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This unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning synthesis, characterization, design, manufacturing and various other aspects of composite materials from renewable materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry. The Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The…mehr
This unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning synthesis, characterization, design, manufacturing and various other aspects of composite materials from renewable materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry. The Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The Handbook comprises 169 chapters from world renowned experts covering a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials. Volume 4 is solely focused on the Functionalization of renewable materials. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Chitosan-based bio sorbents; oil spill clean-up by textiles; pyridine and bipyridine end-functionalized polylactide; functional separation membranes from chitin and chitosan derivatives; acrylated epoxidized flaxseed oil bio-resin and its biocomposites; encapsulation of inorganic renewable nanofiller; chitosan coating on textile fibers for functional properties; surface functionalization of cellulose whiskers for nonpolar composites; impact of chemical treatment and the manufacturing process on mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of natural fibers based composites; bio-polymers modification; review on fibers from natural resources; strategies to improve the functionality of starch based films; the effect of gamma-radiation on biodegradability of natural fibers; surface functionalization through vapor-phase assisted surface polymerization (VASP) on natural materials from agricultural by-products; okra bast fiber as potential reinforcement element of biocomposites; silane coupling agent used in natural fiber/plastic composites; composites of olefin polymer /natural fibers: the surface modifications on natural fibers; surface functionalization of biomaterials; thermal and mechanical behaviors of bio-renewable fibres based polymer composites; natural and artificial diversification of starch; role of radiation and surface modification on bio-fiber for reinforced polymer composites.
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Autorenporträt
Vijay Kumar Thakur is a Lecturer in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Engineering, Cranfield University, UK. Previously he had been a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He spent his postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA, and gained his PhD in Polymer Chemistry (2009) at the National Institute of Technology, India. He has published more than 90 SCI journal research articles in the field of polymers/materials science and holds one US patent. He has also published about 25 books and 33 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/materials science with numerous publishers, including Wiley-Scrivener. Manju Kumar Thakur has been working as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since 2010. She received her PhD in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University. She has deep experience in the field of organic chemistry, biopolymers, composites/ nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-authored five books all in the field of polymeric materials. Michael R. Kessler is a Professor and Director of the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He is an expert in the mechanics, processing, and characterization of polymer matrix composites and nanocomposites. His honours include the Army Research Office Young Investigator Award, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award, the NSF CAREER Award, and the Elsevier Young Composites Researcher Award from the American Society for Composites. He has more than 150 journal articles and 5800 citations, holds 6 patents, published 5 books on the synthesis and characterization of polymer materials, and presented at least 200 talks at national and international meetings.