Colin Tong

Introduction to Materials for Advanced Energy Systems (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

This first of its kind text enables today's students to understand current and future energy challenges, to acquire skills for selecting and using materials and manufacturing processes in the design of energy systems, and to develop a cross-functional approach to materials, mechanics, electronics and processes of energy production. While taking economic and regulatory aspects into account, this textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the range of materials used for advanced energy systems, including fossil, nuclear, solar, bio, wind, geothermal, ocean and hydropower, hydrogen, and nuclear, as well as thermal energy storage and electrochemical storage in fuel cells. A separate chapter is devoted to emerging energy harvesting systems.

Integrated coverage includes the application of scientific and engineering principles to materials that enable different types of energy systems. Properties, performance, modeling, fabrication, characterization and application of structural, functional and hybrid materials are described for each energy system. Readers will appreciate the complex relationships among materials selection, optimizing design, and component operating conditions in each energy system. Research and development trends of novel emerging materials for future hybrid energy systems are also considered. Each chapter is basically a self-contained unit, easily enabling instructors to adapt the book for coursework.

This textbook is suitable for students in science and engineering who seek to obtain a comprehensive understanding of different energy processes, and how materials enable energy harvesting, conversion, and storage. In setting forth the latest advances and new frontiers of research, the text also serves as a comprehensive reference on energy materials for experienced materials scientists, engineers, and physicists.

• Includes pedagogical features such as in-depth side bars, worked-out and end-of- chapter exercises, and many references to further reading
• Provides comprehensive coverage of materials-based solutions for major and emerging energy systems
• Brings together diverse subject matter by integrating theory with engaging insights

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Springer International Publishing
• Seitenzahl: 911
• Erscheinungstermin: 12. Dezember 2018
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9783319980027
• Artikelnr.: 59886884

Autorenporträt

Colin Tong is a materials expert with considerable professional experience in the past two decades. He received his PhD from Tsinghua University, and has been a researcher at the University of Michigan and at Arizona State University. Dr. Tong has published three books, over 30 peer-reviewed articles, and he holds 7 patents.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface

