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Fungal Infection: Diagnosis and Management, 4th Edition is a concise and up-to-date guide to the clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis and management of superficial, subcutaneous and systemic fungal infections. This highly acclaimed book has been extensively revised and updated throughout to ensure all drug and dosage recommendations are accurate and in agreement with current guidelines. A new chapter on infections caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii has been added. The book has been designed to enable rapid information retrieval and to help clinicians make informed decisions about…mehr
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Fungal Infection: Diagnosis and Management, 4th Edition is a concise and up-to-date guide to the clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis and management of superficial, subcutaneous and systemic fungal infections. This highly acclaimed book has been extensively revised and updated throughout to ensure all drug and dosage recommendations are accurate and in agreement with current guidelines. A new chapter on infections caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii has been added. The book has been designed to enable rapid information retrieval and to help clinicians make informed decisions about diagnosis and patient management. Each chapter concludes with a list of recent key publications which have been carefully selected to facilitate efficient access to further information on specific aspects of fungal infections. Clinical microbiologists, infectious disease specialists, as well as dermatologists, hematologists and oncologists, can depend on this contemporary text for authoritative information and the background necessary to understand fungal infections.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 424
- Erscheinungstermin: 20. Dezember 2011
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781444360998
- Artikelnr.: 38306476
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
- Seitenzahl: 424
- Erscheinungstermin: 20. Dezember 2011
- Englisch
- ISBN-13: 9781444360998
- Artikelnr.: 38306476
Malcolm D. Richardson - University Hospital of South Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester David W. Warnock - National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Preface to the fourth edition xxvi Preface to the first edition xxviii Acknowledgements xxix 1 Introduction 1 2 Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infection 12 3 Antifungal drugs 32 4 Dermatophytosis 91 5 Superficial candidosis 121 6 Other cutaneous fungal infections 138 7 Mould infections of nails 151 8 Keratomycosis 156 9 Otomycosis 162 10 Aspergillosis 166 11 Invasive candidosis 201 12 Cryptococcosis 236 13 Mucormycosis 253 14 Pneumocystosis 264 15 Blastomycosis 277 16 Coccidioidomycosis 288 17 Histoplasmosis 304 18 Paracoccidioidomycosis 322 19 Chromoblastomycosis 332 20 Entomophthoromycosis 338 21 Mycetoma 344 22 Sporotrichosis 352 23 Hyalohyphomycosis 362 24 Penicillium marneffei infection 376 25 Phaeohyphomycosis 383 26 Other invasive yeast infections 396 27 Unusual fungal and pseudofungal infections 405 Select bibliography 419 Index 421
Preface to the fourth edition
xxvi Preface to the first edition
xxviii Acknowledgements
xxix 1 Introduction
1 1.1 The nature of fungi
1 1.2 Classification and nomenclature of fungi and fungal diseases
3 1.3 Fungi as human pathogens
5 1.4 The changing pattern of fungal infection
7 1.5 New directions in diagnosis
9 1.6 New directions in treatment and prevention
10 2 Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infection
12 2.1 Introduction
12 2.2 Collection of specimens
13 2.3 Specimens for serological tests
18 2.4 Specimens for antifungal drug level determinations
18 2.5 Transport of specimens
18 2.6 Interpretation of laboratory test results
18 2.7 Molecular diagnosis of fungal infection
28 3 Antifungal drugs
32 3.1 Introduction
32 3.2 Allylamines
32 3.4 Other allylamine compounds for topical administration
35 3.5 Azoles
35 3.6 Fluconazole
40 3.7 Itraconazole
44 3.8 Ketoconazole
48 3.9 Posaconazole
50 3.10 Voriconazole
53 3.11 Other imidazole compounds for topical administration
57 3.12 Echinocandins
59 3.13 Anidulafungin
60 3.14 Caspofungin
61 3.15 Micafungin
63 3.16 Polyenes
65 3.17 Amphotericin B
66 3.18 Other polyene compounds for topical administration
76 3.19 Flucytosine
76 3.20 Griseofulvin
79 3.21 Other miscellaneous compounds for topical administration
81 3.22 Prophylactic treatment for prevention of fungal infection
82 3.23 Empirical treatment of suspected fungal infection in the neutropenic patient
84 3.24 Pre-emptive antifungal treatment
