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INDUSTRIAL BIORENEWABLES A Practical Viewpoint This unique text provides an in-depth industrial view in its discussion of industrial biorenewables; industries report on real cases of biorenewables, dealing with economics, the motivation of implementing industrial biorenewable-based processes, and suggestions for further improvement and research. * Includes industrial perspectives by scientists working on biorenewable technology in industry, with a clear commercial focus * Spans basic research to commercialization of processes and everything in between * Provides key information for academic…mehr
INDUSTRIAL BIORENEWABLES A Practical Viewpoint This unique text provides an in-depth industrial view in its discussion of industrial biorenewables; industries report on real cases of biorenewables, dealing with economics, the motivation of implementing industrial biorenewable-based processes, and suggestions for further improvement and research. * Includes industrial perspectives by scientists working on biorenewable technology in industry, with a clear commercial focus * Spans basic research to commercialization of processes and everything in between * Provides key information for academic groups working in the area by covering the way industrial scientists tackle problems * Showcases patented technologies across diverse industries, shares the motivation of implementing industrial biorenewable-based processes, and suggests options for further improvement and research * Serves as a guide for industries and academic groups, providing crucial information for the setup of future biobased industrial concepts Industrial Biorenewables provides a state-of-the-art perspective, offering a unique viewpoint from which a range of industries report on real cases of biorenewables, demonstrate their technologies, share the motivation of implementing a certain industrial biorenewable-based processes, and suggest options for further improvement and research. With an in-depth industrial viewpoint, the book serves as a key guide for industries and academic groups, providing crucial information for the setup of future biobased industrial concepts.
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Autorenporträt
Pablo Domínguez de María holds BSc degree in Pharmacy and Chemistry and a PhD in Biocatalysis (2002). He worked in industries for 6.5 years (2003-2009, 2 years at Evonik AG, Germany, and 4.5 years at AkzoNobel BV, the Netherlands) being involved in projects regarding sustainable chemistry, organocatalysis, neoteric solvents, and white biotechnology. In 2009, he joined RWTH Aachen University as Group Leader. In 2015, he successfully defended his Habilitation (Thesis: Bio-based catalysis for petroleum-free biorefineries and fine chemicals). Since 2014 he is the Founder and CEO of Sustainable Momentum, SL., a consultancy firm providing technical support, advisory, project supervision, and competitive intelligence reporting on Sustainable Chemistry.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Contributors xiii Preface ix 1 AkzoNobel: Biobased Raw Materials 1 Alistair Reid,Martijn van Loon, Sara Tollin, and Peter Nieuwenhuizen 1.1 AkzoNobel's Biobased Raw Materials Strategy in Context 1 1.2 AkzoNobel in the Value Chain 3 1.3 Drivers Behind Development of the Biobased Raw Material Strategy 4 1.4 Conclusions of the Biobased Chemicals Strategy 10 1.5 Implementing the Strategy: Striking Partnerships 13 1.6 Experience to Date 14 1.7 Measuring, Reporting, and Ensuring Sustainable