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Abiotic stresses caused by drought, salinity, toxic metals, temperature extremes, and nutrient poor soils are among the major constraints to plant growth and crop production worldwide. While crop breeding strategies to improve yields have progressed, a better understanding of the genetic and biological mechanisms underpinning stress adaptation is needed. Genes For Plant Abiotic Stress presents the latest research on recently examined genes and alleles and guides discussion of the genetic and physiological determinants that will be important for crop improvement in the future.
Abiotic stresses caused by drought, salinity, toxic metals, temperature extremes, and nutrient poor soils are among the major constraints to plant growth and crop production worldwide. While crop breeding strategies to improve yields have progressed, a better understanding of the genetic and biological mechanisms underpinning stress adaptation is needed. Genes For Plant Abiotic Stress presents the latest research on recently examined genes and alleles and guides discussion of the genetic and physiological determinants that will be important for crop improvement in the future.
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Autorenporträt
Matthew A. Jenks is Professor of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at the Center for Plant Environmental Stress Physiology at Purdue University. Andrew J. Wood is Professor of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology in the Department of Plant Biology at Southern Illinois University.
Inhaltsangabe
Contributors ix Preface xiii Section 1 Genetic Determinants of Plant Adaptation under Water Stress 3 Chapter 1 Genetic Determinants of Stomatal Function 5 Song Li and Sarah M. Assmann Introduction 5 Arabidopsis as a Model System 7 How Do Stomates Sense Drought Stress? 7 Signaling Events inside Guard Cells in Response to Drought 11 Cell Signaling Mutants with Altered Stomatal Responses 15 Transcriptional Regulation in Stomatal Drought Response 22 Summary 24 References 25 Chapter 2 Pathways and Genetic Determinants for Cell Wall-based Osmotic Stress Tolerance in the Arabidopsis thaliana Root System 35 Hisashi Koiwa Introduction 35 Genes That Affect the Cell Wall and Plant Stress Tolerance 35 Genes and Proteins in Cellulose Biosynthesis 36 Pathways Involved in N-glycosylation and N-glycan Modifications 38 Dolichol Biosynthesis 38 Sugar-nucleotide Biosynthesis 39 Assembly of Core Oligosaccharide 40 Oligosaccharyltransferase 40 Processing of Core Oligosaccharides in the ER 42 Unfolded Protein Response and Osmotic Stress Signaling 42 N-glycan Re-glycosylation and ER-associated Protein Degradation 44 N-glycan Modification in the Golgi Apparatus 44 Ascorbate as an Interface between the N-glycosylation Pathway and Oxidative Stress Response 46 Biosynthesis of GPI Anchor 46 Microtubules 47 Conclusion 48 References 49 Chapter 3 Transcription and Signaling Factors in the Drought Response Regulatory Network 55 Matthew Geisler Introduction 55 Drought Stress Perception 55 Systems Biology Approaches 56 Transcriptomic Studies of Drought Stress 63 The DREB/CBF Regulon 66 ABA Signaling 71 Reactive Oxygen Signaling 72 Integration of Stress Regulatory Networks 72 Assembling the Known Pathways and Expanding Using Gene Expression Networks' Predicted Protein Interactions 74 Acknowledgments 75 References 75 Section 2 Genes for Crop Adaptation to Poor Soil 81 Chapter 4 Genetic Determinants of Salinity Tolerance in Crop Plants 83 Darren Plett, Bettina Berger, and Mark Tester Introduction 83 Salinity Tolerance 85 Conclusion 100 References 100 Chapter 5 Unraveling the Mechanisms Underlying Aluminum-dependent Root Growth Inhibition 113 Paul B. Larsen Introduction 113 Mechanisms of Aluminum Toxicity 114 Aluminum Resistance Mechanisms 117 Aluminum Tolerance Mechanisms 120 Arabidopsis as a Model System for Aluminum Resistance, Tolerance, and Toxicity 121 Aluminum-sensitive Arabidopsis Mutants 121 The Role of ALS3 in A1 Tolerance 122 ALS1 Encodes a Half-type ABC Transporter Required for Aluminum Tolerance 126 Other Arabidopsis Factors Required for Aluminum Resistance/Tolerance 128 Identification of Aluminum-tolerant Mutants in Arabidopsis 129 The Nature of the alt1 Mutations 132 Conclusions 138 References 138 Chapter 6 Genetic Determinants of Phosphate Use Effi ciency in Crops 143 Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos, Damar López-Arredondo, and Luis Herrera-Estrella Introduction 143 Why Improve Crop Nutrition and the Relationship with World Food Security? 