Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology (eBook, PDF)

Redaktion: Fingas, Merv

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Provides a scientific basis for the cleanup and for the assessment of oil spills * Enables Non-scientific officers to understand the science they use on a daily basis * Multi-disciplinary approach covering fields as diverse as biology, microbiology, chemistry, physics, oceanography and toxicology * Covers the science of oil spills from risk analysis to cleanup and through the effects on the environment * Includes case studies examining and analyzing spills, such as Tasman Spirit oil spill on the Karachi Coast, and provides lessons to prevent these in the future

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 728
• Erscheinungstermin: 29. Dezember 2014
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118989968
• Artikelnr.: 42096095

Autorenporträt

Merv Fingas has 40 years of experience in oil and chemical spill research. He has authored over 850 technical publications and papers including books, manuals and over 500 peer-reviewed papers. He has won over 20 awards for research and papers from the United States Government, Canadian Government and international conferences. Dr.  Fingas has also collaborated on studies with over 25 organizations around the world, coordinated studies for over 30 years through 6 internationally-attended committees and developed co-operative projects with many international groups.

Inhaltsangabe

Contributors xvii Author Biographies xix Preface xxvii PART I
Risk Analysis 1 1 Risk Analysis and Prevention 3 Dagmar Schmidt Etkin 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Executive Summary 3 1.3 Oil Spill Risk Analysis 4 1.4 Overview of Oil Spill Prevention 28 References 34 PART II
Oil Properties 37 2 Oil Physical Properties: Measurement and Correlation 39 Bruce P. Hollebone 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Fuel Products 39 2.3 Hydrocarbon Groups 44 2.4 Quality Assurance and Control 46 2.5 Effects of Evaporative Weathering on Oil Bulk Properties 46 References 49 PART III
Oil Composition and Properties 51 3 Introduction to Oil Chemistry and Properties 53 Merv Fingas 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 The Composition of Oil 53 3.3 Properties of Oil 75 References 76 4 Vegetable Oil Spills: Oil Properties and Behavior 79 Merv Fingas 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 The Oils 79 4.3 Historical Spills 79 4.4 Aquatic Toxicity 86 4.5 Properties of the Oils 86 4.6 Behavior in the Environment 87 4.7 Oxidation Biodegradation and Polymerization 87 4.8 Spill Countermeasures 88 4.9 Biofuels 88 4.10 Conclusions 89 References 89 PART IV Oil Analysis 93 5 Chromatographic Fingerprinting Analysis of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products 95 Chun Yang, Zhendi Wang, Bruce P. Hollebone ,Carl E. Brown, Zeyu Yang, and Mike Landriault 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Introduction to Oil Analysis Techniques 100 5.3 Methodology of Oil Fingerprinting Analysis 105 5.4 Weathering Effect on Oil Chemical Composition 141 5.5 Diagnostic Ratios of Target Hydrocarbons 148 5.6 Forensic Oil Spill Identification: A Case Study 151 References 158 6 Oil Spill Identification 165 Joan Albaigés, Paul G.M. Kienhuis, and Gerhard Dahlmann 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 Sampling 167 6.3 Sample Handling in the Laboratory 170 6.4 Analysis 171 6.5 Conclusions 198 References 202 PART V Oil Behavior 205 7 Oil and Petroleum Evaporation 207 Merv Fingas 7.1 Introduction 207 7.2 Review of Historical Concepts 209 7.3 Development of New Diffusion-Regulated Models 213 7.4 