Sourcing of Biomass 17 1.8 Book and Claim 18 1.9 Sustainability in the Value Chain: LCA 19 2 Arizona Chemical: Refining and Upgrading of Bio-Based and Renewable Feedstocks 21 Godfried J. H. Buisman and Jos H. M. Lange 2.1 Company Introduction 22 2.2 History of Pine Chemicals 22 2.3 Modern Biorefining 28 2.4 The Kraft Pulping Process 34 2.5 Cradle-To-Gate 44 2.6 Outlook 46 2.7 Case Study: Tackifiers From Renewable Pine-Based Crude Tall Oil and Crude Sulfate Turpentine for Adhesive Applications 49 Acknowledgments 57 References 57 3 Arkema: Castor Reactive Seed Crushing Process to Promote Castor Cultivation 63 Jean-Luc Dubois 3.1 Arkema: Context for Biorenewables 64 3.2 Introduction to Castor Oil 65 3.3 Experimental Details 72 3.4 Results 77 3.5 Discussion 85 3.6 Conclusion 92 Acknowledgments 93 References 94 4 Avantium Chemicals: The High Potential for the levulinic product tree 97 Jan C. van der Waal and Ed de Jong 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Levulinic Production Routes 101 4.3 The Levulinic Acid Product Family Tree 107 4.4 Conclusions and Outlook 116 References 117 5 C5LT: Biorenewables at C5 Ligno Technologies AB 121 Kaisa Karhumaa and Violeta Sànchez i Nogué 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production: Process 123 5.3 C5LT Gene Package Technology 129 5.4 Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates: Remaining Challenges 136 5.5 Conclusions 137 Acknowledgments 138 References 138 6 Cepsa: Towards The Integration of Vegetable Oils and Lignocellulosic Biomass into Conventional Petroleum Refinery Processing Units 141 Maria Fé Elía, Olalla de la Torre, Rafael Larraz, and Juana Frontela 6.1 About Cepsa 142 6.2 Vegetable Oils 149 6.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass 167 6.4 Concluding Remarks 172 References 173 7 DuPont: Biorenewables at E.I. DU Pont DE Nemours & Co 175 Michael A. Saltzberg, Armando M. Byrne, Ethel N. Jackson, Edward S. Miller Jr., Mark J. Nelson, Bjorn D. Tyreus, and Quinn Zhu 7.1 DuPont History and Strategic Priorities 176 7.2 DuPont's Innovation Philosophy 178 7.3 DuPont's Industrial Biorenewable Portfolio 2013 180 7.4 Case History #1: Bio-PDO and Sorona 182 7.5 Case History #2: Development of Yeast-based Omega-3s for Verlasso Harmoniously Raised Salmon 194 7.6 Future Directions for Dupont in Industrial Biorenewables 210 7.7 Summary 213 References 213 8 Evonik: Bioeconomy and Biobased Products 219 Henrike Gebhardt, Peter Nagler, Stefan Buchholz, Stefan Cornelissen, Edda Schulze, and Achim Marx 8.1 Introduction 220 8.2 Biobased and Bioprocessed Products (1) 225 8.3 Products Produced from Biobased Feedstock by Conventional Catalysis (2) 234 8.4 Biodegradable Products (3) 239 8.5 Enabling Chemicals (4) 239 References 241 9 Market Structure and Growth Rates of Industrial Biorenewables 245 Gunter Festel 9.1 Background for Industrial Biorenewables and Data Sources 245 9.2 Market Overview and Growth Rates 247 9.3 Examples for Biotechnology-Based Products Related to Biorenewables 252 References 254 10 Göteborg Energi: Vehicle Fuel From Organic Waste 255 Eric Zinn and Henrik Thunman 10.1 The Company 256 10.2 Sweden's Renewable Energy Targets and the Role that Biogas Will Play in Meeting these 256 10.3 Biogas in Transportation: Case Studies Within Göteborg Energi 257 10.4 The Role of Gasification Technology in the Future as the Demand for Biomass-based Energy and Fuel Grows 264 11 Greasoline: Biofuels From Non-food Materials and Residues 267 Georg Dahmen, Peter Haug, Gunter Festel, Axel Kraft, Volker Heil, Andreas Menne, and Christoph