85 3.25 Combination antifungal treatment of invasive fungal infections
85 3.26 Laboratory monitoring
86 4 Dermatophytosis
91 4.1 Introduction
91 4.2 The causal organisms and their habitat
92 4.3 Epidemiology
93 4.4 Laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis
94 4.5 Tinea capitis
95 4.6 Tinea corporis
102 4.7 Tinea cruris
105 4.8 Tinea pedis
107 4.9 Tinea manuum
111 4.10 Tinea unguium
113 5 Superficial candidosis
121 5.1 Definition
121 5.2 Geographical distribution
121 5.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
121 5.4 Epidemiology
122 5.5 Clinical manifestations
124 5.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
130 5.7 Management
130 5.8 Prevention
136 6 Other cutaneous fungal infections
138 6.1 Pityriasis versicolor
138 6.2 Other Malassezia infections
142 6.3 Piedra
143 6.4 White piedra
144 6.5 Black piedra
145 6.6 Tinea nigra
147 6.7 Neoscytalidium infection
148 6.8 Alternaria infection
149 7 Mould infections of nails
151 7.1 Definition
151 7.2 Geographical distribution
151 7.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
151 7.4 Epidemiology
152 7.5 Clinical manifestations
152 7.6 Differential diagnosis
153 7.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
153 7.8 Management
154 7.9 Prevention
155 8 Keratomycosis
156 8.1 Definition
156 8.2 Geographical distribution
156 8.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
156 8.4 Epidemiology
157 8.5 Clinical manifestations
158 8.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
159 8.7 Management
160 9 Otomycosis
162 9.1 Definition
162 9.2 Geographical distribution
162 9.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
162 9.4 Epidemiology
162 9.5 Clinical manifestations
163 9.6 Differential diagnosis
164 9.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
164 9.8 Management
164 10 Aspergillosis
166 10.1 Definition
166 10.2 Geographical distribution
166 10.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
166 10.4 Epidemiology
167 10.5 Clinical manifestations
170 10.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
182 10.7 Management
186 10.8 Empirical treatment of suspected invasive aspergillosis
194 10.9 Prevention
195 11 Invasive candidosis
201 11.1 Definition
201 11.2 Geographical distribution
201 11.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
201 11.4 Epidemiology
202 11.5 Clinical manifestations
208 11.6 Candidosis in special hosts
217 11.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
217 11.8 Management
221 11.9 Empirical treatment of suspected invasive candidosis
232 11.10 Prevention
232 12 Cryptococcosis
236 12.1 Definition
236 12.2 Geographical distribution
236 12.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
236 12.4 Epidemiology
238 12.5 Clinical manifestations
240 12.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
244 12.7 Management
246 12.8 Prevention
251 13 Mucormycosis
253 13.1 Definition
253 13.2 Geographical distribution
253 13.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
253 13.4 Epidemiology
254 13.5 Clinical manifestations
256 13.6 Differential diagnosis
259 13.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
259 13.8 Management
260 13.9 Prevention
262 14 Pneumocystosis
264 14.1 Definition
264 14.2 Geographical distribution
264 14.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
264 14.4 Epidemiology
265 14.5 Clinical manifestations
268 14.6 Differential diagnosis
269 14.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
270 14.8 Management
271 14.9 Prevention
274 15 Blastomycosis
277 15.1 Definition
277 15.2 Geographical distribution
277 15.3 The causal organism and its habitat
277 15.4 Epidemiology
278 15.5 Clinical manifestations
279 15.6 Differential diagnosis
282 15.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
282 15.8 Management
283 15.9 Prevention
286 16 Coccidioidomycosis
288 16.1 Definition
288 16.2 Geographical distribution
288 16.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
288 16.4 Epidemiology
289 16.5 Clinical manifestations
291 16.6 Differential diagnosis
294 16.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
294 16.8 Management
297 16.9 Prevention
301 17 Histoplasmosis
304 17.1 Definition
304 17.2 Geographical distribution
304 17.3 The causal organism and its habitat
305 17.4 Epidemiology
305 17.5 Clinical manifestations
307 17.6 Differential diagnosis
312 17.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
313 17.8 Management
316 17.9 Prevention
320 18 Paracoccidioidomycosis
322 18.1 Definition
322 18.2 Geographical distribution
322 18.3 The causal organism and its habitat
322 18.4 Epidemiology
323 18.5 Clinical manifestations
324 18.6 Differential diagnosis
327 18.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