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xix About the Editors xxi 1 Chitosan-based Biosorbents: Modifications and Application for Sequestration of PPCPs and Metals for Water Remediation 1 Dipali Rahangdale, G. Archana, Rita Dhodapkar and Anupama Kumar 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Modification of Chitosan 5 1.3 Interactions of Chitosan-based MIP Sorbents with Pollutants (Organic & Inorganic) 15 1.4 Applications of Chitosan 17 1.5 Conclusion 19 2 Oil Spill Cleanup by Textiles 27 D.P. Chattopadhyay and Varinder Kaur 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Causes of Oil Spilling 28 2.3 Problems Faced due to Oil Spilling 28 2.4 Oil Sorption Phenomenon 29 2.5 Removal of Oil Spill 30 2.6 Recent Developments for Effective Water Cleaning 37 2.7 Test Methods for Evaluation of Oil Sorbents 38 2.8 Conclusions 41 3 Pyridine and Bipyridine End-functionalized Polylactide: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications 47 Marco Frediani, Werner Oberhauser, Elisa Passaglia, Luca Rosi, Damiano Bandelli, Mattia Bartoli and Giorgio Petrucci 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Macroligand Synthesis 49 3.3 Macroligand Coordination to Palladium 52 3.4 Pd-nanoparticles Supported onto End-functionalized Stereocomplexes 55 3.5 Catalytic Applications 58 3.6 Outlook 63 4 Functional Separation Membranes from Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives 69 Tadashi Uragami 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Preparation of Separation Membrane from Chitin, Chitosan, and their Derivatives 73 4.3 Functional Separation Membranes from Chitin, Chitosan, and their Derivatives 74 4.4 Conclusions 113 5 Acrylated Epoxidized Flaxseed Oil Bio-Resin and its Biocomposites 121 Anup Rana and Richard W. Evitts 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Experimental 124 5.3 Results and Discussion 127 5.4 Conclusions 137 Acknowledgment 138 6 Encapsulation of Inorganic Renewable Nanofiller 143 Anyaporn Boonmahitthisud, Saowaroj Chuayjuljit and Takaomi Kobayashi 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Synthesis of Polymer-encapsulated Silica Nanoparticles 147 6.3 Concluding Remarks 160 Acknowledgments 161 References 161 7 Chitosan Coating on Textile Fibers for Functional Properties 165 Franco Ferrero and Monica Periolatto 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Antimicrobial Coating of Textiles by Chitosan UV Curing 171 7.3 Chitosan Coating of Wool for Antifelting Properties 181 7.4 Chitosan Coating on Textile Fibers to Increasing Uptake of Ionic Dyes in Dyeing 183 7.5 Chitosan Coating on Cotton Filter for Removal of Dyes and Metal Ions from Wastewaters 186 7.6 Conclusions 190 References 191 8 Surface Functionalization of Cellulose Whiskers for Nonpolar Composites Applications 199 Kelcilene B. R. Teodoro, Adriana de Campos, Ana Carolina Corrêa, Eliangela de Morais Teixeira, José Manoel Marconcini and Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso 8.1 Introduction 200 8.2 Experimental 207 8.3 Results and Discussion 211 8.4 Conclusion 219 References 219 9 Impact of Chemical Treatment and the Manufacturing Process on Mechanical, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Natural Fibers-based Composites 225 Marya Raji, Hamid Essabir, Rachid Bouhfid and Abou el kacem Qaiss 9.1 Introduction 225 9.2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Natural Fibers 228 9.3 Problematic 230 9.4 Natural Fibers Treatments 231 9.5 Composites Manufacturing 235 9.6 Composites Properties 236 9.7 Conclusion 247 References 248 10 Biopolymers Modification and their Utilization in Biomimetic Composites for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 253 Kausik Kapat and Santanu Dhara 10.1 Introduction 254 10.2 Failure, Defect, and Design: Role of Composites 255 10.3 Cell-ECM Composite Hierarchy in Bone-cartilage Interface 257 10.4 Polymers for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 258 10.5 Polymer Modification for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 261 10.6 Composite Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 271 10.7 Osteochondral Composite Scaffolds: Clinical Status 275 10.8 Current Challenges and Future Direction 276 References 276 11 Review on Fibers from Natural Resources 287 Jessica Flesner and Boris Mahltig 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 Materials and Methods 288 11.3 Fiber Characteristics 290 11.4 Conclusions 304 Acknowledgments 304 References 305 12 Strategies to Improve the Functionality of Starch-Based Films 311 A. Cano, M. Chafer, A. Chiralt and C. Gonzalez-Martinez 12.1 Introduction 311 12.2 Starch: Sources and Main Uses 312 12.3 Strategies to Improve the Functionality of Biopolymer-Based Films 317 12.4 Bioactive Compounds with Antimicrobial Activity 326 12.5 Conclusion 329 References 329 13 The Effect of Gamma Radiation on Biodegradability of Natural Fiber/PP-HMSPP Foams: A Study of Thermal Stability and Biodegradability 339 Elizabeth C. L. Cardoso, Sandra R. Scagliusi and Ademar B. Lugão 13.1 Introduction 339 13.2 Materials and Methods 342 13.3 Results and Discussion 344 13.3 