Unger 11.1 Fuels and Chemicals: Necessity of Renewables 268 11.2 Evolving Markets for Greasoline® Technology 269 11.3 Technology Overview Greasoline® 270 11.4 Description of Business Model 271 11.5 Diesel from Different Raw Materials 274 References 280 12 Green Applied Solutions: Customized Waste Valorization Solutions for a Sustainable Future 283 Chunping Xu and Rafael Luque 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 The Company 285 12.3 Projects and Future 287 12.4 Conclusions and Prospects 292 Acknowledgments 293 References 293 13 Grove Advanced Chemicals: Flox® Coagulants - Environmentally Friendly Water and Wastewater Treatment Using Biodegradable Polymers From Renewable Forests 295 Bárbara van Asch, Paulo Martins, Filipe Santos, Elisabete Sepúlveda, Pedro Carvalho, Richard Solal, Carlos Abreu, Rui Santos, Jorge Vasconcelos, Philippe Geyr, and Henrique Villas-Boas 13.1 Introduction 296 13.2 Company Overview 297 13.3 Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 298 13.4 Flox® Coagulants 298 13.5 Company and Product Certifications 302 13.6 Case Studies 303 13.7 Future Perspectives 320 References 321 14 Heliae Development, LLC: An Industrial Approach to Mixotrophy in Microalgae 323 Eneko Ganuza, Anna Lee Tonkovich, and Bárbara van Asch 14.1 Preamble 323 14.2 Introduction to Heliae Development LLC 324 14.3 Mixotrophy 325 14.4 Implementation of Industrial Mixotrophy: A Case Study 332 Acknowledgments 339 References 339 15 InFiQuS: Making the Best of Leftovers 341 Inmaculada Aranaz, Niuris Acosta, María N Mengíbar, Laura Calderón, Ruth Harris, and Ángeles Heras 15.1 Brief Description of InFiQuS 342 15.2 Valuable by-products Under Research by InFiQuS 345 15.3 Examples of Products Co-developed by InFiQuS 360 15.4 Market Situation 362 15.5 Needs of Research: Synergies Between Industry and Academia 364 References 366 16 Biorenewables at Mango Materials 371 Allison Pieja, Anne Schauer-Gimenez, Ann Oakenfull, and Molly Morse 16.1 Motivation: the Problems with Plastics Today 372 16.2 The Bioplastics Industry: An Overview 373 16.3 Mango Materials - a Novel PHA Production Process 377 16.4 Mango Materials, the Story 386 16.5 The Future - new Ideas for Potential Research 390 Acknowledgments 391 References 391 17 Novamont: Perspectives on Industrial Biorenewables and Public-Private Needs 397 Stefano Facco 17.1 State of the Art and Challenges Faced by Biobased Industries 397 17.2 Wisdom in the Use of Renewable Raw Materials: The Cascading Use of Biomass 400 17.3 Case Study: Bioplastics in Italy: Going For Growth Despite the Crisis 401 17.4 The EU Policy Framework and Related Policy Gaps: The EU Strategy on Bioeconomy and the Role of Industrial Policies 405 References 407 18 Novozymes: How Novozymes Thinks About Biomass 409 Brandon Emme and Alex Berlin 18.1 The Company 411 18.2 Case Study: The Transformation of Cellulose to Ethanol 412 References 434 19 Organoclick: Applied Eco-Friendly and Metal-Free Catalysis for Wood and Fiber Modifications 437 Jonas Hafrén and Armando Córdova 19.1 Introduction 437 19.2 Eco-friendly and Organocatalytic Surface Modification of Lignocellulose 440 19.3 Organocatalytic Cross-linking Between Polysaccharides 443 19.4 OC Modification of Lignocellulose 444 References 449 20 Petrobras: The Concept of Integrated Biorefineries Applied to the Oleochemistry Industry: Rational Utilization of Products and Residues via Catalytic Routes 451 Eduardo Falabella Sousa-Aguiar, João Monnerat Araujo Ribeiro de Almeida, Pedro Nothaft Romano, and Yuri Carvalho 20.1 Introduction 452 20.2 Glycerol