At the heart of the medieval papacy was the idea of papal supremacya belief that the pope, as the Bishop of Rome, was the supreme authority in both spiritual and temporal matters. This notion of papal primacy, rooted in the belief that Saint Peter was the first pope and the successor of Christ's mission on Earth, became the cornerstone of papal authority. As the centuries progressed, this papal power faced constant challenges from monarchs, emperors, and rival factions within the Church. The complex relationship between the papacy and the evolving European states formed the crux of many political and religious conflicts, from the Investiture Controversy to the Great Schism.
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