Conclusions 351 Acknowledgments 351 References 351 14 Surface Functionalization through Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Polymerization (VASP) on Natural Materials from Agricultural By-Products 355 Yoshito Andou and Haruo Nishida 14.1 Introduction 355 14.2 Surface Modification by Steam Treatment 358 14.3 Surface Modification by Compatibilizer 359 14.4 Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Polymerization 360 14.5 Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Modification of Biomass Fillers 362 14.6 Vapor-Phase Chemical Modification of Biomass Fillers 365 14.7 Green Composites Through VASP Process 368 14.8 Conclusions and Outlook 372 References 374 15 Okra Bast Fiber as Potential Reinforcement Element of Biocomposites: Can It Be the Flax of the Future? 379 G.M. Arifuzzaman Khan, Nazire Deniz Yilmaz and Kenan Yilmaz 15.1 Introduction 379 15.2 Cultivation and Harvesting of Okra Plant 381 15.3 Extraction of Bast Fibers from Okra Plant 382 15.4 Composition, Morphology, and Properties of Okra Bast Fiber 383 15.5 Modification Methods of Okra Bast fiber 391 15.6 Potential Application Areas of Okra Bast Fiber-reinforced Biocomposites 398 15.7 Conclusions and Future Work 400 References 400 16 Silane Coupling Agents Used in Natural Fiber/Plastic Composites 407 Yanjun Xie, Zefang Xiao, Holger Militz and Xiaolong Hao 16.1 Introduction 407 16.2 Hydrolysis of Silanes 409 16.3 Interaction with Natural Fibers 413 16.4 Interaction with Plastics 415 16.5 Summary 422 Acknowledgments 423 Abbreviations 423 References 424 17 Composites of Olefin Polymer/Natural Fibers: The Surface Modifications on Natural Fibers 431 Sandra Regina Albinante, Gabriel Platenik and Luciano N. Batista 17.1 Introduction 431 17.2 Vegetable Fiber 432 17.3 Chemical Treatments 433 17.4 Mercerization 434 17.5 Acetylation Process: Way to Insert Fibers on Hydrophilic Polymers 438 17.6 Acetylation Treatment 439 17.7 Catalyst for Acetylation Process 439 17.7 Methods for Determination Acetylation 441 17.8 Weight Percentage Gain 442 17.9 Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy 442 17.10 Chemical Modification of Fiber through the Reaction with Polymer-modified Olefin 443 17.11 Other Treatments 445 17.12 Maximum Stress in Tension 448 17.13 Elongation at Break 449 17.14 Elastic Modulus 449 17.15 Impact Resistance 450 References 451 18 Surface Functionalization of Biomaterials 457 Karol Kyzio³, £ukasz Kaczmarek and Agnieszka Kyzio³ 18.1 Introduction 457 18.2 Biomaterials 458 18.3 Surface Modification Technologies 466 18.4 Surface Functionalization of Metallic Biomaterials: Selected Examples 475 18.5 Surface Functionalization of Polymeric Biomaterials: Selected Examples 478 18.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 481 References 483 19 Thermal and Mechanical Behaviors of Biorenewable Fibers-Based Polymer Composites 491 K. Anbukarasi and S. Kalaiselvam 19.1 Introduction 491 19.2 Classification of Natural Fibers 494 19.3 Structure of Biofiber 494 19.4 Surface Treatment of Natural Fibers 496 19.5 Hemp Fiber Composites 499 19.6 Bamboo Fiber Composites 500 19.7 Banana Fiber Composites 501 19.8 Kenaf Fiber Composites 502 19.9 Coir Fiber Composites 503 19.10 Jute Fiber Composites 504 19.11 Flax Fiber Composites 505 19.12 Date Palm Fibers Composites 506 19.13 Rice Straw Fiber Composites 506 19.14 Agava Fibers Composites 507 19.15 Sisal Fibers Composites 507 19.16 Pineapple Leaf Fiber Composites 508 19.17 Basalt Fiber Composites 508 19.18 Grewia optiva Fiber Composites 509 19.19 Luffa Fiber Composites 509 19.20 Some Other Natural Fibers Composites 512 19.21 Conclusion 514 References 515 20 Natural and Artificial Diversification of Starch 521 M. Kapelko-¯eberska, A. Gryszkin, T. Ziêba and Akhilesh Vikram Singh 20.1 Introduction 521 References 535 21 Role of Radiation and Surface Modification on Biofiber for Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review 541 M. Masudul Hassan, A. Karim and Manfred H. Wagner 21.1 Introduction 541 21.2 Natural Fibers 542 21.3 Chemistry of Cellulose in NF 544 21.4 Drawback of NFs 545 21.5 Surface Modification of NFs 545 21.6 Radiation Effect on the Surface of Biofiber 548 21.7 Biocomposites 550 21.8 Hybrid Biocomposites 552 21.9 Nanofillers and Nanocomposites 554 21.10 Initiative in Product Development of NF Composite 554 21.11 Conclusion 555 Acknowledgments 556 References 556 Index 563
