Handbook of Polymers for Pharmaceutical Technologies, Volume 2, Processing and Applications (eBook, PDF)

Redaktion: Thakur, Vijay Kumar; Thakur, Manju Kumari

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Polymers are one of the most fascinating materials of the present era finding their applications in almost every aspects of life. Polymers are either directly available in nature or are chemically synthesized and used depending upon the targeted applications. Advances in polymer science and the introduction of new polymers have resulted in the significant development of polymers with unique properties. Different kinds of polymers have been and will be one of the key in several applications in many of the advanced pharmaceutical research being carried out over the globe. This 4-partset of books contains precisely referenced chapters, emphasizing different kinds of polymers with basic fundamentals and practicality for application in diverse pharmaceutical technologies. The volumes aim at explaining basics of polymers based materials from different resources and their chemistry along with practical applications which present a future direction in the pharmaceutical industry. Each volume offer deep insight into the subject being treated. * Volume 1: Structure and Chemistry * Volume 2: Processing and Applications * Volume 3: Biodegradable Polymers * Volume 4: Bioactive and Compatible Synthetic/Hybrid Polymers

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 496
• Erscheinungstermin: 27. Juli 2015
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119041405
• Artikelnr.: 43480492

Autorenporträt

Vijay Kumar Thakur, PhD, is a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, U.S.A. He has published more than 100 research articles, patents and conference proceedings in the field of polymers and materials science and has published ten books and 25 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/ materials science. He has extensive expertise in the synthesis of polymers (natural/ synthetic), nano materials, nanocomposites, biocomposites, graft copolymers, high performance capacitors and electrochromic materials. Manju Kumari Thakur works in the Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Simla, India.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xvii
1 Particle Engineering of Polymers into Multifunctional Interactive
Excipients 1
Sharad Mangal, Ian Larson, Felix Meiser and David AV Morton
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Polymers as Excipients 3
1.3 Material Properties Affecting Binder Activity 6
1.3.1 Particle Size 6
1.3.2 Deformation Mechanisms 7
1.3.3 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 8
1.4 Strategies for Improving Polymeric Filler-Binder Performance for Direct
Compression 8
1.4.1 Interactive Mixing 12
1.4.2 Challenges to Interactive Mixing 13
1.4.3 Controlling Interparticle Cohesion 14
1.5 Preparation and Characterization of Interactive Excipients 14
1.5.1 Particle Size and Size Distribution of Excipients 15
1.5.2 Effect of L-leucine on Surface Morphology 16
1.5.3 Effect of L-leucine on Surface Composition 16
1.5.4 Effect of L-leucine on Surface Energy 17
1.5.5 Effect of L-leucine on Interparticle Cohesion 18
1.6 Performance of Interactive Excipients 18
1.6.1 Blending Ability 18
1.6.2 Effect on Flow 20
1.6.3 Binder Activity 20
1.7 Investigation of the Effect of Polymer Mechanical Properties 23
1.8 Conclusion 25
References 26
2 The Art of Making Polymeric Membranes 33
K.C. Khulbe, T. Matsuura and C. Feng
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Types of Membranes 35
2.2.1 Porous Membranes 35
2.2.2 Nonporous Membranes 36
2.2.3 Liquid Membranes (Carrier Mediated Transport) 36
2.2.4 Asymmetric Membranes 36
2.3 Preparation of Membranes 36
2.3.1 Phase Inversion/Separation 37
2.3.2 Vapor-Induced Phase Separation (VIPS) 37
2.3.3 Thermally-Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) 37