143 Phosphorus and Crops: Phosphorus as an Essential Nutrient and Its Supply as a Key Component to Crop Yield 144 Phosphorus and Plant Metabolism: Regulatory and Structural Functions 145 Phosphate Starvation: Adaptations to Phosphate Starvation and Current Knowledge about Phosphate Sensing and Signaling Networks during Phosphate Stress 146 Nutrient Use Efficiency 150 Genetic Determinants for the Phosphate Acquisition 150 Genetic Determinants for Pi Acquisition by Modulating Root System Architecture 153 Genetic Determinants Involved with Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency 155 Genetic Engineering to Improve the Phosphate Use Efficiency 156 Conclusions 158 References 158 Chapter 7 Genes for Use in Improving Nitrate Use Efficiency in Crops 167 David A. Lightfoot Introduction 167 The Two Forms of NUE: Regulation of Nitrogen Partitioning and Yield in Crops 169 Mutants as Tools to Isolate Important Plant Genes 169 Transcript Analysis 174 Metanomic Tools for Extending Functional Genomics 174 Transgenics Lacking A Priori Evidence for NUE 175 Microbial Activity 176 Nodule Effects and Mycorrhizal Effects 178 Water Effects 178 Conclusions 178 References 179 Section 3 Genes for Plant Tolerance to Temperature Extremes 183 Chapter 8 Genes and Gene Regulation for Low-temperature Tolerance 185 Mantas Survila, Pekka Heino, and E. Tapio Palva Introduction 185 Protective Mechanisms Induced during Cold Acclimation 188 Regulation of Gene Expression 192 Cross Talk between Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses 207 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 207 Acknowledgments 209 References 209 Chapter 9 Genetic Approaches toward Improving Heat Tolerance in Plants 221 Mamatha Hanumappa and Henry T. Nguyen Introduction 221 Thermotolerance 221 High Temperature Impact and Plant Response to Heat Stress 223 Mechanism of Heat Tolerance in Plants 230 Genetic Approaches to Improve Heat Tolerance in Crops 235 The Effect of Stress Combination 244 Evolving Techniques 246 Conclusion and Perspectives 247 References 247 Section 4 Integrating Plant Abiotic Stress Responses 261 Chapter 10 Genetic Networks Underlying Plant Abiotic Stress Responses 263 Arjun Krishnan, Madana M.R. Ambavaram, Amal Harb, Utlwang Batlang, Peter E. Wittich, and Andy Pereira Introduction 263 Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses 264 Transcriptome Analysis of Abiotic Stress Responses 270 Gene Network of Universal Abiotic Stress Response 274 Conclusions 276 References 276 Chapter 11 Discovering Genes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 281 Michael Popelka, Mitchell Tuinstra, and Clifford F. Weil Introduction 281 Salt Stress 286 Heat Stress 287 Oxidative Stress 288 Nutrient/Mineral Stress 289 Plant Architecture and Morphology 290 Evolutionary Conservation and Gene Discovery 291 Conclusion 292 References 292 Index 303
Contributors ix Preface xiii Section 1 Genetic Determinants of Plant Adaptation under Water Stress 3 Chapter 1 Genetic Determinants of Stomatal Function 5 Song Li and Sarah M. Assmann Introduction 5 Arabidopsis as a Model System 7 How Do Stomates Sense Drought Stress? 7 Signaling Events inside Guard Cells in Response to Drought 11 Cell Signaling Mutants with Altered Stomatal Responses 15 Transcriptional Regulation in Stomatal Drought Response 22 Summary 24 References 25 Chapter 2 Pathways and Genetic Determinants for Cell Wall-based Osmotic Stress Tolerance in the Arabidopsis thaliana Root System 35 Hisashi Koiwa Introduction 35 Genes That Affect the Cell Wall and Plant Stress Tolerance 35 Genes and Proteins in Cellulose Biosynthesis 36 Pathways Involved in N-glycosylation and N-glycan Modifications 38 Dolichol Biosynthesis 38 Sugar-nucleotide Biosynthesis 39 Assembly of Core Oligosaccharide 40 Oligosaccharyltransferase 40 Processing of Core Oligosaccharides in the ER 42 Unfolded Protein Response and Osmotic Stress Signaling 42 N-glycan Re-glycosylation and ER-associated Protein Degradation 44 N-glycan Modification in the Golgi Apparatus 44 Ascorbate as an Interface between the N-glycosylation Pathway and Oxidative Stress Response 46 Biosynthesis of GPI Anchor 46 Microtubules 47 Conclusion 48 References 49 Chapter 3 Transcription and Signaling Factors in the Drought Response Regulatory Network 55 Matthew Geisler Introduction 55 