327 18.8 Management
329 18.9 Prevention
331 19 Chromoblastomycosis
332 19.1 Definition
332 19.2 Geographical distribution
332 19.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
332 19.4 Epidemiology
333 19.5 Clinical manifestations
333 19.6 Differential diagnosis
334 19.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
334 19.8 Management
335 20 Entomophthoromycosis
338 20.1 Introduction
338 20.2 Basidiobolomycosis
338 20.3 Conidiobolomycosis
341 21 Mycetoma
344 21.1 Definition
344 21.2 Geographical distribution
344 21.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
344 21.4 Epidemiology
346 21.5 Clinical manifestations
346 21.6 Differential diagnosis
347 21.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
348 21.8 Management
349 22 Sporotrichosis
352 22.1 Definition
352 22.2 Geographical distribution
352 22.3 The causal organism and its habitat
352 22.4 Epidemiology
353 22.5 Clinical manifestations
354 22.6 Differential diagnosis
356 22.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
357 22.8 Management
358 22.9 Prevention
360 23 Hyalohyphomycosis
362 23.1 Introduction
362 23.2 Fusarium infection
362 23.3 Scedosporium infection
369 23.4 Other agents of hyalohyphomycosis
373 24 Penicillium marneffei infection
376 24.1 Introduction
376 24.2 Geographical distribution
376 24.3 The causal organism and its habitat
376 24.4 Epidemiology
377 24.5 Clinical manifestations
378 24.6 Differential diagnosis
378 24.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
379 24.8 Management
380 24.9 Prevention
381 25 Phaeohyphomycosis
383 25.1 Introduction
383 25.2 Geographical distribution
384 25.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
384 25.4 Epidemiology
385 25.5 Clinical manifestations
387 25.6 Differential diagnosis
390 25.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
391 25.8 Management
392 26 Other invasive yeast infections
396 26.1 Introduction
396 26.2 Systemic Malassezia infection
396 26.3 Trichosporonosis
399 26.4 Other yeast infections
402 27 Unusual fungal and pseudofungal infections
405 27.1 Introduction
405 27.2 Adiaspiromycosis
405 27.3 Lacaziosis
408 27.4 Pythiosis
410 27.5 Rhinosporidiosis
414 Further reading
416 Select bibliography
419 Index
421
xxvi Preface to the first edition
xxviii Acknowledgements
xxix 1 Introduction
1 1.1 The nature of fungi
1 1.2 Classification and nomenclature of fungi and fungal diseases
3 1.3 Fungi as human pathogens
5 1.4 The changing pattern of fungal infection
7 1.5 New directions in diagnosis
9 1.6 New directions in treatment and prevention
10 2 Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infection
12 2.1 Introduction
12 2.2 Collection of specimens
13 2.3 Specimens for serological tests
18 2.4 Specimens for antifungal drug level determinations
18 2.5 Transport of specimens
18 2.6 Interpretation of laboratory test results
18 2.7 Molecular diagnosis of fungal infection
28 3 Antifungal drugs
32 3.1 Introduction
32 3.2 Allylamines
32 3.4 Other allylamine compounds for topical administration
35 3.5 Azoles
35 3.6 Fluconazole
40 3.7 Itraconazole
44 3.8 Ketoconazole
48 3.9 Posaconazole
50 3.10 Voriconazole
53 3.11 Other imidazole compounds for topical administration
57 3.12 Echinocandins
59 3.13 Anidulafungin
60 3.14 Caspofungin
61 3.15 Micafungin
63 3.16 Polyenes
65 3.17 Amphotericin B
66 3.18 Other polyene compounds for topical administration
76 3.19 Flucytosine
76 3.20 Griseofulvin
79 3.21 Other miscellaneous compounds for topical administration
81 3.22 Prophylactic treatment for prevention of fungal infection
82 3.23 Empirical treatment of suspected fungal infection in the neutropenic patient
84 3.24 Pre-emptive antifungal treatment
85 3.25 Combination antifungal treatment of invasive fungal infections
85 3.26 Laboratory monitoring
86 4 Dermatophytosis
91 4.1 Introduction
91 4.2 The causal organisms and their habitat
92 4.3 Epidemiology
93 4.4 Laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis
94 4.5 Tinea capitis
95 4.6 Tinea corporis
102 4.7 Tinea cruris
105 4.8 Tinea pedis
107 4.9 Tinea manuum
111 4.10 Tinea unguium
113 5 Superficial candidosis
121 5.1 Definition
121 5.2 Geographical distribution
121 5.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
121 5.4 Epidemiology
122 5.5 Clinical manifestations
124 5.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
130 5.7 Management
130 5.8 Prevention
136 6 Other cutaneous fungal infections
138 6.1 Pityriasis versicolor
138 6.2 Other Malassezia infections
142 6.3 Piedra
143 6.4 White piedra
144 6.5 Black piedra
145 6.6 Tinea nigra
147 6.7 Neoscytalidium infection
148 6.8 Alternaria infection
149 7 Mould infections of nails
151 7.1 Definition
151 7.2 Geographical distribution