2.3.4 Immersion Precipitation 38
2.3.5 Film/Dry Casting Technique 38
2.3.6 Track Etching 39
2.3.7 Electrospinning 39
2.3.8 Spraying 42
2.3.9 Foaming 42
2.3.10 Particle Leaching 43
2.3.11 Precipitation from the Vapor Phase 43
2.3.12 Emulsion Freeze-Drying 43
2.3.13 Sintering 44
2.3.14 Stretching 44
2.3.15 Composite/Supported 44
2.3.16 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) 45
2.3.17 Hollow Fiber Membranes 46
2.3.18 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 48
2.4 Modification of Membranes 49
2.4.1 Modification of Polymeric Membrane by Additives/Blending 49
2.4.2 Coating 50
2.4.3 Surface Modification by Chemical Reaction 50
2.4.4 Interfacial Polymerization (IP)/Copolymerization 50
2.4.5 Plasma Polymerization/Treatment 52
2.4.6 Surface Modification by Irradiation of High Energy Particles 52
2.4.7 UV Irradiation 53
2.4.8 Ion-Beam Irradiation 53
2.4.9 Surface Modification by Heat Treatment 53
2.4.10 Graft Polymerization/Grafting 53
2.4.11 Other Techniques 53
2.5 Characterization of Membrane by Different Techniques 54
2.5.1 Conventional Physical Methods to Determine Pore Size and Pore Size
Distribution 55
2.5.2 Morphology 58
2.5.3 Thermal Properties 60
2.5.4 Mechanical Properties 60
2.6 Summary 61
References 62
3 Development of Microstructuring Technologies of Polycarbonate for
Establishing Advanced Cell Cultivation Systems 67
Uta Fernekorn, Jörg Hampl, Frank Weise, Sukhdeep Singh, Justyna Tobola and
Andreas Schober
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Material Properties of Polycarbonate 71
3.2.1 Physical Properties 71
3.2.2 Chemical Properties 72
3.2.3 Biological Properties 72
3.3 Use of Polycarbonate Foils in Structuration Processes 75
3.3.1 Hot Embossing 75
3.3.2 Thermoforming 77
3.4 Simulation of Microstructuring of a Polycarbonate Foil 79
3.5 Chemical Functionalization of Polycarbonate 81
3.6 Surface Micropatterning of Polycarbonate 84
3.7 Application Examples 86
3.7.1 3D Liver Cell Cultivation in Polycarbonate Scaffolds 86
3.7.2 3D Lung Cell Cultivation in Semi-Actively Perfused Systems 87
3.7.3 Guiding 3D Cocultivation of Cells by Micropatterning Techniques 87
3.8 Conclusion and Further Perspectives 88
Acknowledgements 89
References 89
4 In-Situ Gelling Thermosensitive Hydrogels for Protein Delivery
Applications 95
Roberta Censi, Alessandra Dubbini and Piera Di Martino
4.1 Introduction 96
4.2 Polymers for the Design of Hydrogels 97
4.2.1 Polymer Architectures 97
4.2.2 Natural, Synthetic and Hybrid Hydrogels 97
4.2.3 Crosslinking Methods 99
4.2.4 Thermogelling Polymer Hydrogels 100
4.3 Pharmaceutical Applications of Hydrogels: Protein Delivery 107
4.3.1 Strategies for Protein Release from Hydrogels 109
4.4 Application of Hydrogels for Protein Delivery in Tissue Engineering 112
4.5 Conclusions 113
References 114
5 Polymers as Formulation Excipients for Hot-Melt Extrusion Processing of
Pharmaceuticals 121
Kyriakos Kachrimanis and Ioannis Nikolakakis
5.1 Introduction 121
5.1.1 Overview of Hot-Melt Extrusion (HME) 121
5.1.2 Solubility/Dissolution Enhancement by Solid Dispersions 123
5.2 Polymers for HME Processing 127
5.2.1 Basic Requirements 127
5.2.2 Suitability - Examples 128
5.3 Polymer Selection for the HME Process 130
5.3.1 Thermodynamic Considerations - Drug-Polymer Solubility and
Miscibility 130
5.4 Processing of HME Formulations 135
5.4.1 Physical Properties of Feeding Material - Flowability, Packing and
Friction 135
5.5 Improvements in Processing 141
5.5.1 Equipment Modifications 141
5.5.2 Plasticizers 142
5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 144
References 144
6 Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Copolymer and Its Pharmaceutical
Application 151
Abhijeet Pandey, Darshana S. Jain, Subhashis Chakraborty
6.1 Introduction 151
6.2 Physicochemical Properties 152
6.3 Biodegradation 153
6.4 Biocompatibiliy, Toxicty and Pharmacokinetics 154
