11.15 Comparative Catabolism of Ethanol, 1,4-Butanediol, Fatty Acids, and GHB 389 11.16 Catabolism of MDMA, Flunitrazepam, and Ketamine 390 11.17 Detection of Date-Rape Drugs 390 11.18 Special Circumstances of GHB 395 11.19 Considerations During Development of Field Tests 396 11.20 Development of an Enzymatic Test for GHB 399 Conclusion 402 Notes 404 References 406 12. Forensic and Clinical Issues in Alcohol Analysis 435 Richard Stripp 12.1 Introduction 436 12.2 Blood Alcohol Concentration 437 12.3 Alcohol Impairment and Driving Skills 441 12.4 Field Sobriety Tests 443 12.5 Blood Alcohol Measurements 444 References 453 13. Fundamental Issues of Postmortem Toxicology 457 Donald B. Hoffman, Beth E. Zedeck, and Morris S. Zedeck 13.1 Introduction 458 13.2 Tissue and Fluid Specimens 460 13.3 Specimen Collection and Storage 466 13.4 Extraction Procedures 467 13.5 Analytical Techniques 467 13.6 Interpretation 470 Conclusion 475 References 476 14. Entomotoxicology: Drugs, Toxins, and Insects 483 Jason H. Byrd and Michelle R. Peace 14.1 Introduction 484 14.2 The Fly and Forensic Science 484 References 495 Index 501
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