151 7.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
151 7.4 Epidemiology
152 7.5 Clinical manifestations
152 7.6 Differential diagnosis
153 7.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
153 7.8 Management
154 7.9 Prevention
155 8 Keratomycosis
156 8.1 Definition
156 8.2 Geographical distribution
156 8.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
156 8.4 Epidemiology
157 8.5 Clinical manifestations
158 8.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
159 8.7 Management
160 9 Otomycosis
162 9.1 Definition
162 9.2 Geographical distribution
162 9.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
162 9.4 Epidemiology
162 9.5 Clinical manifestations
163 9.6 Differential diagnosis
164 9.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
164 9.8 Management
164 10 Aspergillosis
166 10.1 Definition
166 10.2 Geographical distribution
166 10.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
166 10.4 Epidemiology
167 10.5 Clinical manifestations
170 10.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
182 10.7 Management
186 10.8 Empirical treatment of suspected invasive aspergillosis
194 10.9 Prevention
195 11 Invasive candidosis
201 11.1 Definition
201 11.2 Geographical distribution
201 11.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
201 11.4 Epidemiology
202 11.5 Clinical manifestations
208 11.6 Candidosis in special hosts
217 11.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
217 11.8 Management
221 11.9 Empirical treatment of suspected invasive candidosis
232 11.10 Prevention
232 12 Cryptococcosis
236 12.1 Definition
236 12.2 Geographical distribution
236 12.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
236 12.4 Epidemiology
238 12.5 Clinical manifestations
240 12.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
244 12.7 Management
246 12.8 Prevention
251 13 Mucormycosis
253 13.1 Definition
253 13.2 Geographical distribution
253 13.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
253 13.4 Epidemiology
254 13.5 Clinical manifestations
256 13.6 Differential diagnosis
259 13.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
259 13.8 Management
260 13.9 Prevention
262 14 Pneumocystosis
264 14.1 Definition
264 14.2 Geographical distribution
264 14.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
264 14.4 Epidemiology
265 14.5 Clinical manifestations
268 14.6 Differential diagnosis
269 14.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
270 14.8 Management
271 14.9 Prevention
274 15 Blastomycosis
277 15.1 Definition
277 15.2 Geographical distribution
277 15.3 The causal organism and its habitat
277 15.4 Epidemiology
278 15.5 Clinical manifestations
279 15.6 Differential diagnosis
282 15.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
282 15.8 Management
283 15.9 Prevention
286 16 Coccidioidomycosis
288 16.1 Definition
288 16.2 Geographical distribution
288 16.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
288 16.4 Epidemiology
289 16.5 Clinical manifestations
291 16.6 Differential diagnosis
294 16.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
294 16.8 Management
297 16.9 Prevention
301 17 Histoplasmosis
304 17.1 Definition
304 17.2 Geographical distribution
304 17.3 The causal organism and its habitat
305 17.4 Epidemiology
305 17.5 Clinical manifestations
307 17.6 Differential diagnosis
312 17.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
313 17.8 Management
316 17.9 Prevention
320 18 Paracoccidioidomycosis
322 18.1 Definition
322 18.2 Geographical distribution
322 18.3 The causal organism and its habitat
322 18.4 Epidemiology
323 18.5 Clinical manifestations
324 18.6 Differential diagnosis
327 18.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
327 18.8 Management
329 18.9 Prevention
331 19 Chromoblastomycosis
332 19.1 Definition
332 19.2 Geographical distribution
332 19.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
332 19.4 Epidemiology
333 19.5 Clinical manifestations
333 19.6 Differential diagnosis
334 19.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
334 19.8 Management
335 20 Entomophthoromycosis
338 20.1 Introduction
338 20.2 Basidiobolomycosis
338 20.3 Conidiobolomycosis
341 21 Mycetoma
344 21.1 Definition
344 21.2 Geographical distribution
344 21.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
344 21.4 Epidemiology
346 21.5 Clinical manifestations
346 21.6 Differential diagnosis
347 21.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
348 21.8 Management
349 22 Sporotrichosis
352 22.1 Definition
352 22.2 Geographical distribution
352 22.3 The causal organism and its habitat
352 22.4 Epidemiology
353 22.5 Clinical manifestations
354 22.6 Differential diagnosis
356 22.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