6.5 Mechanism of Drug Release 155
6.6 PLGA-Based DDS 157
6.7 Bone Regeneration 158
6.8 Pulmonary Delivery 160
6.9 Gene Therapy 162
6.10 Tumor Trageting 162
6.11 Miscellaneous Drug Delivery Applications 164
6.12 Conclusion 165
References 165
7 Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymeric Membranes 173
Stefan Ioan Voicu
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 Obtaining Pure and Ultrapure Water for Pharmaceutical Usage 178
7.3 Wastewater Treatment for Pharmaceutics 180
7.4 Controlled Drug Delivery Devices Based on Membrane Materials 183
7.5 Molecularly Imprinted Membranes 185
7.6 Conclusions 190
References 191
8 Application of PVC in Construction of Ion-Selective Electrodes for
Pharmaceutical Analysis: A Review of Polymer Electrodes for Nonsteroidal,
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 195
Joanna Lenik
8.1 Introduction 195
8.2 Properties and Usage of Poly(vinyl)chloride (PVC) 197
8.3 PVC Application and Properties in Construction of Potentiometric
Sensors for Drug Detection 199
8.3.1 Role of Polymer Membrane Components 202
8.4 Ion-Selective, Classic, Liquid Electrodes (ISEs) 205
8.5 Ion-Selective Solid-State Electrodes 206
8.5.1 Ion-Selective Coated-Wire Electrodes (CWE) 206
8.5.2 Ion-Selective BMSA Electrodes 207
8.5.3 Electrodes Based on Conductive Polymers (SC-ISEs ) 208
8.6 Application of Polymer-Based ISEs for Determination of Analgetic,
Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Drugs: Literature Review (2000-2014) 211
8.6.1 Electrodes for Determination of Narcotic Medicines 211
8.6.2 Electrode Sensitive to Dextromethorphan 211
8.6.3 Electrode Sensitive to Tramadol 212
8.6.4 Electrodes for Determination of Non-Narcotic Drugs 212
8.6.5 Salicylate Electrode 214
8.6.6 Ibuprofen Electrode 214
8.6.7 Ketoprofen Electrodes 216
8.6.8 Piroxicam Electrode 216
8.6.9 Tenoxicam Electrode 217
8.6.10 Naproxen Electrodes 217
8.6.11 Indomethacin Electrodes 217
8.6.12 Sulindac Electrode 218
8.6.13 Diclofenac Electrodes 218
8.7 Conclusion 218
References 222
9 Synthesis and Preservation of Polymer Nanoparticles for Pharmaceutical
Applications 229
Antonello A. Barresi, Marco Vanni, Davide Fissore and Tereza Zelenková
9.1 Introduction: Polymer Nanoparticles Production 229
9.2 Production of Polymer Nanoparticles by Solvent Displacement Using
Intensive Mixers 238
9.2.1 Influence of Polymer-Solvent Type and Hydrodynamics on Particle Size
243
9.2.2 Dependence on Operating Conditions - Polymer and Drug Concentration,
Solvent/Antisolvent Ratio, Processing Conditions 248
9.2.3 Process Design: Selection of Mixing Device, Scale Up and Process
Transfer 256
9.3 Freeze-Drying of Nanoparticles 264
9.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 268
Acknowledgements 272
References 272
10 Pharmaceutical Applications of Maleic Anhydride/Acid Copolymers 281
Irina Popescu
10.1 Introduction 281
10.2 Maleic Copolymers as Macromolecular Drugs 283
10.3 Maleic Copolymer Conjugates 285
10.3.1 Polymer-Protein Conjugates 286
10.3.2 Polymer-Drug Conjugates 288
10.4 Noncovalent Drug Delivery Systems 291
10.4.1 Enteric Coatings 291
10.4.2 Solid Dispersions 292
10.4.3 Polymeric Films and Hydrogels 293
10.4.4 Microspheres and Microcapsules 294
10.4.5 Nanoparticles 295
10.4.6 Micelles 295
10.5 Conclusion 296
References 296
11 Stimuli-Sensitive Polymeric Nanomedicines for Cancer Imaging and Therapy
311
F. Perche, S. Biswas and V. P. Torchilin
11.1 Introduction 311
11.2 Pathophysiological and Physical Triggers 314
11.2.1 Acidosis 314
11.2.2 Reductive Stress 319
11.2.3 Tumor Hypoxia 320
11.2.4 Cancer Associated Extracellular Enzymes 322
11.2.5 Magneto-Responsive Polymers 324
11.2.6 Temperature-Sensitive Dendrimers 325
11.2.7 Photoresponsive Polymers 326
11.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Patient Selection and Treatment
Monitoring 327
11.3.1 Selection of Patients Amenable to Nanomedicine Treatment 328
