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An all-encompassing text that focuses on the fundamentals of power integrity Power integrity is the study of power distribution from the source to the load and the system level issues that can occur across it. For computer systems, these issues can range from inside the silicon to across the board and may egress into other parts of the platform, including thermal, EMI, and mechanical. With a focus on computer systems and silicon level power delivery, this book sheds light on the fundamentals of power integrity, utilizing the author's extensive background in the power integrity industry and…mehr
An all-encompassing text that focuses on the fundamentals of power integrity Power integrity is the study of power distribution from the source to the load and the system level issues that can occur across it. For computer systems, these issues can range from inside the silicon to across the board and may egress into other parts of the platform, including thermal, EMI, and mechanical. With a focus on computer systems and silicon level power delivery, this book sheds light on the fundamentals of power integrity, utilizing the author's extensive background in the power integrity industry and unique experience in silicon power architecture, design, and development. Aimed at engineers interested in learning the essential and advanced topics of the field, this book offers important chapter coverage of fundamentals in power distribution, power integrity analysis basics, system-level power integrity considerations, power conversion in computer systems, chip-level power, and more. Fundamentals of Power Integrity for Computer Platforms and Systems: * Introduces readers to both the field of power integrity and to platform power conversion * Provides a unique focus on computer systems and silicon level power delivery unavailable elsewhere * Offers detailed analysis of common problems in the industry * Reviews electromagnetic field and circuit representation * Includes a detailed bibliography of references at the end of each chapter * Works out multiple example problems within each chapter Including additional appendixes of tables and formulas, Fundamentals of Power Integrity for Computer Platforms and Systems is an ideal introductory text for engineers of power integrity as well as those in the chip design industry, specifically physical design and packaging.
J. TED DIBENE II, PhD, is a Senior Power Architect at Intel Corporation. His main focus is in the area of power management and power delivery for advanced microprocessors, SoC's, and other silicon devices. Prior to joining Intel, Dr. DiBene held the position of CTO at INCEP Technologies Inc., which he cofounded in 1999.
Inhaltsangabe
Foreword by James L. Knighten xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Acronyms xvii 1 Introduction to Power Integrity 1 1.1 Definition for Power Integrity, 2 1.2 Historical Perspective on Power Integrity Drivers, 3 1.3 First Principles Analysis, 6 1.4 Scope of the Text, 13 References, 15 2 Introduction to Platform Power Conversion 16 2.1 Power Distribution System, 17 2.2 Platform DC-to-DC Power Conversion, 21 2.3 Layout and Noise Considerations, 48 2.4 Summary, 50 References, 51 Problems, 51 3 Review of Electromagnetic Field and Circuit Representations 53 3.1 Vectors and Scalars, 54 3.2 Static Fields, 60 3.3 Maxwell's Equations, 74 3.4 Useful and Simple Circuit Extractions, 79 3.5 Summary, 84 References, 85 Problems, 86 4 Power Distribution Network 88 4.1 The Power Distribution Network, 89 4.2 PDN Elements, 94 4.3 Impedance Distribution Analysis, 117 4.4 Summary, 127 References, 128 Problems, 129 5 Power Integrity Time-Domain and Boundary Analysis 131 5.1 Source and Load Modeling, 131 5.2 Time-Dependent Systems, 152 5.3 Impedance/Load Boundary Analysis, 158 5.4 Summary, 165 References, 166 Problems, 167 6 System Considerations for Power Integrity 168 6.1 Power Loadline Fundamentals, 169 6.2 Noise Generation Considerations in Power Integrity, 181 6.3 Power Noise Reduction Techniques, 196 6.4 EMI Considerations for Power Integrity, 199 6.5 Power Integrity PDN in System Measurements, 205 6.6 Summary, 207 References, 208 Problems, 210 7 Silicon Power Distribution and Analysis 211 7.1 Silicon and Package Power Integrity, 212 7.2 Silicon and Package Power Delivery, 232 7.3 On-die Decoupling, 237 7.4 Advanced Topics in Power on Silicon, 242 7.5 Summary, 244 References, 245 Problems, 246 Appendix A Table of Inductances for Commonly Used Geometries 247 Appendix B Spherical Coordinate System 250 Appendix C Vector Identities and Formulae 252 Index 255