357 22.8 Management
358 22.9 Prevention
360 23 Hyalohyphomycosis
362 23.1 Introduction
362 23.2 Fusarium infection
362 23.3 Scedosporium infection
369 23.4 Other agents of hyalohyphomycosis
373 24 Penicillium marneffei infection
376 24.1 Introduction
376 24.2 Geographical distribution
376 24.3 The causal organism and its habitat
376 24.4 Epidemiology
377 24.5 Clinical manifestations
378 24.6 Differential diagnosis
378 24.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
379 24.8 Management
380 24.9 Prevention
381 25 Phaeohyphomycosis
383 25.1 Introduction
383 25.2 Geographical distribution
384 25.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
384 25.4 Epidemiology
385 25.5 Clinical manifestations
387 25.6 Differential diagnosis
390 25.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
391 25.8 Management
392 26 Other invasive yeast infections
396 26.1 Introduction
396 26.2 Systemic Malassezia infection
396 26.3 Trichosporonosis
399 26.4 Other yeast infections
402 27 Unusual fungal and pseudofungal infections
405 27.1 Introduction
405 27.2 Adiaspiromycosis
405 27.3 Lacaziosis
408 27.4 Pythiosis
410 27.5 Rhinosporidiosis
414 Further reading
416 Select bibliography
419 Index
421
Preface to the fourth edition xxvi Preface to the first edition xxviii Acknowledgements xxix 1 Introduction 1 2 Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infection 12 3 Antifungal drugs 32 4 Dermatophytosis 91 5 Superficial candidosis 121 6 Other cutaneous fungal infections 138 7 Mould infections of nails 151 8 Keratomycosis 156 9 Otomycosis 162 10 Aspergillosis 166 11 Invasive candidosis 201 12 Cryptococcosis 236 13 Mucormycosis 253 14 Pneumocystosis 264 15 Blastomycosis 277 16 Coccidioidomycosis 288 17 Histoplasmosis 304 18 Paracoccidioidomycosis 322 19 Chromoblastomycosis 332 20 Entomophthoromycosis 338 21 Mycetoma 344 22 Sporotrichosis 352 23 Hyalohyphomycosis 362 24 Penicillium marneffei infection 376 25 Phaeohyphomycosis 383 26 Other invasive yeast infections 396 27 Unusual fungal and pseudofungal infections 405 Select bibliography 419 Index 421
Preface to the fourth edition
xxvi Preface to the first edition
xxviii Acknowledgements
xxix 1 Introduction
1 1.1 The nature of fungi
1 1.2 Classification and nomenclature of fungi and fungal diseases
3 1.3 Fungi as human pathogens
5 1.4 The changing pattern of fungal infection
7 1.5 New directions in diagnosis
9 1.6 New directions in treatment and prevention
10 2 Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infection
12 2.1 Introduction
12 2.2 Collection of specimens
13 2.3 Specimens for serological tests
18 2.4 Specimens for antifungal drug level determinations
18 2.5 Transport of specimens
18 2.6 Interpretation of laboratory test results
18 2.7 Molecular diagnosis of fungal infection
28 3 Antifungal drugs
32 3.1 Introduction
32 3.2 Allylamines
32 3.4 Other allylamine compounds for topical administration
35 3.5 Azoles
35 3.6 Fluconazole
40 3.7 Itraconazole
44 3.8 Ketoconazole
48 3.9 Posaconazole
50 3.10 Voriconazole
53 3.11 Other imidazole compounds for topical administration
57 3.12 Echinocandins
59 3.13 Anidulafungin
60 3.14 Caspofungin
61 3.15 Micafungin
63 3.16 Polyenes
65 3.17 Amphotericin B
66 3.18 Other polyene compounds for topical administration
76 3.19 Flucytosine
76 3.20 Griseofulvin
79 3.21 Other miscellaneous compounds for topical administration
81 3.22 Prophylactic treatment for prevention of fungal infection
82 3.23 Empirical treatment of suspected fungal infection in the neutropenic patient
84 3.24 Pre-emptive antifungal treatment
85 3.25 Combination antifungal treatment of invasive fungal infections
85 3.26 Laboratory monitoring
86 4 Dermatophytosis
91 4.1 Introduction
91 4.2 The causal organisms and their habitat
92 4.3 Epidemiology
93 4.4 Laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis
94 4.5 Tinea capitis
95 4.6 Tinea corporis
102 4.7 Tinea cruris
105 4.8 Tinea pedis
107 4.9 Tinea manuum
111 4.10 Tinea unguium
113 5 Superficial candidosis
121 5.1 Definition
121 5.2 Geographical distribution
121 5.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
121 5.4 Epidemiology
122 5.5 Clinical manifestations
124 5.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
130 5.7 Management
130 5.8 Prevention
136 6 Other cutaneous fungal infections
138 6.1 Pityriasis versicolor
138 6.2 Other Malassezia infections
142 6.3 Piedra
143 6.4 White piedra
144 6.5 Black piedra
145 6.6 Tinea nigra
147 6.7 Neoscytalidium infection
148 6.8 Alternaria infection
149 7 Mould infections of nails
151 7.1 Definition
151 7.2 Geographical distribution
151 7.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
151 7.4 Epidemiology
152 7.5 Clinical manifestations
152 7.6 Differential diagnosis
