Ananda S. Amarasekara

Handbook of Cellulosic Ethanol (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Comprehensive coverage on the growing science and technology of producing ethanol from the world's abundant cellulosic biomass

The inevitable decline in petroleum reserves and its impact on gasoline prices, combined with climate change concerns, have contributed to current interest in renewable fuels. Bioethanol is the most successful renewable transport fuel-with corn and sugarcane ethanol currently in wide use as blend-in fuels in the United States, Brazil, and a few other countries. However, there are a number of major drawbacks in these first-generation biofuels, such as their effect on food prices, net energy balance, and poor greenhouse gas mitigation. Alternatively, cellulosic ethanol can be produced from abundant lignocellulosic biomass forms such as agricultural or municipal wastes, forest residues, fast growing trees, or grasses grown in marginal lands, and should be producible in substantial amounts to meet growing global energy demand.

The Handbook of Cellulosic Ethanol covers all aspects of this new and vital alternative fuel source, providing readers with the background, scientific theory, and recent research progress in producing cellulosic ethanol via different biochemical routes, as well as future directions. The seventeen chapters include information on:

• Advantages of cellulosic ethanol over first-generation ethanol as a transportation fuel
• Various biomass feedstocks that can be used to make cellulosic ethanol
• Details of the aqueous phase or cellulolysis route, pretreatment, enzyme or acid saccharification, fermentation, simultaneous saccharification fermentation, consolidated bioprocessing, genetically modified microorganisms, and yeasts
• Details of the syngas fermentation or thermochemical route, gasifiers, syngas cleaning, microorganisms for syngas fermentation, and chemical catalysts for syngas-to-ethanol conversion
• Distillation and dehydration to fuel-grade ethanol
• Techno-economical aspects and the future of cellulosic ethanol

Readership

Chemical engineers, chemists, and technicians working on renewable energy and fuels in industry, research institutions, and universities. The Handbook can also be used by students interested in biofuels and renewable energy issues.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: For Dummies
• Erscheinungstermin: 17. Dezember 2013
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118878422
• Artikelnr.: 40501361

