John Capinera

Insects and Wildlife (eBook, ePUB)

Arthropods and their Relationships with Wild Vertebrate Animals

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Insects and Wildlife: Arthropods and their Relationships with Wild Vertebrate Animals provides a comprehensive overview of the interrelationships of insects and wildlife. It serves as an introduction to insects and other arthropods for wildlife management and other vertebrate biology students, and emphasizes the importance of insects to wild vertebrate animals. The book emphasizes how insects exert important influences on wildlife habitat suitability and wildlife population sustainability, including their direct and indirect effects on wildlife health. Among the important topics covered are: * the importance of insects as food items for vertebrate animals; * the role of arthropods as determinants of ecosystem health and productivity; * the ability of arthropods to transmit disease-causing agents; * an overview of representative disease-causing agents transmitted by arthropods; * arthropods as pests and parasites of vertebrates; * the hazards to wildlife associated with using using pesticides to protect against insect damage; * insect management using techniques other than pesticides; * the importance of insect conservation and how insects influence wildlife conservation.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 500
• Erscheinungstermin: 13. September 2011
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781444357844
• Artikelnr.: 38306087

Autorenporträt

John L. Capinera is a professor of entomology and chairman of the Entomology and Nematology Department at the University of Florida. His interests include insect ecology and pest management, and he has conducted research on insects in forest, rangeland, and crop ecosystems.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Section 1: Introduction to the Arthropods 1
Chapter 1 Insects and Their Relatives 3
Naming of Taxa 3
Arthopoda 6
Arachnida 6
Crustacea 8
Diplopoda 9
Chilopoda 11
Entognatha 11
Insecta 14
Classification of Insects 14
Characteristics of the Major Groups of Insects 15
Evolution of Insects 27
Insect Biogeography 32
Summary 33
References and Additional Reading 33
Chapter 2 Structure and Function Of Insects 34
Integument 34
Molting 35
Body Regions 35
The Head 37
The Thorax 41
The Abdomen 43
Internal Anatomy 45
Muscular System 45
Fat Body 47
Digestive System 47
Circulatory System 50
Ventilatory System 51
Nervous System 52
Vision 54
Glandular Systems 55
Polyphenism or Polymorphism 57
Communication 58
Sociality 61
Ants 62
Social Bees and Wasps 62
Termites 63
Metamorphosis 63
Reproductive System 65
Eggs of Insects 66
Excretory System 69
Thermal Biology 69
Feeding Ecology 71
Scavenging 73
Feeding Belowground 73
Feeding in Aquatic Habitats 74
Feeding on Living Plants 75
Feeding on Blood 78
Predation and Parasitism 79
Summary 79
References and Additional Reading 81
Section 2: Food Relationships 83
Chapter 3 Food Resources for Wildlife 85
Assessment of Insectivory 85
Methods for Determining the Abundance of Insects 86
Methods for Determining Wildlife Diets 91
Nutritional Value of Insects 97
Importance of Insects in the Diets of Wildlife 98
Summary 103
References and Additional Reading 103
Chapter 4 Wildlife Diets 105
Analysis of Amphibian and Reptile Diets 105
Analysis of Mammal Diets 107
Analysis of Bird Diets 126
Analysis of Fish Diets 152
The Benefits of Insects for Wildlife Survival and Reproduction 156
How Insects Avoid Becoming Food for Wildlife 158
Crypsis 158
Aposematism 159
Mimicry 159
Flight and Startle Behavior 160
Physical and Chemical Defenses 162
Group Actions 163
Nocturnal Activity 165
Summary 165
References and Additional Reading 166
Chapter 5 Insects Important as Food for Wildlife 171
Aquatic Insects 171
Mayflies (Order Ephemeroptera) 171
Stoneflies (Order Plecoptera) 172
Dragonflies and Damselflies (Order Odonata) 173
Bugs (Order Hemiptera) 175
Alderflies Dobsonflies and Fishflies (Order Megaloptera) 176
Beetles (Order Coleoptera) 176
Flies (Order Diptera) 177
Caddisflies (Order Trichoptera) 177
Terrestrial Insects 179
Termites (Order Isoptera) 179
Cockroaches (Order Blattodea) 180
Grasshoppers Katydids and Crickets (Order Orthoptera) 181
Earwigs (Order Dermaptera) 184
Barklice or Psocids (Order Psocoptera) 186
Bugs (Order Hemiptera) 186
Lacewings Antlions and Mantidflies (Order Neuroptera) 188
Beetles (Order Coleoptera) 189
Moths and Butterflies (Order Lepidoptera) 190
Flies (Order Diptera) 192
Wasps Ants Bees and Sawflies (Order Hymenoptera) 192
Summary 194
References and Additional Readings 197
Chapter 6 Insects and Ecosystems 198
Insects and Decomposition 201
Decomposition of Plant Remains 201
Decomposition of Excrement (Dung) 202
Decomposition of Carrion 204
Nutrient Cycling 206
Herbivory by Insects 210
The Importance of Herbivory 210
Plant Compensation 213
Insect Outbreaks 214
Plant Diseases and Insects 215
Pollination and Seed Dispersal by Insects 217
Invasiveness of Insects 218
Pathways of Invasion 219
Ecological and Taxonomic Patterns of Invasion 221
Establishment and Spread 222
Latency Among Invaders 223
Why Invasive Species become so Abundant 225
Impacts of Invaders 226
Summary 227
References and Additional Reading 227
Section 3: Arthropods as Disease Vectors and Pests 231