153 7.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
153 7.8 Management
154 7.9 Prevention
155 8 Keratomycosis
156 8.1 Definition
156 8.2 Geographical distribution
156 8.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
156 8.4 Epidemiology
157 8.5 Clinical manifestations
158 8.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
159 8.7 Management
160 9 Otomycosis
162 9.1 Definition
162 9.2 Geographical distribution
162 9.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
162 9.4 Epidemiology
162 9.5 Clinical manifestations
163 9.6 Differential diagnosis
164 9.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
164 9.8 Management
164 10 Aspergillosis
166 10.1 Definition
166 10.2 Geographical distribution
166 10.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
166 10.4 Epidemiology
167 10.5 Clinical manifestations
170 10.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
182 10.7 Management
186 10.8 Empirical treatment of suspected invasive aspergillosis
194 10.9 Prevention
195 11 Invasive candidosis
201 11.1 Definition
201 11.2 Geographical distribution
201 11.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
201 11.4 Epidemiology
202 11.5 Clinical manifestations
208 11.6 Candidosis in special hosts
217 11.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
217 11.8 Management
221 11.9 Empirical treatment of suspected invasive candidosis
232 11.10 Prevention
232 12 Cryptococcosis
236 12.1 Definition
236 12.2 Geographical distribution
236 12.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
236 12.4 Epidemiology
238 12.5 Clinical manifestations
240 12.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
244 12.7 Management
246 12.8 Prevention
251 13 Mucormycosis
253 13.1 Definition
253 13.2 Geographical distribution
253 13.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
253 13.4 Epidemiology
254 13.5 Clinical manifestations
256 13.6 Differential diagnosis
259 13.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
259 13.8 Management
260 13.9 Prevention
262 14 Pneumocystosis
264 14.1 Definition
264 14.2 Geographical distribution
264 14.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
264 14.4 Epidemiology
265 14.5 Clinical manifestations
268 14.6 Differential diagnosis
269 14.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
270 14.8 Management
271 14.9 Prevention
274 15 Blastomycosis
277 15.1 Definition
277 15.2 Geographical distribution
277 15.3 The causal organism and its habitat
277 15.4 Epidemiology
278 15.5 Clinical manifestations
279 15.6 Differential diagnosis
282 15.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
282 15.8 Management
283 15.9 Prevention
286 16 Coccidioidomycosis
288 16.1 Definition
288 16.2 Geographical distribution
288 16.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
288 16.4 Epidemiology
289 16.5 Clinical manifestations
291 16.6 Differential diagnosis
294 16.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
294 16.8 Management
297 16.9 Prevention
301 17 Histoplasmosis
304 17.1 Definition
304 17.2 Geographical distribution
304 17.3 The causal organism and its habitat
305 17.4 Epidemiology
305 17.5 Clinical manifestations
307 17.6 Differential diagnosis
312 17.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
313 17.8 Management
316 17.9 Prevention
320 18 Paracoccidioidomycosis
322 18.1 Definition
322 18.2 Geographical distribution
322 18.3 The causal organism and its habitat
322 18.4 Epidemiology
323 18.5 Clinical manifestations
324 18.6 Differential diagnosis
327 18.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
327 18.8 Management
329 18.9 Prevention
331 19 Chromoblastomycosis
332 19.1 Definition
332 19.2 Geographical distribution
332 19.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
332 19.4 Epidemiology
333 19.5 Clinical manifestations
333 19.6 Differential diagnosis
334 19.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
334 19.8 Management
335 20 Entomophthoromycosis
338 20.1 Introduction
338 20.2 Basidiobolomycosis
338 20.3 Conidiobolomycosis
341 21 Mycetoma
344 21.1 Definition
344 21.2 Geographical distribution
344 21.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
344 21.4 Epidemiology
346 21.5 Clinical manifestations
346 21.6 Differential diagnosis
347 21.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
348 21.8 Management
349 22 Sporotrichosis
352 22.1 Definition
352 22.2 Geographical distribution
352 22.3 The causal organism and its habitat
352 22.4 Epidemiology
353 22.5 Clinical manifestations
354 22.6 Differential diagnosis
356 22.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
357 22.8 Management
358 22.9 Prevention
360 23 Hyalohyphomycosis
362 23.1 Introduction
362 23.2 Fusarium infection
362 23.3 Scedosporium infection