Preface xix About the Editors xxi 1 Chitosan-based Biosorbents: Modifications and Application for Sequestration of PPCPs and Metals for Water Remediation 1 Dipali Rahangdale, G. Archana, Rita Dhodapkar and Anupama Kumar 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Modification of Chitosan 5 1.3 Interactions of Chitosan-based MIP Sorbents with Pollutants (Organic & Inorganic) 15 1.4 Applications of Chitosan 17 1.5 Conclusion 19 2 Oil Spill Cleanup by Textiles 27 D.P. Chattopadhyay and Varinder Kaur 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Causes of Oil Spilling 28 2.3 Problems Faced due to Oil Spilling 28 2.4 Oil Sorption Phenomenon 29 2.5 Removal of Oil Spill 30 2.6 Recent Developments for Effective Water Cleaning 37 2.7 Test Methods for Evaluation of Oil Sorbents 38 2.8 Conclusions 41 3 Pyridine and Bipyridine End-functionalized Polylactide: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications 47 Marco Frediani, Werner Oberhauser, Elisa Passaglia, Luca Rosi, Damiano Bandelli, Mattia Bartoli and Giorgio Petrucci 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Macroligand Synthesis 49 3.3 Macroligand Coordination to Palladium 52 3.4 Pd-nanoparticles Supported onto End-functionalized Stereocomplexes 55 3.5 Catalytic Applications 58 3.6 Outlook 63 4 Functional Separation Membranes from Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives 69 Tadashi Uragami 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Preparation of Separation Membrane from Chitin, Chitosan, and their Derivatives 73 4.3 Functional Separation Membranes from Chitin, Chitosan, and their Derivatives 74 4.4 Conclusions 113 5 Acrylated Epoxidized Flaxseed Oil Bio-Resin and its Biocomposites 121 Anup Rana and Richard W. Evitts 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Experimental 124 5.3 Results and Discussion 127 5.4 Conclusions 137 Acknowledgment 138 6 Encapsulation of Inorganic Renewable Nanofiller 143 Anyaporn Boonmahitthisud, Saowaroj Chuayjuljit and Takaomi Kobayashi 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Synthesis of Polymer-encapsulated Silica Nanoparticles 147 6.3 Concluding Remarks 160 Acknowledgments 161 References 161 7 Chitosan Coating on Textile Fibers for Functional Properties 165 Franco Ferrero and Monica Periolatto 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Antimicrobial Coating of Textiles by Chitosan UV Curing 171 7.3 Chitosan Coating of Wool for Antifelting Properties 181 7.4 Chitosan Coating on Textile Fibers to Increasing Uptake of Ionic Dyes in Dyeing 183 7.5 Chitosan Coating on Cotton Filter for Removal of Dyes and Metal Ions from Wastewaters 186 7.6 Conclusions 190 References 191 8 Surface Functionalization of Cellulose Whiskers for Nonpolar Composites Applications 199 Kelcilene B. R. Teodoro, Adriana de Campos, Ana Carolina Corrêa, Eliangela de Morais Teixeira, José Manoel Marconcini and Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso 8.1 Introduction 200 8.2 Experimental 207 8.3 Results and Discussion 211 8.4 Conclusion 219 References 219 9 Impact of Chemical Treatment and the Manufacturing Process on Mechanical, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Natural Fibers-based Composites 225 Marya Raji, Hamid Essabir, Rachid Bouhfid and Abou el kacem Qaiss 9.1 Introduction 225 9.2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Natural Fibers 228 9.3 Problematic 230 9.4 Natural Fibers Treatments 231 9.5 Composites Manufacturing 235 9.6 Composites Properties 236 9.7 Conclusion 247 References 248 10 Biopolymers Modification and their Utilization in Biomimetic Composites for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 253 Kausik Kapat and Santanu Dhara 10.1 Introduction 254 10.2 Failure, Defect, and Design: Role of Composites 255 10.3 Cell-ECM Composite Hierarchy in Bone-cartilage Interface 257 10.4 Polymers for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 258 10.5 Polymer Modification for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 261 10.6 Composite Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 271 10.7 Osteochondral Composite Scaffolds: Clinical Status 275 10.8 Current Challenges and Future Direction 276 References 276 11 Review on Fibers from Natural Resources 287 Jessica Flesner and Boris Mahltig 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 Materials and Methods 288 11.3 Fiber Characteristics 290 11.4 Conclusions 304 Acknowledgments 304 References 305 12 Strategies to Improve the Functionality of Starch-Based Films 311 A. Cano, M. Chafer, A. Chiralt and C. Gonzalez-Martinez 12.1 Introduction 311 12.2 Starch: Sources and Main Uses 312 12.3 Strategies to Improve the Functionality of Biopolymer-Based Films 317 12.4 Bioactive Compounds with Antimicrobial Activity 326 12.5 Conclusion 329 References 329 13 The Effect of Gamma Radiation on Biodegradability of Natural Fiber/PP-HMSPP Foams: A Study of