Complexities to the Diffusion-Regulated Model 218 7.5 Use of Evaporation Equations in Spill Models 220 7.6 Volatilization 221 7.7 Measurement of Evaporation 221 7.8 Summary 221 References 222 8 Water-in-Oil Emulsions: Formation and Prediction 225 Merv Fingas and Ben Fieldhouse 8.1 Introduction 225 8.2 Types of Emulsions 225 8.3 Stability Indices 226 8.4 Formation of Emulsions 230 8.5 Modeling the Formation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions 235 8.6 Conclusions 251 References 268 9 Oil Behavior in Ice-Infested Waters 271 Merv Fingas and Bruce P. Hollebone 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Spreading on Ice 271 9.3 Spreading on or in Snow 273 9.4 Spreading under Ice 273 9.5 Spreading on Water with Ice Present 274 9.6 The Effect of Gas on Oil-under-Ice Spreading 275 9.7 Movement through Ice 276 9.8 Oil in Leads 277 9.9 Absorption to Snow and Ice 280 9.10 Containment on Ice 280 9.11 Heating Effect of Oil on the Surface of Ice 280 9.12 Oil under Multiyear Ice 280 9.13 Oil in Pack Ice 281 9.14 Growth of Ice on Shorelines and Effect on Oil Retention 281 9.15 Effect of Oil on Ice Properties 281 9.16 Concluding Remarks 283 References 283 PART VI
Modeling 285 10 Introduction to Spill Modeling 287 Merv Fingas 10.1 Introduction 287 10.2 An Overview of Weathering 287 10.3 Evaporation 288 10.4 Water Uptake and Emulsification 290 10.5 Natural Dispersion 293 10.6 Summary of Natural Dispersion 295 10.7 Other Processes 295 10.8 Movement of Oil and Oil Spill Modeling 297 10.9 Spill Modeling 299 References 299 11 Oceanographic and Meteorological Effects on Spilled Oil 301 C.J. Beegle-Krause and William J. Lehr List of Symbols 301 11.1 Introduction 301 11.2 Chapter Scope 302 11.3 Atmospheric Boundary Layer 302 11.4 Water Currents 303 11.5 Waves 304 11.6 Sea Spray 306 11.7 Langmuir Cells 306 11.8 Oil Transport 307 11.9 Areas of Active Research 308 References 309 PART VII
Detection Tracking and Remote Sensing 311 12 Oil Spill Remote Sensing 313 Merv Fingas and Carl E. Brown 12.1 Introduction 313 12.2 Atmospheric Properties 314 12.3 Oil Interaction with Light and Electronic Waves 314 12.4 Visible Indications of Oil 316 12.5 Optical Sensors 317 12.6 Laser Fluorosensors 325 12.7 Microwave Sensors 326 12.8 Slick Thickness Determination 331 12.9 Integrated Airborne Sensor Systems 333 12.10 Satellite Remote Sensing 334 12.11 Oil-Under-Ice Detection 340 12.12 Underwater Detection and Tracking 340 12.13 Small Remote-Controlled Aircraft 344 12.14 Real-Time Displays and Printers 345 12.15 Routine Surveillance 345 12.16 Future Trends 346 12.17 Recommendations 347 References 348 13 Detection Tracking and Remote Sensing: Satellites and Image Processing (Spaceborne Oil Spill Detection) 357 Konstantinos Topouzelis, Dario Tarchi, Michele Vespe, Monica Posada, Oliver Muellenhoff and Guido Ferraro 13.1 Introduction 357 13.2 Oil Spills Detection by Satellite 358 13.3 From Research to Operational Services 366 13.4 Ancillary Data 375 13.5 Summary and Conclusions 378 References 381 14 Detection of Oil in with and under Ice and Snow 385 Merv Fingas and Carl E. Brown 14.1 Introduction 385 14.2 Overview of Detection of Oil in or under Ice and Snow 385 14.3 Detection of Surface Oil with Ice: Conventional Techniques 392 14.4 Conclusions 392 References 392 PART VIII