369 23.4 Other agents of hyalohyphomycosis
373 24 Penicillium marneffei infection
376 24.1 Introduction
376 24.2 Geographical distribution
376 24.3 The causal organism and its habitat
376 24.4 Epidemiology
377 24.5 Clinical manifestations
378 24.6 Differential diagnosis
378 24.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
379 24.8 Management
380 24.9 Prevention
381 25 Phaeohyphomycosis
383 25.1 Introduction
383 25.2 Geographical distribution
384 25.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
384 25.4 Epidemiology
385 25.5 Clinical manifestations
387 25.6 Differential diagnosis
390 25.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
391 25.8 Management
392 26 Other invasive yeast infections
396 26.1 Introduction
396 26.2 Systemic Malassezia infection
396 26.3 Trichosporonosis
399 26.4 Other yeast infections
402 27 Unusual fungal and pseudofungal infections
405 27.1 Introduction
405 27.2 Adiaspiromycosis
405 27.3 Lacaziosis
408 27.4 Pythiosis
410 27.5 Rhinosporidiosis
414 Further reading
416 Select bibliography
419 Index
421
xxvi Preface to the first edition
xxviii Acknowledgements
xxix 1 Introduction
1 1.1 The nature of fungi
1 1.2 Classification and nomenclature of fungi and fungal diseases
3 1.3 Fungi as human pathogens
5 1.4 The changing pattern of fungal infection
7 1.5 New directions in diagnosis
9 1.6 New directions in treatment and prevention
10 2 Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infection
12 2.1 Introduction
12 2.2 Collection of specimens
13 2.3 Specimens for serological tests
18 2.4 Specimens for antifungal drug level determinations
18 2.5 Transport of specimens
18 2.6 Interpretation of laboratory test results
18 2.7 Molecular diagnosis of fungal infection
28 3 Antifungal drugs
32 3.1 Introduction
32 3.2 Allylamines
32 3.4 Other allylamine compounds for topical administration
35 3.5 Azoles
35 3.6 Fluconazole
40 3.7 Itraconazole
44 3.8 Ketoconazole
48 3.9 Posaconazole
50 3.10 Voriconazole
53 3.11 Other imidazole compounds for topical administration
57 3.12 Echinocandins
59 3.13 Anidulafungin
60 3.14 Caspofungin
61 3.15 Micafungin
63 3.16 Polyenes
65 3.17 Amphotericin B
66 3.18 Other polyene compounds for topical administration
76 3.19 Flucytosine
76 3.20 Griseofulvin
79 3.21 Other miscellaneous compounds for topical administration
81 3.22 Prophylactic treatment for prevention of fungal infection
82 3.23 Empirical treatment of suspected fungal infection in the neutropenic patient
84 3.24 Pre-emptive antifungal treatment
85 3.25 Combination antifungal treatment of invasive fungal infections
85 3.26 Laboratory monitoring
86 4 Dermatophytosis
91 4.1 Introduction
91 4.2 The causal organisms and their habitat
92 4.3 Epidemiology
93 4.4 Laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis
94 4.5 Tinea capitis
95 4.6 Tinea corporis
102 4.7 Tinea cruris
105 4.8 Tinea pedis
107 4.9 Tinea manuum
111 4.10 Tinea unguium
113 5 Superficial candidosis
121 5.1 Definition
121 5.2 Geographical distribution
121 5.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
121 5.4 Epidemiology
122 5.5 Clinical manifestations
124 5.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
130 5.7 Management
130 5.8 Prevention
136 6 Other cutaneous fungal infections
138 6.1 Pityriasis versicolor
138 6.2 Other Malassezia infections
142 6.3 Piedra
143 6.4 White piedra
144 6.5 Black piedra
145 6.6 Tinea nigra
147 6.7 Neoscytalidium infection
148 6.8 Alternaria infection
149 7 Mould infections of nails
151 7.1 Definition
151 7.2 Geographical distribution
151 7.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
151 7.4 Epidemiology
152 7.5 Clinical manifestations
152 7.6 Differential diagnosis
153 7.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
153 7.8 Management
154 7.9 Prevention
155 8 Keratomycosis
156 8.1 Definition
156 8.2 Geographical distribution
156 8.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
156 8.4 Epidemiology
157 8.5 Clinical manifestations
158 8.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
159 8.7 Management
160 9 Otomycosis
162 9.1 Definition
162 9.2 Geographical distribution
162 9.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
162 9.4 Epidemiology
162 9.5 Clinical manifestations
163 9.6 Differential diagnosis
164 9.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
164 9.8 Management
164 10 Aspergillosis
166 10.1 Definition
166 10.2 Geographical distribution
166 10.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
166 10.4 Epidemiology
167 10.5 Clinical manifestations
170 10.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
182 10.7 Management
186 10.8 Empirical treatment of suspected invasive aspergillosis
194 10.9 Prevention
195 11 Invasive candidosis
201 11.1 Definition