Thermal Stability and Biodegradability 339 Elizabeth C. L. Cardoso, Sandra R. Scagliusi and Ademar B. Lugão 13.1 Introduction 339 13.2 Materials and Methods 342 13.3 Results and Discussion 344 13.3 Conclusions 351 Acknowledgments 351 References 351 14 Surface Functionalization through Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Polymerization (VASP) on Natural Materials from Agricultural By-Products 355 Yoshito Andou and Haruo Nishida 14.1 Introduction 355 14.2 Surface Modification by Steam Treatment 358 14.3 Surface Modification by Compatibilizer 359 14.4 Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Polymerization 360 14.5 Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Modification of Biomass Fillers 362 14.6 Vapor-Phase Chemical Modification of Biomass Fillers 365 14.7 Green Composites Through VASP Process 368 14.8 Conclusions and Outlook 372 References 374 15 Okra Bast Fiber as Potential Reinforcement Element of Biocomposites: Can It Be the Flax of the Future? 379 G.M. Arifuzzaman Khan, Nazire Deniz Yilmaz and Kenan Yilmaz 15.1 Introduction 379 15.2 Cultivation and Harvesting of Okra Plant 381 15.3 Extraction of Bast Fibers from Okra Plant 382 15.4 Composition, Morphology, and Properties of Okra Bast Fiber 383 15.5 Modification Methods of Okra Bast fiber 391 15.6 Potential Application Areas of Okra Bast Fiber-reinforced Biocomposites 398 15.7 Conclusions and Future Work 400 References 400 16 Silane Coupling Agents Used in Natural Fiber/Plastic Composites 407 Yanjun Xie, Zefang Xiao, Holger Militz and Xiaolong Hao 16.1 Introduction 407 16.2 Hydrolysis of Silanes 409 16.3 Interaction with Natural Fibers 413 16.4 Interaction with Plastics 415 16.5 Summary 422 Acknowledgments 423 Abbreviations 423 References 424 17 Composites of Olefin Polymer/Natural Fibers: The Surface Modifications on Natural Fibers 431 Sandra Regina Albinante, Gabriel Platenik and Luciano N. Batista 17.1 Introduction 431 17.2 Vegetable Fiber 432 17.3 Chemical Treatments 433 17.4 Mercerization 434 17.5 Acetylation Process: Way to Insert Fibers on Hydrophilic Polymers 438 17.6 Acetylation Treatment 439 17.7 Catalyst for Acetylation Process 439 17.7 Methods for Determination Acetylation 441 17.8 Weight Percentage Gain 442 17.9 Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy 442 17.10 Chemical Modification of Fiber through the Reaction with Polymer-modified Olefin 443 17.11 Other Treatments 445 17.12 Maximum Stress in Tension 448 17.13 Elongation at Break 449 17.14 Elastic Modulus 449 17.15 Impact Resistance 450 References 451 18 Surface Functionalization of Biomaterials 457 Karol Kyzio³, £ukasz Kaczmarek and Agnieszka Kyzio³ 18.1 Introduction 457 18.2 Biomaterials 458 18.3 Surface Modification Technologies 466 18.4 Surface Functionalization of Metallic Biomaterials: Selected Examples 475 18.5 Surface Functionalization of Polymeric Biomaterials: Selected Examples 478 18.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 481 References 483 19 Thermal and Mechanical Behaviors of Biorenewable Fibers-Based Polymer Composites 491 K. Anbukarasi and S. Kalaiselvam 19.1 Introduction 491 19.2 Classification of Natural Fibers 494 19.3 Structure of Biofiber 494 19.4 Surface Treatment of Natural Fibers 496 19.5 Hemp Fiber Composites 499 19.6 Bamboo Fiber Composites 500 19.7 Banana Fiber Composites 501 19.8 Kenaf Fiber Composites 502 19.9 Coir Fiber Composites 503 19.10 Jute Fiber Composites 504 19.11 Flax Fiber Composites 505 19.12 Date Palm Fibers Composites 506 19.13 Rice Straw Fiber Composites 506 19.14 Agava Fibers Composites 507 19.15 Sisal Fibers Composites 507 19.16 Pineapple Leaf Fiber Composites 508 19.17 Basalt Fiber Composites 508 19.18 Grewia optiva Fiber Composites 509 19.19 Luffa Fiber Composites 509 19.20 Some Other Natural Fibers Composites 512 19.21 Conclusion 514 References 515 20 Natural and Artificial Diversification of Starch 521 M. Kapelko-¯eberska, A. Gryszkin, T. Ziêba and Akhilesh Vikram Singh 20.1 Introduction 521 References 535 21 Role of Radiation and Surface Modification on Biofiber for Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review 541 M. Masudul Hassan, A. Karim and Manfred H. Wagner 21.1 Introduction 541 21.2 Natural Fibers 542 21.3 Chemistry of Cellulose in NF 544 21.4 Drawback of NFs 545 21.5 Surface Modification of NFs 545 21.6 Radiation Effect on the Surface of Biofiber 548 21.7 Biocomposites 550 21.8 Hybrid Biocomposites 552 21.9 Nanofillers and Nanocomposites 554 21.10 Initiative in Product Development of NF Composite 554 21.11 Conclusion 555 Acknowledgments 556 References 556 Index 563
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