Fermentation 454 20.3 Hydrotreating 458 20.4 Decarboxylation 460 20.5 Conclusions 464 References 464 21 Phytonix: Cyanobacteria for Biobased Production Using CO2 467 Bruce Dannenberg, Peter Lindblad, and Gary Anderson 21.1 Background: The Coming CO2 Economy and Circular Economy Principles 468 21.2 Technology for Cyanobacteria and Direct Photobiological Production 468 21.3 Phytonix: Path Toward Full Commercialization of the Technology 475 21.4 n-Butanol: A Valuable Industrial Chemical and Potential "Drop-in" Gasoline Replacement 482 References 489 22 Phytowelt Green Technologies: Fermentation Processes and Plant Breeding as Modules for Enhanced Biorefinery Systems 491 Peter Welters, Guido Jach, Katrin Schullehner, Nadia Evremova, and Renate Luehrs 22.1 Introduction 492 22.2 The Next Step: Beyond Energy Production 492 22.3 Material Uses of Renewable Poplar Biomass 494 22.4 Fermentative Production of High-value Compounds 495 22.5 Cooperations with Chemical Industry 499 22.6 Toward Optimized Biorenewables: Time-Lapse and Smart Breeding 502 22.7 Next-Generation Poplars/Plants 505 22.8 Toward Novel Biorefineries: Networking for Success 505 References 506 23 Biorenewables at Shell: Biofuels 507 Jean-Paul Lange, Johan Willem Gosselink, Rob Lee, Evert van der Heide, Colin John Schaverien, and Joseph B. Powell 23.1 Introduction 509 23.2 Shell and Biofuels 510 23.3 Development of Advanced Biofuels in Shell 511 23.4 Challenges Leading to More Research 535 23.5 Conclusions 538 References 539 Index 545
List of Contributors xiii Preface ix 1 AkzoNobel: Biobased Raw Materials 1 Alistair Reid,Martijn van Loon, Sara Tollin, and Peter Nieuwenhuizen 1.1 AkzoNobel's Biobased Raw Materials Strategy in Context 1 1.2 AkzoNobel in the Value Chain 3 1.3 Drivers Behind Development of the Biobased Raw Material Strategy 4 1.4 Conclusions of the Biobased Chemicals Strategy 10 1.5 Implementing the Strategy: Striking Partnerships 13 1.6 Experience to Date 14 1.7 Measuring, Reporting, and Ensuring Sustainable Sourcing of Biomass 17 1.8 Book and Claim 18 1.9 Sustainability in the Value Chain: LCA 19 2 Arizona Chemical: Refining and Upgrading of Bio-Based and Renewable Feedstocks 21 Godfried J. H. Buisman and Jos H. M. Lange 2.1 Company Introduction 22 2.2 History of Pine Chemicals 22 2.3 Modern Biorefining 28 2.4 The Kraft Pulping Process 34 2.5 Cradle-To-Gate 44 2.6 Outlook 46 2.7 Case Study: Tackifiers From Renewable Pine-Based Crude Tall Oil and Crude Sulfate Turpentine for Adhesive Applications 49 Acknowledgments 57 References 57 3 Arkema: Castor Reactive Seed Crushing Process to Promote Castor Cultivation 63 Jean-Luc Dubois 3.1 Arkema: Context for Biorenewables 64 3.2 Introduction to Castor Oil 65 3.3 Experimental Details 72 3.4 Results 77 3.5 Discussion 85 3.6 Conclusion 92 Acknowledgments 93 References 94 4 Avantium Chemicals: The High Potential for the levulinic product tree 97 Jan C. van der Waal and Ed de Jong 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Levulinic Production Routes 101 4.3 The Levulinic Acid Product Family Tree 107 4.4 Conclusions and Outlook 116 References 117 5 C5LT: Biorenewables at C5 Ligno Technologies AB 121 Kaisa Karhumaa and Violeta Sànchez i Nogué 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production: Process 123 5.3 C5LT Gene Package Technology 129 5.4 Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates: Remaining Challenges 136 5.5 Conclusions 137 Acknowledgments 138 References 138 6 Cepsa: Towards The Integration of Vegetable Oils and Lignocellulosic Biomass into Conventional Petroleum Refinery Processing Units 141 Maria Fé Elía, Olalla de la Torre, Rafael Larraz, and Juana Frontela 6.1 About Cepsa 142 6.2 Vegetable Oils 149 6.