Foreword by James L. Knighten xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Acronyms xvii 1 Introduction to Power Integrity 1 1.1 Definition for Power Integrity 2 1.2 Historical Perspective on Power Integrity Drivers 3 1.3 First Principles Analysis 6 1.3.1 Steps to Solve Power Distribution Problems 7 1.3.2 Limitations in the Analytical and Numerical Process 9 1.4 Scope of the Text 13 References 15 2 Introduction to Platform Power Conversion 16 2.1 Power Distribution System 17 2.1.1 Centralized and Distributed Distribution Systems 17 2.1.2 Static Losses in the System Power Path 18 2.2 Platform DC-to-DC Power Conversion 21 2.2.1 Popular Converter Types 22 2.2.2 The Linear Regulator 22 2.2.3 The Buck Regulator 26 2.2.4 LC Filter Operation 32 2.2.5 Power Switch Basics 34 2.2.6 The Controller 39 2.2.7 Inductors 41 2.2.8 Coupled Inductors 44 2.2.9 Multi-phase Buck Converters 45 2.2.10 The Tapped-Inductor Buck Converter 47 2.3 Layout and Noise Considerations 48 2.4 Summary 50 References 51 Problems 51 3 Review of Electromagnetic Field and Circuit Representations 53 3.1 Vectors and Scalars 54 3.1.1 Coordinate Systems 55 3.1.2 Vector Operations and Vector Calculus 58 3.2 Static Fields 60 3.2.1 Electrostatics 60 3.2.2 Magneto-Statics 68 3.2.3 Conduction and Resistance 72 3.3 Maxwell's Equations 74 3.3.1 The Wave Equation 75 3.3.2 Lossless and Lossy Media 77 3.4 Useful and Simple Circuit Extractions 79 3.4.1 "Power Plane" Inductance 79 3.4.2 Inductance of Two Circular Wires in Space 80 3.4.3 Resistance between Two Vias in a Power Plane 83 3.4.4 Notes on Applicability of Formulas 84 3.5 Summary 84 References 85 Problems 86 4 Power Distribution Network 88 4.1 The Power Distribution Network 89 4.2 PDN Elements 94 4.2.1 PCB Network 95 4.2.2 Socket Distribution 102 4.2.3 Contact Resistance 104 4.2.4 Package Distribution 108 4.2.5 Decoupling Basics and Capacitors 112 4.3 Impedance Distribution Analysis 117 4.3.1 Analysis of a PDN Structure through First Principals 117 4.3.2 Analysis of a Full PDN Structure 122 4.4 Summary 127 References 128 Problems 129 5 Power Integrity Time-Domain and Boundary Analysis 131 5.1 Source and Load Modeling 131 5.1.1 Source Representations 132 5.1.2 Load Representations 145 5.2 Time-Dependent Systems 152 5.2.1 Voltage Bus Droop Boundary Conditions 153 5.2.2 Voltage Bus Droop Boundary Analysis 154 5.3 Impedance/Load Boundary Analysis 158 5.4 Summary 165 References 166 Problems 167 6 System Considerations for Power Integrity 168 6.1 Power Loadline Fundamentals 169 6.1.1 Loadline 170 6.1.2 Tolerance Band and Voltage Guardband 172 6.2 Noise Generation Considerations in Power Integrity 181 6.2.1 Self-generated Power Bus Noise 181 6.2.2 Coupled Power Bus Noise 186 6.2.3 Simultaneous Switching Noise 194 6.3 Power Noise Reduction Techniques 196 6.4 EMI Considerations for Power Integrity 199 6.5 Power Integrity PDN in System Measurements 205 6.6 Summary 207 References 208 Problems 210 7 Silicon Power Distribution and Analysis 211 7.1 Silicon and Package Power Integrity 212 7.1.1 Silicon Interconnection for Power Distribution 215 7.1.2 Resistance and Current Density Considerations 219 7.1.3 PDN Considerations for On-package VR Systems 226 7.2 Silicon and Package Power Delivery 232 7.2.1 On-package Power Delivery 233 7.2.2 Package and On-Silicon Power Delivery Trade-offs 234 7.3 On-die Decoupling 237 7.4 Advanced Topics in Power on Silicon 242 7.5 Summary 244 References 245 Problems 246 Appendix A Table of Inductances for Commonly Used Geometries 247 Appendix B Spherical Coordinate System 250 Appendix C Vector Identities and Formulae 252 Index 255
Foreword by James L. Knighten xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Acronyms xvii 1 Introduction to Power Integrity 1 1.1 Definition for Power Integrity, 2 1.2 Historical Perspective on Power Integrity Drivers, 3 1.3 First Principles Analysis, 6 1.4 Scope of the Text, 13 References, 15 2 Introduction to Platform Power Conversion 16 2.1 Power Distribution System, 17 2.2 Platform DC-to-DC Power Conversion, 21 2.3 Layout and Noise Considerations, 48 2.4 Summary, 50 References, 51 Problems, 51 3 Review of Electromagnetic Field and Circuit Representations 53 3.1 Vectors and Scalars, 54 3.2 Static Fields, 60 3.3 Maxwell's Equations, 74 3.4 Useful and Simple Circuit Extractions, 79 3.5 Summary, 84 References, 85 Problems, 86 4 Power Distribution Network 88 4.1 The Power Distribution Network, 89 4.2 PDN Elements, 94 4.3 Impedance Distribution Analysis, 117 4.4 Summary, 127 References, 128 Problems, 129 5 Power Integrity Time-Domain