James G. Speight

Handbook of Heavy Oil Properties and Analysis (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Handbook of Heavy Oil Properties and Analysis Understand the future of oil production with this comprehensive guide Heavy oil, also known as viscous oil, is oil too viscous to flow normally from wells and reservoirs. In recent decades it has become increasingly important as a source of liquid oil for use in industrial processes. This places all the greater importance on proper analysis of heavy oil and its properties, so that it can be more effectively refined and deployed to meet ever-growing energy needs. Handbook of Heavy Oil Properties and Analysis provides a comprehensive introduction to the analysis of viscous oil and its properties. It discusses the full range of tests and analytical procedures by which the behavior and refinability of viscous oil samples can be predicted and connects theoretical knowledge to refinery practice throughout. Additionally, its incorporation of the latest environmental regulations makes it an invaluable resource. Readers will also find: * Detailed coverage of both physical properties and chemical composition of heavy oil * An author more than fifty years of experience in the process industries * Discussion of new methods for determining instability and incompatibility This book is a useful reference for scientists and engineers in the oil refining industries, chemists and researchers in heavy oil and adjacent industries, and government officials and regulators.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Jossey-Bass
• Seitenzahl: 496
• Erscheinungstermin: 10. Mai 2023
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119577126
• Artikelnr.: 68030324

Autorenporträt

James G. Speight, PhD, is an independent fuel and environmental consultant with an international reputation for expertise in fuel properties and environmental impacts. He has authored over 100 books and papers and has received numerous awards and distinctions for his research and work in oil refinement and processing.

Inhaltsangabe

About the Author

Preface xv

1 History and Terminology 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Historical Perspectives 8

1.2.1 Pre- Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen 8

1.2.2 Post- Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen 14

1.3 Definitions and Terminology 15

1.3.1 Nonviscous Feedstocks 17

1.3.1.1 Crude Oil 17

1.3.1.2 Opportunity Crude Oil 21

1.3.1.3 High- Acid Crude Oil 25

1.3.1.4 Foamy Oil 26

1.3.2 Viscous Feedstocks 27

1.3.2.1 Gas Oil 29

1.3.2.2 Heavy Crude Oil 30

1.3.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil 33

1.3.2.4 Tar Sand Bitumen 36

1.3.2.5 Residuum 41

1.3.2.6 Asphalt 45

1.3.2.7 Tar and Pitch 49

1.3.2.8 Sludge 50

1.4 Classification 51

1.5 Feedstock Evaluation 53

1.6 Modern Analytical Perspectives 56

References 58

2 Sampling and Measurement 63

2.1 Introduction 63

2.2 Sampling 64

2.2.1 Sampling Protocol 70

2.2.1.1 Sampling Semi- volatile and Nonvolatile Compounds 71

2.2.1.2 Solids 75

2.2.1.3 Extract Concentration 77

2.2.1.4 Sample Cleanup 80

2.2.2 Representative Sample 80

2.2.3 Sampling Error 82

2.3 Measurement 82

2.4 Method Validation 85

2.4.1 Requirements 87

2.4.2 Method Detection Limit 87

2.4.3 Accuracy 88

2.4.4 Precision 89

2.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 90

2.5.1 Quality Control 90

2.5.2 Quality Assurance 92

2.6 Assay and Specifications 93

2.6.1 Assay 95

2.6.2 Specifications 99

2.6.3 Metallic Constituents 100

2.6.4 Water Content 101

2.7 Environmental Issues 102

References 104

3 Chemical Composition 109

3.1 Introduction 109

3.2 Elemental Composition 114

3.3 Chemical Composition 120

3.3.1 Hydrocarbon Constituents 122

3.3.1.1 Paraffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives 123

3.3.1.2 Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives 124

3.3.1.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives 124

3.3.1.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Derivatives 124

3.3.2 Non- hydrocarbon Constituents 125

3.3.2.1 Sulfur Compounds 125

3.3.2.2 Nitrogen Compounds 126

3.3.2.3 Oxygen Compounds 126

3.3.3 Metallic Constituents 127

3.3.4 Porphyrins 128

3.4 Chemical Composition by Distillation 131

3.4.1 Vacuum Gas Oil 135

3.4.2 Vacuum Residua 136

3.5 Chemical Composition by Spectroscopy 137

3.5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 138

3.5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 138

3.5.3 Mass Spectrometry 139

3.5.4 Other Techniques 141

References 142

4 Fractional Composition 149

4.1 Introduction 149

4.2 Distillation 151

4.3 Solvent Treatment 152

4.3.1 Asphaltene Separation 156

4.3.1.1 Influence of Solvent Type 158

4.3.1.2 Influence of the Degree of Dilution 160

4.3.1.3 Influence of Temperature 160

4.3.1.4 Influence of Contact Time 161

4.3.2 Fractionation 161

4.3.3 Carbenes and Carboids 163

4.4 Adsorption 164

4.4.1 Chemical Factors 165

4.4.2 Fractionation Methods 166

4.4.2.1 General Methods 166

4.4.2.2 ASTM Methods 172

4.5 Chemical Methods 173

4.5.1 Acid Treatment 173

4.5.2 Molecular Complex Formation 174