In the modern era, particularly during the 19th and 20th centuries, the papacy faced new challenges brought on by the rise of secularism, nationalism, and communism. With the loss of the Papal States in 1870, the papacy's temporal power was diminished, but the spiritual authority of the pope was solidified through the proclamation of papal infallibility at the First Vatican Council. The 20th century also saw the papacy navigate the moral crises of the sexual abuse scandals, engage in global diplomacy, and confront the rise of modern ideologies. The papacy, particularly under Pope Francis in the 21st century, has sought to redefine its role as a global moral authority in a rapidly changing world, emphasizing issues such as poverty, climate change, social justice, and interfaith dialogue.
The history of the papacy reflects its ongoing tension between maintaining doctrinal authority and adapting to the changing dynamics of global politics, culture, and society. As the Church confronts internal and external challenges, the papacy continues to strive for relevance and moral leadership in the modern world, balancing tradition with the demands of an increasingly secular and interconnected global community.
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