and Boundary Analysis 131 5.1 Source and Load Modeling, 131 5.2 Time-Dependent Systems, 152 5.3 Impedance/Load Boundary Analysis, 158 5.4 Summary, 165 References, 166 Problems, 167 6 System Considerations for Power Integrity 168 6.1 Power Loadline Fundamentals, 169 6.2 Noise Generation Considerations in Power Integrity, 181 6.3 Power Noise Reduction Techniques, 196 6.4 EMI Considerations for Power Integrity, 199 6.5 Power Integrity PDN in System Measurements, 205 6.6 Summary, 207 References, 208 Problems, 210 7 Silicon Power Distribution and Analysis 211 7.1 Silicon and Package Power Integrity, 212 7.2 Silicon and Package Power Delivery, 232 7.3 On-die Decoupling, 237 7.4 Advanced Topics in Power on Silicon, 242 7.5 Summary, 244 References, 245 Problems, 246 Appendix A Table of Inductances for Commonly Used Geometries 247 Appendix B Spherical Coordinate System 250 Appendix C Vector Identities and Formulae 252 Index 255
Foreword by James L. Knighten xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Acronyms xvii 1 Introduction to Power Integrity 1 1.1 Definition for Power Integrity 2 1.2 Historical Perspective on Power Integrity Drivers 3 1.3 First Principles Analysis 6 1.3.1 Steps to Solve Power Distribution Problems 7 1.3.2 Limitations in the Analytical and Numerical Process 9 1.4 Scope of the Text 13 References 15 2 Introduction to Platform Power Conversion 16 2.1 Power Distribution System 17 2.1.1 Centralized and Distributed Distribution Systems 17 2.1.2 Static Losses in the System Power Path 18 2.2 Platform DC-to-DC Power Conversion 21 2.2.1 Popular Converter Types 22 2.2.2 The Linear Regulator 22 2.2.3 The Buck Regulator 26 2.2.4 LC Filter Operation 32 2.2.5 Power Switch Basics 34 2.2.6 The Controller 39 2.2.7 Inductors 41 2.2.8 Coupled Inductors 44 2.2.9 Multi-phase Buck Converters 45 2.2.10 The Tapped-Inductor Buck Converter 47 2.3 Layout and Noise Considerations 48 2.4 Summary 50 References 51 Problems 51 3 Review of Electromagnetic Field and Circuit Representations 53 3.1 Vectors and Scalars 54 3.1.1 Coordinate Systems 55 3.1.2 Vector Operations and Vector Calculus 58 3.2 Static Fields 60 3.2.1 Electrostatics 60 3.2.2 Magneto-Statics 68 3.2.3 Conduction and Resistance 72 3.3 Maxwell's Equations 74 3.3.1 The Wave Equation 75 3.3.2 Lossless and Lossy Media 77 3.4 Useful and Simple Circuit Extractions 79 3.4.1 "Power Plane" Inductance 79 3.4.2 Inductance of Two Circular Wires in Space 80 3.4.3 Resistance between Two Vias in a Power Plane 83 3.4.4 Notes on Applicability of Formulas 84 3.5 Summary 84 References 85 Problems 86 4 Power Distribution Network 88 4.1 The Power Distribution Network 89 4.2 PDN Elements 94 4.2.1 PCB Network 95 4.2.2 Socket Distribution 102 4.2.3 Contact Resistance 104 4.2.4 Package Distribution 108 4.2.5 Decoupling Basics and Capacitors 112 4.3 Impedance Distribution Analysis 117 4.3.1 Analysis of a PDN Structure through First Principals 117 4.3.2 Analysis of a Full PDN Structure 122 4.4 Summary 127 References 128 Problems 129 5 Power Integrity Time-Domain and Boundary Analysis 131 5.1 Source and Load Modeling 131 5.1.1 Source Representations 132 5.1.2 Load Representations 145 5.2 Time-Dependent Systems 152 5.2.1 Voltage Bus Droop Boundary Conditions 153 5.2.2 Voltage Bus Droop Boundary Analysis 154 5.3 Impedance/Load Boundary Analysis 158 5.4 Summary 165 References 166 Problems 167 6 System Considerations for Power Integrity 168 6.1 Power Loadline Fundamentals 169 6.1.1 Loadline 170 6.1.2 Tolerance Band and Voltage Guardband 172 6.2 Noise Generation Considerations in Power Integrity 181 6.2.1 Self-generated Power Bus Noise 181 6.2.2 Coupled Power Bus Noise 186 6.2.3 Simultaneous Switching Noise 194 6.3 Power Noise Reduction Techniques 196 6.4 EMI Considerations for Power Integrity 199 6.5 Power Integrity PDN in System Measurements 205 6.6 Summary 207 References 208 Problems 210 7 Silicon Power Distribution and Analysis 211 7.1 Silicon and Package Power Integrity 212 7.1.1 Silicon Interconnection for Power Distribution 215 7.1.2 Resistance and Current Density Considerations 219 7.1.3 PDN Considerations for On-package VR Systems 226 7.2 Silicon and Package Power Delivery 232 7.2.1 On-package Power Delivery 233 7.2.2 Package and On-Silicon Power Delivery Trade-offs 234 7.3 On-die Decoupling 237 7.4 Advanced Topics in Power on Silicon 242 7.5 Summary 244 References 245 Problems 246 Appendix A Table of Inductances for Commonly Used Geometries 247 Appendix B Spherical Coordinate System 250 Appendix C Vector Identities and Formulae 252 Index 255
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