Autorenporträt

Ananda S. Amarasekara is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at Prairie View A&M University in Texas. He received his PhD in organic chemistry from the City University of New York in 1985. His research interests include cellulosic ethanol, renewable fuels, catalysis in biomass processing, and renewable polymeric materials. For his current research projects, he has received funding from numerous funding agencies including the NSF, USDA, and ACS PRF. He has published more than eighty research publications in peer-reviewed journals.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xvii Part 1 Introduction to Cellulosic Ethanol 1 1 Renewable Fuels 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Renewable Energy 6 1.3 Biofuels 7 1.4 Renewable Energy in the United States 14 1.5 Renewable Fuel Legislature in the United States 20 References 25 2 Bioethanol as a Transportation Fuel 29 2.1 Introduction - History of Bioethanol as a Transportation Fuel 29 2.2 Alcohol Fuels 31 2.3 Fuel Characteristics of Ethanol 31 2.4 Corn and Sugarcane Ethanol 34 2.5 Advantages of Cellulosic Ethanol 35 References 40 3 Feedstocks for Cellulosic Ethanol Production 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Cellulosic Ethanol Feedstock Types 46 3.3 Potential of Agricultural Wastes 46 3.4 Major Crop Residue Feedstock 50 3.5 Forestry Residue, Logging and Mill Residue 68 3.6 Grass Feedstocks 70 3.7 Purpose-Grown Trees as Feedstock 92 3.8 Municipal and Other Waste as Feedstock for Cellulosic Ethanol 101 References 108 Part 2 Aqueous Phase Biomass Hydrolysis Route 131 4 Challenges in Aqueous-Phase Biomass Hydrolysis Route: Recalcitrance 133 4.1 Introduction - Two Ways to Produce Cellulosic Ethanol 133 4.2 Challenges in Aqueous-Phase Biomass Hydrolysis 134 4.3 Structure of Plant Cells and Lignocellulosic Biomass 135 4.4 Major Components of Lignocellulosic Biomass 137 4.5 Cellulose Recalcitrance 140 References 143 5 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 147 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 Different Categories of Pretreatment Methods 150 5.3 Physical Pretreatment 150 5.4 Physicochemical Pretreatment 153 5.5 Chemical Pretreatment 177 5.6 Biological Pretreatment 190 5.7 Conclusion 191 References 197 6 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose 219 6.1 Introduction 219 6.2 Enzymatic Actions on Lignocellulosic Biomass 220 6.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose 221 6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose 233 6.5 Future Directions in Enzymatic Cellulose Hydrolysis Research 237 References 239 7 Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose 247 7.1 Introduction 247 7.2 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis 248 7.3 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis 252 7.4 Ionic Liquid-Based Direct Acid Hydrolysis 262 7.5 Solid Acid Hydrolysis 269 References 275 8 Fermentation I - Microorganisms 283 8.1 Introduction 283 8.2 Detoxi
cation of Lignocellulosic Hydrolyzate 284 8.3 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) 288 8.4 Microorganisms Used in the Fermentation 288 8.5 Fermentation Using Yeasts 289 8.6 Fermentation Using Bacteria 294 8.7 Simultaneous Sacchari
cation and Fermentation (SSF) 300 8.8 Immobilization of Yeast 317 References 322 9 Fermentation II - Fermenter Con
guration and Design 339 9.1 Introduction 339 9.2 Batch Fermentation 340 9.2.1 Examples of Batch Fermentation 340 9.3 Fed-Batch Fermentation 340 9.4 Continuous Fermentation 346 9.5 New Directions in Fermenter Con
guration and Design 352 References 353 10 Separation and Uses of Lignin 357 10.1 Introduction 357 10.2 Structure of Lignin 359 10.3 Separation of Lignin in the Cellulosic Ethanol Process 360 10.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lignin 363 10.5 Applications of Lignin 365 10.5.1 Lignin-Based Phenol Formaldehyde Resins 365 References 373 Part 3 Biomass Gasi
cation Route 381 11 Biomass Pyrolysis and Gasi
er Designs 383 11.1 Introduction 383 11.2 Chemistry of the Conversion of Biomass to Syngas 384 11.3 Classi
cations of Biomass Gasi
ers 387 11.4 Fixed-Bed Gasi
er 388 11.5 Fluidized-Bed Gasi
er 389 11.6 Bubbling Fluidized-Bed (BFB) Gasi
er 390 11.7 Circulating Fluidized-Bed (CFB) Gasi
er 392 11.8 Allothermal Dual Fluidized-Bed (DFB) Gasi
er 392 11.9 Entrained-Flow Gasi
er 395 11.10 Syngas Cleaning 396 11.11 Tar Control and Treatment Methods 403 References 403 12 Conversion of Syngas to Ethanol Using Microorganisms 407 12.1 Introduction 407 12.2 Metabolic Pathways 410 12.3 Microorganisms Used in Syngas Fermentation 414 12.4 Biochemical Reactions in Syngas Fermentation 414 12.5 The Effects of Operation Parameters on Ethanol Yield 416 12.6 Syngas Fermentation Reactors 424 12.7 Industrial-Scale Syngas Fermentation and Commercialization 426 References 427 13 Conversion of Syngas to Ethanol Using Chemical Catalysts 433 13.1 Introduction 433 13.2 Homogeneous Catalysts 434 13.3 Introduction to Heterogeneous Catalysts 437 13.4 Heterogeneous Catalyst Types 437 13.5 Rhodium-Based Catalysts 438 13.6 Copper-Based Modi
ed Methanol Synthesis Catalysts 449 13.7 Modi
ed Fischer-Tropsch-Type Catalysts 455 13.8 Molybdenum-Based Catalysts 456 13.9 Catalyst Selection 459 References 461 Part 4 Processing of Cellulosic Ethanol 467 14 Distillation of Ethanol 469 14.1 Introduction 469 14.2 Distillation of the Beer 470 14.3 How Distillation Works 470 14.4 Conventional Ethanol Distillation System 472 14.5 Steam Generation for Distillation Process 475 14.6 Studies on Development of Hybrid Systems for Ethanol Distillation 476 References 479 15 Dehydration to Fuel Grade Ethanol 481 15.1 Introduction 481 15.2 Dehydration Methods 482 15.3 Adsorption Method 482 15.4 Azeotropic Distillation Method 488 15.5 Extractive Distillation Methods 491 15.6 Membrane-Based Pervaporation Methods 494 15.7 Other Dehydration Methods 498 15.8 Comparisons of Common Dehydration Methods 498 References 500 Part 5 Fuel Ethanol Standards and Process Evaluation 507 16 Fuel Ethanol Standards, Testing and Blending 509 16.1 Introduction 509 16.2 Fuel Grade Ethanol Standards in the United States 510 16.3 Quality Assurance and Test Methods 514 16.4 European Fuel Ethanol Standards 517 16.5 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Denatured Fuel Ethanol 518 16.6 Gasoline Ethanol Blends 520 16.7 Engine Performance Using Gasoline Ethanol Blends 524 References 528 17 Techno-Economic Analysis and Future of Cellulosic Ethanol 531 17.1 Introduction 531 17.2 Techno-Economic Aspects of Biomass Hydrolysis Process 532 17.3 Techno-Economic Aspects of Biomass Gasi
cation Process 533 17.4 Comparison of Biomass Hydrolysis and Gasi
cation Processes 539 17.5 Some Cellulosic Plants around the World 540 17.6 Challenges in Cellulosic Ethanol 550 17.7 Future Prospects of Cellulosic Ethanol 553 References 554 Appendix 1 557 Index