William M. White

Geochemistry (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

A Comprehensive Introduction to the "Geochemist Toolbox" - the Basic Principles of Modern Geochemistry In the new edition of William M. White's Geochemistry, undergraduate and graduate students will find each of the core principles of geochemistry covered. From defining key principles and methods to examining Earth's core composition and exploring organic chemistry and fossil fuels, this definitive edition encompasses all the information needed for a solid foundation in the earth sciences for beginners and beyond. For researchers and applied scientists, this book will act as a useful reference on fundamental theories of geochemistry, applications, and environmental sciences. The new edition includes new chapters on the geochemistry of the Earth's surface (the "critical zone"), marine geochemistry, and applied geochemistry as it relates to environmental applications and geochemical exploration. * A review of the fundamentals of geochemical thermodynamics and kinetics, trace element and organic geochemistry * An introduction to radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry and applications such as geologic time, ancient climates, and diets of prehistoric people * Formation of the Earth and composition and origins of the core, the mantle, and the crust * New chapters that cover soils and streams, the oceans, and geochemistry applied to the environment and mineral exploration In this foundational look at geochemistry, new learners and professionals will find the answer to the essential principles and techniques of the science behind the Earth and its environs.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 960
• Erscheinungstermin: 17. Juli 2020
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119438106
• Artikelnr.: 59880345

Autorenporträt

WILLIAM M. WHITE received his B.Sc. in Geology from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the University of Rhode Island. He is a professor of earth and atmospheric sciences at Cornell University where he teaches geochemistry. He has been elected a fellow at the Geochemical Society/European Association of Geochemistry and the AGU and named as an ISI highly cited researcher.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xv

About the companion website xvii

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Beginnings 1

1.3 Geochemistry in the twenty-first century 3

1.4 The philosophy of science 4

1.4.1 Building scientific understanding 4

1.4.2 The scientist as skeptic 5

1.5 Elements, atoms, crystals, and chemical bonds: some chemical fundamentals 6

1.5.1 The periodic table 6

1.5.2 Electrons and orbits 7

1.5.3 Some chemical properties of the elements 9

1.5.4 Chemical bonding 12

1.5.5 Molecules, crystals, and minerals 14

1.6 A brief look at the Earth 19

1.6.1 Structure of the Earth 19

1.6.2 Plate tectonics and the hydrologic cycle 20

1.7 A look ahead 22

References and suggestions for further reading 30

Chapter 2: Energy, entropy, and fundamental thermodynamic concepts 31

2.1 The thermodynamic perspective 31

2.2 Thermodynamic systems and equilibrium 32

2.2.1 Fundamental thermodynamic variables 34

2.2.2 Properties of state 34

2.3 Equations of state 35

2.3.1 Ideal gas law 35

2.3.2 Equations of state for real gases 36

2.3.3 Equation of state for other substances 37

2.4 Temperature, absolute zero, and the zeroth law of thermodynamics 37

2.5 Energy and the first law of thermodynamics 38

2.5.1 Energy 38

2.5.2 Work 39

2.5.3 Path independence, exact differentials, state functions, and the first law 40

2.6 The second law and entropy 41

2.6.1 Statement 41

2.6.2 Statistical mechanics: a microscopic perspective of entropy 42

2.6.3 Integrating factors and exact differentials 48

2.7 Enthalpy 50

2.8 Heat capacity 51

2.8.1 Constant volume heat capacity 52

2.8.2 Constant pressure heat capacity 52

2.8.3 Energy associated with volume and the relationship between Cv and Cp 52

2.8.4 Heat capacity of solids: a problem in quantum physics 53

2.8.5 Relationship of entropy to other state variables 58

2.8.6 Additive nature of silicate heat capacities 58

2.9 The third law and absolute entropy 59

2.9.1 Statement of the third law 59

2.9.2 Absolute entropy 59

2.10 Calculating enthalpy and entropy changes 60

2.10.1 Enthalpy changes due to changes in temperature and pressure 60

2.10.2 Changes in enthalpy due to reactions and change of state 61

2.10.3 Entropies of reaction 62

2.11 Free energy 65

2.11.1 Helmholtz free energy 65

2.11.2 Gibbs free energy 65

2.11.3 Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity 65

2.11.4 Temperature and pressure dependence of the Gibbs free energy 66

2.12 The Maxwell relations 69

2.13 Summary 70

References and suggestions for further reading 71

Problems 71

Chapter 3: Solutions and thermodynamics of multicomponent systems 74

3.1 Introduction 74

3.2 Phase equilibria 75

3.2.1 Some definitions 75

3.2.2 The Gibbs phase rule 77

3.2.3 The Clapeyron equation 78

3.3 Solutions 80

3.3.1 Raoult's law 80

3.3.2 Henry's law 81

3.4 Chemical potential 81

3.4.1 Partial molar quantities 81

3.4.2 Definition of chemical potential and relationship to Gibbs free energy 82

3.4.3 Properties of the chemical potential 82

3.4.4 The Gibbs-Duhem relation 83

3.4.5 Derivation of the phase rule 84

3.5