David P. Turner, Lee A. Groat

Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Understanding gemstones in a geological context Gemstones are colorful treasures of the Earth that have captivated humans for thousands of years. The physical and chemical characteristics of each type of gem provide insights into the geological processes that created them. Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones is a textbook aimed at upper-level undergraduate and graduate students. It presents the basic mineralogical and geological knowledge needed to understand gemstones and examines the characteristics and geological origins of different types of gemstone. Volume highlights include: * Concepts in mineralogy * Structure and chemical composition of minerals * Geological processes that lead to the formation and movement of gemstones * Equipment and tools used to examine gemstones and their physical properties The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 288
• Erscheinungstermin: 25. Januar 2022
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119299875
• Artikelnr.: 63398095

Autorenporträt

David Turner, The University of British Columbia, Canada Lee A. Groat, The University of British Columbia, Canada

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xiii

Part I Developing Base Knowledge 1

1 Minerals and Mineralogy 3

1.1 Minerals and Rocks 3

1.2 What is a Gemstone? 3

1.3 Atoms, Elements, and Bonding 4

1.3.1 Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons 4

1.3.2 Atomic Mass 5

1.3.3 Atomic Structure, Electrical Charges, and Ions 5

1.3.4 Elements 6

1.3.5 Element Groups 6

1.3.6 Elemental Abundance in the Earth's Crust 7

1.3.7 Compounds and Mixtures 8

1.3.8 Chemical Bonds 8

1.4 Physical Properties of Minerals 9

References 11

2 Basics of Rocks and Geology 13

2.1 Earth System Science 13

2.2 The Earth's Structure and Plate Tectonics 13

2.3 General Rock Types and the Rock Cycle 19

2.4 Metasomatism and Hydrothermal Fluids 23

2.5 Geological Structures 24

2.6 Important Rock Types for Gemstone Deposits 24

2.7 Weathering, Sedimentation, and Secondary Gem Deposits 26

References 28

3 Intermediate Mineralogy 29

3.1 Structure and Chemistry of Minerals 29

3.1.1 Crystallography and Symmetry 29

3.1.2 Mineral Classes 32

3.1.3 Mineral Formulae 32

3.1.4 Element Substitutions 33

3.2 Light 34

3.2.1 Reflection and Refraction 34

3.2.2 Illumination 39

3.2.3 Dispersion 41

3.2.4 Optic Class 42

3.2.5 Color in Minerals 43

3.2.6 Pleochroism 44

3.2.7 Transparency 46

References 47

4 Concepts of Gemmology and Tools 49

4.1 Concepts of Gemmology 49

4.1.1 Gemmological Properties for Testing, Faceting, and Treatments 49

4.2 Tools 51

4.2.1 Collecting and Field Tools 51

4.2.2 Gemmological Tools 52

4.2.3 Advanced Tools 57

References 60

Part II Gemstones and Their Origins 63

5 Diamond 65

5.1 Introduction 65

5.2 Basic Qualities of Diamond 67

5.2.1 Crystal Structure 68

5.2.2 Crystal Chemistry and Type Classification of Diamond 69

5.2.3 Diamond Crystal Forms 71

5.2.4 Colored Diamonds 74

5.3 Common Diamond Treatments 76

5.4 Synthetic Diamond 79

5.5 Geology of Diamond and Kimberlite 79

5.5.1 Diamond Growth 81

5.5.2 Kimberlite Volcanoes 82

5.5.3 Lamproite 83

5.6 Global Distribution and Production of Diamond 84

5.7 Diamonds from Canada 92

5.8 The 4 Cs 95

5.8.1 Cut 95

5.8.2 Clarity 95

5.8.3 Color 96

5.8.4 Carat 98

5.9 Diamond Shapes 98

5.10 Diamond Valuation 99

5.11 Kimberley Process: A 5th C? 100

References 100

6 Corundum 103

6.1 Introduction 103

6.2 Basic Qualities of Corundum 104

6.2.1 Chemistry and Crystal Structure of Corundum 104

6.2.2 Corundum Crystal Forms 104

6.2.3 Colors of Corundum 104

6.3 Faceted Gem Corundum 107

6.4 Corundum Valuation 107

6.5 Corundum Treatments, Synthetics, and Imitations 110

6.6 Geology of Gem Corundum: Three Main Genetic Models 113

6.6.1 Metamorphic Corundum in Silica-Deficient Gneisses, Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks and Marbles 114

6.6.2 Xenocrysts in Alkali Basalts and Lamprophyres 118

6.6.3 Secondary Accumulation in Placers 120

6.7 Rarity of Gem Corundum 124

6.8 Global Distribution and Production of Corundum 124

References 127

7 Beryl