201 11.2 Geographical distribution
201 11.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
201 11.4 Epidemiology
202 11.5 Clinical manifestations
208 11.6 Candidosis in special hosts
217 11.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
217 11.8 Management
221 11.9 Empirical treatment of suspected invasive candidosis
232 11.10 Prevention
232 12 Cryptococcosis
236 12.1 Definition
236 12.2 Geographical distribution
236 12.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
236 12.4 Epidemiology
238 12.5 Clinical manifestations
240 12.6 Essential investigations and their interpretation
244 12.7 Management
246 12.8 Prevention
251 13 Mucormycosis
253 13.1 Definition
253 13.2 Geographical distribution
253 13.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
253 13.4 Epidemiology
254 13.5 Clinical manifestations
256 13.6 Differential diagnosis
259 13.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
259 13.8 Management
260 13.9 Prevention
262 14 Pneumocystosis
264 14.1 Definition
264 14.2 Geographical distribution
264 14.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
264 14.4 Epidemiology
265 14.5 Clinical manifestations
268 14.6 Differential diagnosis
269 14.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
270 14.8 Management
271 14.9 Prevention
274 15 Blastomycosis
277 15.1 Definition
277 15.2 Geographical distribution
277 15.3 The causal organism and its habitat
277 15.4 Epidemiology
278 15.5 Clinical manifestations
279 15.6 Differential diagnosis
282 15.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
282 15.8 Management
283 15.9 Prevention
286 16 Coccidioidomycosis
288 16.1 Definition
288 16.2 Geographical distribution
288 16.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
288 16.4 Epidemiology
289 16.5 Clinical manifestations
291 16.6 Differential diagnosis
294 16.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
294 16.8 Management
297 16.9 Prevention
301 17 Histoplasmosis
304 17.1 Definition
304 17.2 Geographical distribution
304 17.3 The causal organism and its habitat
305 17.4 Epidemiology
305 17.5 Clinical manifestations
307 17.6 Differential diagnosis
312 17.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
313 17.8 Management
316 17.9 Prevention
320 18 Paracoccidioidomycosis
322 18.1 Definition
322 18.2 Geographical distribution
322 18.3 The causal organism and its habitat
322 18.4 Epidemiology
323 18.5 Clinical manifestations
324 18.6 Differential diagnosis
327 18.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
327 18.8 Management
329 18.9 Prevention
331 19 Chromoblastomycosis
332 19.1 Definition
332 19.2 Geographical distribution
332 19.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
332 19.4 Epidemiology
333 19.5 Clinical manifestations
333 19.6 Differential diagnosis
334 19.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
334 19.8 Management
335 20 Entomophthoromycosis
338 20.1 Introduction
338 20.2 Basidiobolomycosis
338 20.3 Conidiobolomycosis
341 21 Mycetoma
344 21.1 Definition
344 21.2 Geographical distribution
344 21.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
344 21.4 Epidemiology
346 21.5 Clinical manifestations
346 21.6 Differential diagnosis
347 21.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
348 21.8 Management
349 22 Sporotrichosis
352 22.1 Definition
352 22.2 Geographical distribution
352 22.3 The causal organism and its habitat
352 22.4 Epidemiology
353 22.5 Clinical manifestations
354 22.6 Differential diagnosis
356 22.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
357 22.8 Management
358 22.9 Prevention
360 23 Hyalohyphomycosis
362 23.1 Introduction
362 23.2 Fusarium infection
362 23.3 Scedosporium infection
369 23.4 Other agents of hyalohyphomycosis
373 24 Penicillium marneffei infection
376 24.1 Introduction
376 24.2 Geographical distribution
376 24.3 The causal organism and its habitat
376 24.4 Epidemiology
377 24.5 Clinical manifestations
378 24.6 Differential diagnosis
378 24.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
379 24.8 Management
380 24.9 Prevention
381 25 Phaeohyphomycosis
383 25.1 Introduction
383 25.2 Geographical distribution
384 25.3 The causal organisms and their habitat
384 25.4 Epidemiology
385 25.5 Clinical manifestations
387 25.6 Differential diagnosis
390 25.7 Essential investigations and their interpretation
391 25.8 Management
392 26 Other invasive yeast infections
396 26.1 Introduction
396 26.2 Systemic Malassezia infection
396 26.3 Trichosporonosis
399 26.4 Other yeast infections
402 27 Unusual fungal and pseudofungal infections
405 27.1 Introduction
405 27.2 Adiaspiromycosis
405 27.3 Lacaziosis
408 27.4 Pythiosis
410 27.5 Rhinosporidiosis
414 Further reading
416 Select bibliography
419 Index
421