Chapter 7 Transmission of Disease Agents to Wildlife by Arthropods 233
Arthropod Feeding Behavior 233
Disease in Wildlife 235
Virulence 236
Disease Hosts 239
Disease Transmission 240
Causes of Disease 241
The Nature of Parasitism 241
Parasite-Induced Changes in Host Behavior 242
Summary 243
References and Additional Reading 244
Chapter 8 Infectious Disease Agents Transmitted to Wildlife by Arthropods
245
Viruses 245
Myxomatosis 248
Avian Pox 248
West Nile Virus 249
Yellow Fever 250
St. Louis Encephalitis 250
Hemorrhagic Disease 251
Bacteria 252
Tularemia 252
Anaplasmosis 254
Lyme Disease 254
Plague 255
Avian Botulism 258
Fungi 259
Aflatoxin Poisoning 259
Summary 261
References and Additional Reading 261
Chapter 9 Parasitic Disease Agents Transmitted to Wildlife by Arthropods
263
Protozoa 263
American Trypanosomiasis 263
African Trypanosomiasis 266
Avian Malaria 269
Toxoplasmosis 271
Helminths 274
Spirocercosis 276
Dirofilariasis 276
Elaeophorosis 277
Lancet Fluke 279
Dog Tapeworm 279
Giant Thorny-headed Worm 279
Summary 283
References and Additional Reading 283
Chapter 10 Arthropods as Parasites Of Wildlife 285
Mites and Ticks (Arachnida: Acari or Acarina: Several Orders) 289
Mites 289
Mange Mites 289
Respiratory Mites 291
Ear Mites 291
Bird Mites 292
Sarcoptic Mange Mite 292
Ticks 293
Taiga Tick 296
Wood Tick 297
Blacklegged Tick 297
Insects (Insecta) 298
Lice (Phthiraptera) 298
Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae Cimicidae and Polyctenidae) 302
Assassin Bugs Subfamily Triatominae - Kissing or Blood-Sucking Conenose
Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) 302
Bed Bugs Swallow Bugs and Bat Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae and Polyctenidae)
303
Flies (Diptera: Several Families) 304
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) 305
Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) 308
Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) 310
Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) 312
Horse Flies and Deer Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) 314
Tsetse Flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) 316
Muscid Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) 318
Stable Fly 319
House Fly 320
Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) 321
New World Screwworm Fly 322
Flesh Flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) 324
Bot and Warble Flies (Diptera: Oestridae) 325
Louse Flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) 329
Fleas (Siphonaptera) 330
Other Taxa of Occasional Importance 332
Eye Gnats (Diptera: Chloropidae) 333
Snipe Flies (Diptera: Rhagionidae) 333
Bees and Wasps (Hymenoptera: Various Families) 333
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 333
Dermestids (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) 334
Summary 334
References and Additional Reading 335
Section 4: Pest Management and Its Effects on Wildlife 339
Chapter 11 Pesticides and Their Effects on Wildlife 341
Pesticides 343
Insecticide Mode of Action 345
Persistence of Insecticides 349
Acute Effects of Insecticides 350
Sublethal Effects of Insecticides 354
Other Pesticides 355
Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Wildlife 356
Insecticides in The Food Chain 357
Risks of Insecticides 359
Resistance to Insecticides 361
Summary 362
References and Additional Reading 363
Chapter 12 Alternatives to Insecticides 366
Environmental Management or Cultural Control 366
Physical and Mechanical Control 370
Host Resistance 371
Semiochemicals 373
Biological Control 375
Area-Wide Insect Management 379
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 381
Preventing versus Correcting Problems 382
Summary 383
References and Additional Reading 383
Section 5: Conservation Issues 385
Chapter 13 Insect-wildlife Relationships 387
How Wildlife Affect Insect Survival 387
Naturally Occurring Predation by Wildlife on Insects 387
Western Pine Beetle and Woodpeckers 392
Spruce Budworm Birds and Mammals 392
Gypsy Moth Birds Mammals and Beneficial Insects 393
Rangeland Grasshoppers and Birds 393
Crop-Feeding Aphids and Birds 393
Crop-Feeding Caterpillars Spiders and Birds 394
Tropical Forest Floor-Dwelling Insects Lizards and Birds 394
Tropical Forest Insects Bats and Birds 394
Aquatic Insects Ducks and Fish 395
Predation of Animal Ectoparasites by Birds 395
Introduction of Vertebrates for Biological Suppression of Insects 396
How Insects Affect Wildlife Survival 397
Predation by Insects on Wildlife 397
Effects on Terrestrial Wildlife 397
Effects on Aquatic Wildlife 400
Symbiotic Relationships Between Insects and Wildlife 400
The Benefits of Insects for Habitat Conservation 402
The Benefits of Insects for Wildlife-Based Recreation 406
Summary 407
References and Additional Reading 408
Chapter 14 Insect and Wildlife Conservation 410
Other Economic Benefits of Insects 410
Pollination 410
Honey 412
Silk Production (Sericulture) 413
Shellac and Lacquer 414
Dyes 414
Food for Humans and Domestic Animals 414
Medical Treatment 416
Conservation of Insects the 'Smallest Wildlife' 416
Conservation Status 418
Advancing the Conservation of Insects 419
Conservation of Bumble Bees 422
Conservation of Butterflies 423
Conservation of Beetles 424
Managing Insect Resources for the Benefit of Wildlife 425
Principles 426
Practices 426
Summary 434
References and Additional Reading 435
Glossary 437
Index 457