1 Materials based solutions to advanced energy systems

Abstract

1.1 Advanced energy technology and contemporary issues

1.1.1 Challenges and concerns

1.1.2 The role of the advanced materials

1.1.3 Solutions for future energy systems

1.2 Fundamentals of energy systems

1.2.1 Energy and service

1.2.2 Energy process characterization

1.2.2.1 The laws of thermodynamics

1.2.2.2 Macroscopic and microscopic energy systems

1.2.2.3 Entropy and enthalpy

1.2.2.4 Chemical kinetics

1.2.2.5 Energy availability

1.2.3 Energy calculations and accounting

1.2.3.1 Energy efficiency

1.2.3.2 Heating values

1.2.4 General energy devices

1.2.4.1 Conversion devices

1.2.4.2 Energy storage

1.2.4.3 Systems engineering

1.2.4.4 Electricity

1.2.5 Sustainable energy

1.3 Materials development for advanced energy systems

1.3.1 Functional surface technologies

1.3.2 Materials integration in sustainable energy systems

1.3.3 Higher-performance materials

1.3.4 Sustainable manufacturing of materials

1.3.5 Materials and process development acceleration tools

1.4 Summary

Reference

Exercises

2 Fundamentals of materials used in energy systems

Abstract

2.1 Structures of solids

2.1.1 Atomic structures

2.1.2 Crystal structures

2.1.2.1 Structures for elements

2.1.2.2 Structures for compounds

2.1.2.3 Solid solutions

2.1.3 Crystal diffraction

2.1.3.1 Phase difference and Bragg's law

2.1.3.2 Scattering

2.1.3.3 Reciprocal space

2.1.3.4 Wave vector representation

2.1.4 Defects in solids

2.1.4.1 Point defects

2.1.4.2 Line defects

2.1.4.2.1 Edge dislocations

2.1.4.2.2 Screw dislocations

2.1.4.2.3 Burger's vector and burger circuit

2.1.4.2.4 Dislocation motion

2.1.4.3 Planar defects

2.1.4.3.1 Grain boundaries

2.1.4.3.2 Twin boundaries

2.1.4.4 Three-dimensional defects

2.1.5 Diffusion in solids

2.1.5.1 Atomic theory

2.1.5.2 Random walk

2.1.5.3 Other mass transport mechanisms

2.1.5.3.1 Permeability versus diffusion

2.1.5.3.2 Convection versus diffusion

2.1.5.4 Mathematics of diffusion

2.1.5.4.1 Steady state diffusion

2.1.5.4.2 Non-steady state diffusion

2.1.6 Electronic structure of solids

2.1.6.1 Waves and electrons

2.1.6.1.2 Representation of waves

2.1.6.1.2 Matter waves

2.1.6.1.3 Superposition

2.1.6.1.4 Electron waves

2.1.6.2 Quantum mechanics

2.1.6.3 Electron energy band representations

2.1.6.4 Real energy band structures

2.1.6.5 Other aspects of electron energy band structure

2.2 Phase equilibria

2.2.1 The Gibbs phase rule

2.2.1.1 The phase rule on equilibrium among phases<

2.2.1.2 Applications of the phase rule

2.2.1.3 Construction of phase diagrams

2.2.1.4 The tie line principle

2.2.1.5 The lever rule

2.2.2 Nucleation and growth of phases

2.2.2.1 Thermodynamics of phase transformations

2.2.2.2 Nucleation

2.3 Mechanical properties

2.3.1 Elasticity relationships

2.3.1.1 Ture versus engineering strain

2.3.1.2 Nature of elasticity and Young's Modulus

2.3.1.3 Hook's law

2.3.1.4 Poisson's ratio

2.3.1.5 Normal forces

2.3.2 Plasticity observations

2.3.3 Role of dislocation in deformation of crystalline materials

2.3.4 Deformation of noncrystalline materials

2.3.4.1 Thermal behavior of amorphous solids

2.3.4.2 Time-dependent deformation of amorphous materials

2.3.4.3 Models for network

2.3.4.4 Elastomers

2.4 Electronic properties of materials

2.4.1 Occupation of electronic states

2.4.1.1 Density of states function

2.4.1.2 The Fermi-Dirac distribution function

2.4.1.3 Occupancy of electronic states

2.4.2 Position of the Fermi energy

2.4.3 Electronic properties of metals

2.4.3.1 Free electron theory for electrical conduction

2.4.3.2 Quantum theory of electronic conduction

2.4.3.3 Superconductivity

2.4.4 Semiconductors

2.4.4.1 Intrinsic semiconductors

2.4.4.2 Extrinsic semiconductors

2.4.4.3 Semiconductor measurements

2.4.5 Electrical behavior of organic materials

2.4.6 Junctions and devices and the nanoscale

2.4.6.1 Junctions

2.4.6.1.1 Metal-metal junctions

2.4.6.1.2 Metal-semiconductor junctions

2.4.6.1.3 Semiconductor-semiconductor PN junctions

2.4.6.2 Selected devices

2.4.6.2.1 Passive devices

2.4.6.2.2 Active devices

2.4.6.3 Nanostructures and nanodevices

2.4.6.3.1 Heterojunction nanostructures

2.4.6.3.2 2-D and 3-D nanostructures

2.5 Computational modeling of materials

2.5.1 The challenge of complexity

2.5.2 Materials design with predictive capability

2.5.3 Materials modeling approaches

2.6 Advanced experimental techniques for materials characterization

2.6.1 Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy

2.6.2 Nanoindentation

2.6.3 Light microscopy

2.6.4 Electron microscopy

2.6.5 Atom probe tomography

2.6.6 Advanced X-ray characterization

2.6.7 Neutron scattering

2.7 Integrated materials process control

2.7.1 Process control and its constituents

2.7.1.1 Sensing techniques

2.7.1.2 Input parameters for combustion control

2.7.2 Diagnostic techniques

2.3.2.1 Optical diagnostics

2.3.2.2 Solid-state sensors

2.8 Summary

Reference

Exercises

3 Advanced materials enable energy production from fossil fuels

Abstract

3.1 Materials technology status and challenges in fossil energy systems

3.1.1 Boilers

3.1.2 Steam turbines

3.1.3 Gas turbines

3.1.4 Gasifiers

3.1.5 CO₂ capture and storage

3.1.6 Perspectives

3.2 Materials for ultra-supercritical applications

3.2.1 High temperature alloys

3.2.2 Advanced refractory materials for slagging gasifiers

3.2.3 Breakthrough materials