11.3.2 Selection of Patients for pH-Sensitive Nanocarriers 329
11.3.3 Selection of Patients for Redox-Sensitive Nanocarriers 329
11.3.4 Mapping of Dominant Active Pathways Using Enzyme-Sensitive Probes
330
11.3.5 Selection of Patients for Molecularly-Targeted Therapies 330
11.3.6 Evaluation of Response to Treatment 331
11.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 331
Acknowledgments 333
References 333
12 Artificial Intelligence Techniques Used for Modeling of Processes
Involving Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications 345
Silvia Curteanu
12.1 Introduction 345
12.2 Artificial Neural Networks 347
12.2.1 Elements and Structure 347
12.2.2 Working Methodology 349
12.2.3 Variants of ANN Modeling 350
12.3 Support Vector Machines 352
12.3.1 General Aspects 352
12.3.2 SVM Modeling Methodology 353
12.4 Modeling of Processes Involving Polymers for Pharmaceutical
Applications 354
12.4.1 Neural Networks Used for Modeling of Processes Involving
Pharmaceutical Polymers 354
12.4.2 Support Vector Machines Used for Modeling of Processes Involving
Pharmaceutical Polymers 359
12.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 360
References 361
13 Review of Current Pharmaceutical Applications of Polysiloxanes
(Silicones) 363
Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieñkowska 13.1 Introduction 363
13.2 Variety of Polysiloxane - Structure, Synthesis, Properties 364
13.2.1 Basic Silicone Chemistry 364
13.2.2 Properties of Silicones 364
13.3 Polysiloxanes as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) 368
13.3.1 Mechanism of Action of Dimethicone and Simethicone 370
13.3.2 Current Legislative Standards Related to Oral Application of
Dimethicone and Simethicone (PDMS) 370
13.3.3 Admissible Doses for Dimethicone and Simethicone (PDMS) 372
13.4 Polysiloxanes as Excipients 373
13.4.1 Skin Adhesive Patches 375
13.4.2 Carrier for Controlled-Release Drugs 375
13.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 377
References 378
14 Polymer-Doped Nano-Optical Sensors for Pharmaceutical Analysis 383
M. S. Attia and M. S. A. Abdel-Mottaleb
14.1 Introduction 383
14.1.1 Sol-Gel Process 383
14.1.2 Molecular Imprinting Nanomaterial Polymer 386
14.1.3 Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymer (PMMA) 390
14.2 Processing 392
14.2.1 Sol-Gel Technique 392
14.2.2 Molecular Imprinted Nanomaterials 394
14.2.3 Preparation of Optical Sensor Doped in PMMA Matrix 396
14.2.4 Determination of Pharmaceutical Drug in Pharmaceutical Preparations
396
14.2.5 Determination of Pharmaceutical Drug in Serum Solution 397
14.3 Application of Optical Sensor for Pharmaceutical Drug Determination
397
14.3.1 TEOS-Doped Nano-Optical Sensor for Pharmaceutical Determinations 397
14.3.2 Molecular Imprinted Nano-Polymer 401
14.3.3 Sensor Embedded in Polymethymethacrylate 404
14.4 Conclusion 405
References 405
15 Polymer-Based Augmentation of Immunosuppressive Formulations:
Application of Polymer Technology in Transplant Medicine 411
Ian C. Doyle and Ashim Malhotra
15.1 Introduction 411
15.2 Polymer-Based Immunosuppressive Formulations 414
15.2.1 Sirolimus 414
15.2.2 Cyclosporine A 424
15.2.3 Tacrolimus 429
15.2.4 Mycophenolic Acid 431
15.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective 433
References 434
16 Polymeric Materials in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems 439
M. E. Pina, P. Coimbra, P. Ferreira, P. Alves, A. I. Figueiredo and M. H.
Gil
16.1 Introduction 439
16.2 A Brief Description of Ocular Anatomy and Physiology 440
16.2.1 Anatomy of the Human Eye 440
16.2.2 Routes of Ocular Drug Delivery 441
16.2.3 Barriers in Ocular Drug Delivery 444
16.3 Polymeric Ocular Drug Delivery Systems 445
16.3.1 Non-Biodegradable Polymeric Ocular Drug Delivery Systems 446
16.3.2 Biodegradable Polymeric Ocular Drug Delivery Systems 449
16.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective 455
References 455
Index 459