Drought Stress Perception 55 Systems Biology Approaches 56 Transcriptomic Studies of Drought Stress 63 The DREB/CBF Regulon 66 ABA Signaling 71 Reactive Oxygen Signaling 72 Integration of Stress Regulatory Networks 72 Assembling the Known Pathways and Expanding Using Gene Expression Networks' Predicted Protein Interactions 74 Acknowledgments 75 References 75 Section 2 Genes for Crop Adaptation to Poor Soil 81 Chapter 4 Genetic Determinants of Salinity Tolerance in Crop Plants 83 Darren Plett, Bettina Berger, and Mark Tester Introduction 83 Salinity Tolerance 85 Conclusion 100 References 100 Chapter 5 Unraveling the Mechanisms Underlying Aluminum-dependent Root Growth Inhibition 113 Paul B. Larsen Introduction 113 Mechanisms of Aluminum Toxicity 114 Aluminum Resistance Mechanisms 117 Aluminum Tolerance Mechanisms 120 Arabidopsis as a Model System for Aluminum Resistance, Tolerance, and Toxicity 121 Aluminum-sensitive Arabidopsis Mutants 121 The Role of ALS3 in A1 Tolerance 122 ALS1 Encodes a Half-type ABC Transporter Required for Aluminum Tolerance 126 Other Arabidopsis Factors Required for Aluminum Resistance/Tolerance 128 Identification of Aluminum-tolerant Mutants in Arabidopsis 129 The Nature of the alt1 Mutations 132 Conclusions 138 References 138 Chapter 6 Genetic Determinants of Phosphate Use Effi ciency in Crops 143 Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos, Damar López-Arredondo, and Luis Herrera-Estrella Introduction 143 Why Improve Crop Nutrition and the Relationship with World Food Security? 143 Phosphorus and Crops: Phosphorus as an Essential Nutrient and Its Supply as a Key Component to Crop Yield 144 Phosphorus and Plant Metabolism: Regulatory and Structural Functions 145 Phosphate Starvation: Adaptations to Phosphate Starvation and Current Knowledge about Phosphate Sensing and Signaling Networks during Phosphate Stress 146 Nutrient Use Efficiency 150 Genetic Determinants for the Phosphate Acquisition 150 Genetic Determinants for Pi Acquisition by Modulating Root System Architecture 153 Genetic Determinants Involved with Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency 155 Genetic Engineering to Improve the Phosphate Use Efficiency 156 Conclusions 158 References 158 Chapter 7 Genes for Use in Improving Nitrate Use Efficiency in Crops 167 David A. Lightfoot Introduction 167 The Two Forms of NUE: Regulation of Nitrogen Partitioning and Yield in Crops 169 Mutants as Tools to Isolate Important Plant Genes 169 Transcript Analysis 174 Metanomic Tools for Extending Functional Genomics 174 Transgenics Lacking A Priori Evidence for NUE 175 Microbial Activity 176 Nodule Effects and Mycorrhizal Effects 178 Water Effects 178 Conclusions 178 References 179 Section 3 Genes for Plant Tolerance to Temperature Extremes 183 Chapter 8 Genes and Gene Regulation for Low-temperature Tolerance 185 Mantas Survila, Pekka Heino, and E. Tapio Palva Introduction 185 Protective Mechanisms Induced during Cold Acclimation 188 Regulation of Gene Expression 192 Cross Talk between Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses 207 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 207 Acknowledgments 209 References 209 Chapter 9 Genetic Approaches toward Improving Heat Tolerance in Plants 221 Mamatha Hanumappa and Henry T. Nguyen Introduction 221 Thermotolerance 221 High Temperature Impact and Plant Response to Heat Stress 223 Mechanism of Heat Tolerance in Plants 230 Genetic Approaches to Improve Heat Tolerance in Crops 235 The Effect of Stress Combination 244 Evolving Techniques 246 Conclusion and Perspectives 247 References 247 Section 4 Integrating Plant Abiotic Stress Responses 261 Chapter 10 Genetic Networks Underlying Plant Abiotic Stress Responses 263 Arjun Krishnan, Madana M.R. Ambavaram, Amal Harb, Utlwang Batlang, Peter E. Wittich, and Andy Pereira Introduction 263 Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses 264 Transcriptome Analysis of Abiotic Stress Responses 270 Gene Network of Universal Abiotic Stress Response 274 Conclusions 276 References 276 Chapter 11 Discovering Genes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 281 Michael Popelka, Mitchell Tuinstra, and Clifford F. Weil Introduction 281 Salt Stress 286 Heat Stress 287 Oxidative Stress 288 Nutrient/Mineral Stress 289 Plant Architecture and Morphology 290 Evolutionary Conservation and Gene Discovery 291 Conclusion 292 References 292 Index 303
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