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass 167 6.4 Concluding Remarks 172 References 173 7 DuPont: Biorenewables at E.I. DU Pont DE Nemours & Co 175 Michael A. Saltzberg, Armando M. Byrne, Ethel N. Jackson, Edward S. Miller Jr., Mark J. Nelson, Bjorn D. Tyreus, and Quinn Zhu 7.1 DuPont History and Strategic Priorities 176 7.2 DuPont's Innovation Philosophy 178 7.3 DuPont's Industrial Biorenewable Portfolio 2013 180 7.4 Case History #1: Bio-PDO and Sorona 182 7.5 Case History #2: Development of Yeast-based Omega-3s for Verlasso Harmoniously Raised Salmon 194 7.6 Future Directions for Dupont in Industrial Biorenewables 210 7.7 Summary 213 References 213 8 Evonik: Bioeconomy and Biobased Products 219 Henrike Gebhardt, Peter Nagler, Stefan Buchholz, Stefan Cornelissen, Edda Schulze, and Achim Marx 8.1 Introduction 220 8.2 Biobased and Bioprocessed Products (1) 225 8.3 Products Produced from Biobased Feedstock by Conventional Catalysis (2) 234 8.4 Biodegradable Products (3) 239 8.5 Enabling Chemicals (4) 239 References 241 9 Market Structure and Growth Rates of Industrial Biorenewables 245 Gunter Festel 9.1 Background for Industrial Biorenewables and Data Sources 245 9.2 Market Overview and Growth Rates 247 9.3 Examples for Biotechnology-Based Products Related to Biorenewables 252 References 254 10 Göteborg Energi: Vehicle Fuel From Organic Waste 255 Eric Zinn and Henrik Thunman 10.1 The Company 256 10.2 Sweden's Renewable Energy Targets and the Role that Biogas Will Play in Meeting these 256 10.3 Biogas in Transportation: Case Studies Within Göteborg Energi 257 10.4 The Role of Gasification Technology in the Future as the Demand for Biomass-based Energy and Fuel Grows 264 11 Greasoline: Biofuels From Non-food Materials and Residues 267 Georg Dahmen, Peter Haug, Gunter Festel, Axel Kraft, Volker Heil, Andreas Menne, and Christoph Unger 11.1 Fuels and Chemicals: Necessity of Renewables 268 11.2 Evolving Markets for Greasoline® Technology 269 11.3 Technology Overview Greasoline® 270 11.4 Description of Business Model 271 11.5 Diesel from Different Raw Materials 274 References 280 12 Green Applied Solutions: Customized Waste Valorization Solutions for a Sustainable Future 283 Chunping Xu and Rafael Luque 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 The Company 285 12.3 Projects and Future 287 12.4 Conclusions and Prospects 292 Acknowledgments 293 References 293 13 Grove Advanced Chemicals: Flox® Coagulants - Environmentally Friendly Water and Wastewater Treatment Using Biodegradable Polymers From Renewable Forests 295 Bárbara van Asch, Paulo Martins, Filipe Santos, Elisabete Sepúlveda, Pedro Carvalho, Richard Solal, Carlos Abreu, Rui Santos, Jorge Vasconcelos, Philippe Geyr, and Henrique Villas-Boas 13.1 Introduction 296 13.2 Company Overview 297 13.3 Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 298 13.4 Flox® Coagulants 298 13.5 Company and Product Certifications 302 13.6 Case Studies 303 13.7 Future Perspectives 320 References 321 14 Heliae Development, LLC: An Industrial Approach to Mixotrophy in Microalgae 323 Eneko Ganuza, Anna Lee Tonkovich, and Bárbara van Asch 14.1 Preamble 323 14.2 Introduction to Heliae Development LLC 324 14.3 Mixotrophy 325 14.4 Implementation of Industrial Mixotrophy: A Case Study 332 Acknowledgments 339 References 339 15 InFiQuS: Making the Best of Leftovers 341 Inmaculada Aranaz, Niuris Acosta, María N Mengíbar, Laura