Oil Spills on Land 395 15 Bioremediation of Oil Spills on Land 397 Lisa D. Brown and Ania C. Ulrich 15.1 Introduction 397 15.2 Brief Overview of Bioremediation Techniques for Land Oil Spills 397 15.3 Key Organisms Involved in Biodegradation of Oil Spills on Land 398 15.4 Environmental Factors Affecting Bioremediation 399 15.5 In Situ Bioremediation Strategies 400 15.6 Ex Situ Land Treatment Techniques 402 15.7 Bioaugmentation Strategies 404 15.8 Biostimulation Strategies 404 References 405 16 Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation of Petroleum Impacted Soil: A Scientifically Proven Green Technology 407 Karen E. Gerhardt, Perry D. Gerwing, Xiao-Dong Huang and Bruce M. Greenberg 16.1 Introduction 407 16.2 PGPR-Enhanced Phytoremediation System(s) 413 16.3 Case Studies of Full-Scale Petroleum Phytoremediation 416 16.4 Achieving Regulatory Criteria 421 16.5 Conclusions 422 References 423 PART IX Effects of Oil 429 17 Overview of Efforts to Document and Reduce Impacts of Oil Spills on Seabirds 431 Roger C. Helm, Harry R. Carter, R. Glenn Ford, D. Michael Fry, Rocío L. Moreno, Carolina Sanpera and Florina S. Tseng 17.1 Introduction 431 17.2 Vulnerability 433 17.3 Effect of Oiling on Individual Birds 435 17.4 Rehabilitation and Veterinary Care 436 17.5 Estimating Mortality 441 17.6 Long-Term Impacts 444 17.7 Restoration 446 References 448 18 Overview of Effects of Oil Spills on Marine Mammals 455 Roger C. Helm, Daniel P. Costa, Terry D. DeBruyn, Thomas J. O'Shea, Randall S. Wells and Terrie M. Williams 18.1 Introduction 455 18.2 Sea Otters 458 18.3 Seals and Sea Lions 461 18.4 Sea Cows 464 18.5 Polar Bears 465 18.6 Whales Dolphins and Porpoises 467 References 471 19 Oil Spill Impact and Recovery of Coastal Marsh Vegetation 477 Qianxin Lin 19.1 Introduction 477 19.2 Toxicity and Impact as a Function of Oil Type and Oil Weathering Degree 477 19.3 Sensitivity to Oil Varies by Plant Species 478 19.4 Effects of Oil Exposure Modes on Severity of Oil Impacts 479 19.5 Effects of Oil Spill Cleanup Procedures on Marsh Recovery 481 References 483 PART X Natural Dispersion 485 20 A Review of Natural Dispersion Models 487 Merv Fingas 20.1 Introduction 487 20.2 The Mackay Approach 487 20.3 The Audunson Approach 489 20.4 The Delvigne Approach 490 20.5 Residence in the Water Column 492 20.6 Comparison of the Models 492 20.7 Conclusions 494 References 494 PART XI
Cold Region Spills 495 21 Arctic and Antarctic Spills 497 D.M. Filler, Mahlon C. Kennicutt II, I. Snape, Stephen T. Sweet and Andrew G. Klein 21.1 Introduction 497 21.2 Terrestrial Spills 502 21.3 Marine Spills 507 21.4 Policy 508 References 510 PART XII
Case Studies 513 22 The Prestige Oil Spill 515 Joan Albaigés ,Ana Bernabeu, Sonia Castanedo, Núria Jiménez, Carmen Morales-Caselles, Araceli Puente and Lucía Viñas 22.1 Introduction 515 22.2 The Ocean and Coastal Dynamics in the NW Iberia and their Influence on the Spill 516 22.3 Oil Monitoring and Fate 521 22.4 The Assessment of Effects 531 22.5 Environmental Restoration 537 22.6 Conclusion 541 References 542 23 The Grounding of the Bahía Paraíso Arthur Harbor Antarctica: Distribution and Fate of Oil Spill Related Hydrocarbons 547 Stephen T. Sweet, Mahlon C. Kennicutt II and Andrew G. Klein 23.1 Introduction and Background 547 23.2 Environmental Sampling 550 23.3 Conclusions 555 References 555 24 Tasman Spirit Oil Spill at Karachi Coast Pakistan 557 Hina Ahsan Siddiqi and Alia Bano Munshi 24.1 Introduction 557 24.2 Immediate Response to the Impact: Actions and Remediation 55724.2.1 Oil Recovery and Coast Cleaning 558 24.3 The DDWP Project by Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) 561 24.4 Hydrodynamics and Meteorological Data 562 24.5 Oil Monitoring and Fate 564 24.6 Effects of Oil Impact at the Community Level 568 24.7 Bioremediation/Natural Attenuation Processes 572 24.8 Conclusions 572 References 573 PART XIII
Appendices 575 Appendix A The Oil Properties Data Appendix 577 Bruce P. Hollebone Appendix B Conversions 683 Merv Fingas Appendix C Ice Nomenclature 685 Merv Fingas Index 689