Calderón, Ruth Harris, and Ángeles Heras 15.1 Brief Description of InFiQuS 342 15.2 Valuable by-products Under Research by InFiQuS 345 15.3 Examples of Products Co-developed by InFiQuS 360 15.4 Market Situation 362 15.5 Needs of Research: Synergies Between Industry and Academia 364 References 366 16 Biorenewables at Mango Materials 371 Allison Pieja, Anne Schauer-Gimenez, Ann Oakenfull, and Molly Morse 16.1 Motivation: the Problems with Plastics Today 372 16.2 The Bioplastics Industry: An Overview 373 16.3 Mango Materials - a Novel PHA Production Process 377 16.4 Mango Materials, the Story 386 16.5 The Future - new Ideas for Potential Research 390 Acknowledgments 391 References 391 17 Novamont: Perspectives on Industrial Biorenewables and Public-Private Needs 397 Stefano Facco 17.1 State of the Art and Challenges Faced by Biobased Industries 397 17.2 Wisdom in the Use of Renewable Raw Materials: The Cascading Use of Biomass 400 17.3 Case Study: Bioplastics in Italy: Going For Growth Despite the Crisis 401 17.4 The EU Policy Framework and Related Policy Gaps: The EU Strategy on Bioeconomy and the Role of Industrial Policies 405 References 407 18 Novozymes: How Novozymes Thinks About Biomass 409 Brandon Emme and Alex Berlin 18.1 The Company 411 18.2 Case Study: The Transformation of Cellulose to Ethanol 412 References 434 19 Organoclick: Applied Eco-Friendly and Metal-Free Catalysis for Wood and Fiber Modifications 437 Jonas Hafrén and Armando Córdova 19.1 Introduction 437 19.2 Eco-friendly and Organocatalytic Surface Modification of Lignocellulose 440 19.3 Organocatalytic Cross-linking Between Polysaccharides 443 19.4 OC Modification of Lignocellulose 444 References 449 20 Petrobras: The Concept of Integrated Biorefineries Applied to the Oleochemistry Industry: Rational Utilization of Products and Residues via Catalytic Routes 451 Eduardo Falabella Sousa-Aguiar, João Monnerat Araujo Ribeiro de Almeida, Pedro Nothaft Romano, and Yuri Carvalho 20.1 Introduction 452 20.2 Glycerol Fermentation 454 20.3 Hydrotreating 458 20.4 Decarboxylation 460 20.5 Conclusions 464 References 464 21 Phytonix: Cyanobacteria for Biobased Production Using CO2 467 Bruce Dannenberg, Peter Lindblad, and Gary Anderson 21.1 Background: The Coming CO2 Economy and Circular Economy Principles 468 21.2 Technology for Cyanobacteria and Direct Photobiological Production 468 21.3 Phytonix: Path Toward Full Commercialization of the Technology 475 21.4 n-Butanol: A Valuable Industrial Chemical and Potential "Drop-in" Gasoline Replacement 482 References 489 22 Phytowelt Green Technologies: Fermentation Processes and Plant Breeding as Modules for Enhanced Biorefinery Systems 491 Peter Welters, Guido Jach, Katrin Schullehner, Nadia Evremova, and Renate Luehrs 22.1 Introduction 492 22.2 The Next Step: Beyond Energy Production 492 22.3 Material Uses of Renewable Poplar Biomass 494 22.4 Fermentative Production of High-value Compounds 495 22.5 Cooperations with Chemical Industry 499 22.6 Toward Optimized Biorenewables: Time-Lapse and Smart Breeding 502 22.7 Next-Generation Poplars/Plants 505 22.8 Toward Novel Biorefineries: Networking for Success 505 References 506 23 Biorenewables at Shell: Biofuels 507 Jean-Paul Lange, Johan Willem Gosselink, Rob Lee, Evert van der Heide, Colin John Schaverien, and Joseph B. Powell 23.1 Introduction 509 23.2 Shell and Biofuels 510 23.3 Development of Advanced Biofuels in Shell 511 23.4 Challenges Leading to More Research 535 23.5 Conclusions 538 References 539 Index 545
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