3.3 Coatings and protection materials for steam system

3.3.1 High temperature and high pressure coatings

3.3.2 Oxygen ion selective ceramic membranes for carbon capture

3.4 Materials for deep oil and gas well drilling and construction

3.4.1 High stress and corrosion resistant propping agents

3.4.2 Erosion- and corrosion-resistant coatings

3.4.3 Wear resistant coatings

3.4.4 High strength and corrosion resistant alloys for use in well

casings and deep well drill pipe

3.5 Materials for sensing in harsh environments

References

Exercises

4 Materials-based solutions to solar energy system

Abstract

4.1 Solar energy technologies

4.1.1 Photovoltaic technologies

4.1.1.1 Residential photovoltaic

4.1.1.2 Utility-scale flat-plate thin film photovoltaic

4.1.1.3 Utility-scale photovoltaic concentrators

4.1.2 Solar thermal technologies

4.1.2.1 Unglazed collectors

4.1.2.2 Glazed collectors

4.1.2.3 Parabolic trough

4.1.2.4 Vacuum tube collectors

4.1.2.5 Linear Fresnel lens reflectors

4.1.2.6 Solar Stirling engine

4.2 Photovoltaic materials and devices

4.2.1 Crystalline silicon PV cells

4.2.1.1 Mono-crystal silicon PVs

4.2.1.2 Polycrystalline silicon PVs

4.2.1.3 Emitter wrap-through cells

4.2.2 Thin-film PV cells

4.2.2.1 Amorphous Silicon Cells

4.2.2.1.1 Amorphous-Si, double or triple junctions

4.2.2.1.2 Tandem amorphous-Si and multi-crystalline-Si

4.2.2.2 Ultra-thin silicon wafers

4.2.2.3 Cadmium telluride and cadmium sulphide

4.2.2.4 Copper indium selenide and copper indium gallium selenide

4.2.3 Compound semiconductor PV cells

4.2.3.1 Space PV cells

4.2.3.2 Light absorbing dyes

4.2.3.3 Organic and polymer PV

4.2.3.4 Flexible plastic organic transparent cells

4.2.4 Nanotechnology for PV cell fabrication

4.2.4.1 Silicon nanowires

4.2.4.2 Carbon nanotubes

4.2.4.3 Graphene-based solar cells

4.2.4.4 Quantum dots

4.2.4.5 Hot carrier solar cell

4.2.4.6 Nanoscale surfaces reduce reflection and increase

capture of the full spectrum of sunlight

4.2.5 Hybrid solar cells

4.2.5.1 Hybrid organic-metal PVs

4.2.5.2 Hybrid organic-organic PVs

4.2.6 Inexpensive plastic solar cells or panels that are mounted on

curved surfaces

4.3 Advanced materials for solar thermal collectors

4.3.1 Desirable features of solar thermal collector materials

4.3.1.1 Transparent cover

4.3.1.2 Insulation

4.3.1.3 Evacuated-tube collectors

4.3.2 Polymer materials in solar thermal collectors

4.3.3 Corrosion resistant materials in contact with molten salts

4.4 Reflecting materials for solar cookers

4.5 Optical materials for absorbers

4.5.1 Metals

4.5.2 Selective coatings

4.5.2.1 Intrinsic absorption coatings

4.5.2.2 Semiconductor-metal tandems

4.5.2.3 Multilayer absorbers

4.5.2.4 Metal-dielectric composite coatings

4.5.2.5 Surface texturing

4.5.2.6 Selectively solar-transmitting coating on a blackbody-like absorber

4.5.3 Heat pipes

4.5.4 Metamaterial solar absorbers

4.5.4.1 Metal-dielectric nanocomposites with tailored plasmonic response

4.5.4.2 Light weight broadband nanocomposite perfect absorbers

4.3.4.3 Prospects and future trends

4.6 Thermal energy storage materials

4.6.1 Sensible thermal energy storage

4.6.2 Underground thermal energy storage

4.6.3 Phase change materials

4.6.4 Thermal energy storage via chemical reactions

Reference

Exercises

5 Advanced materials enable renewable geothermal energy capture and generation

Abstract

5.1 Geothermal technologies

5.1.1 Geothermal resources for geothermal energy development

5.1.2 Geothermal electricity

5.1.3 Enhanced geothermal systems and other advanced geothermal technologies

5.1.4 Direct use of geothermal energy

5.2 Hard materials for downhole rock drilling

5.3 Advanced cements for geothermal wells

5.4 Geothermal heat pumps

5.4.1 Pumping materials

5.4.2 Pumping technology

5.4.3 Heat pump applications

5.5 Materials for transmission pipelines and distribution netorks

5.6 Materials for heat exchange systems

5.6.1 Heat exchange fluids

5.6.2 Heat exchanger coatings

5.6.3 Polymer heat exchangers

5.6.4 Heat convector materials

5.6.5 Refrigeration materials for cooling systems

5.7 Corrosion protection and material selection for geothermal systems

Reference

Exercises

6 Advanced materials enable renewable wind energy capture and generation

Abstract

6.1 Wind resources

6.1.1 Wind quality

6.1.2 Variation of wind speed with elevation

6.1.3 Air density

6.1.4 Wind forecasting

6.1.5 Offshore wind

6.1.6 Maximum wind turbine efficiency: The Betz ratio

6.2 Materials requirements of wind machinery and generating systems

6.2.1 Driven components

6.2.1.1 Shafts

6.2.1.2 Bearings

6.2.1.3 Couplings

6.2.1.4 Gear boxes

6.2.1.5 Generators

6.2.2 Tower

6.2.2.1 Tower structure

6.2.2.2 Tower flange

6.2.2.3 Power electronics

6.2.3 Rotor

6.2.3.1 Blade

6.2.3.2 Blade extender

6.2.3.3 Hub

6.2.3.4 Pitch drive

6.2.4 Nacelle

6.2.4.1 Case

6.2.4.2 Frame

6.2.4.3 Anemometer

6.2.4.4 Brakes

6.2.4.5 Controller

6.2.4.6 Convertor

6.2.4.7 Cooling system

6.2.4.8 Sensors

6.2.4.9 Yaw drive

6.2.5 Balance-of-station subsystems

6.2.6 System design challenges

6.3 Wind turbine types and structures

6.3.1 Horizontal-axis wind turbines

6.3.2 Vertical-axis wind turbines

6.3.3 Upwind wind turbines and downwind wind turbines

6.3.4 Darrieus turbines

6.3.5 Savonius turbines

6.3.6 Giant Multi-megawatt turbines

6.4 General materials used in wind turbines

6.4.1 Cast iron and steel

6.4.2 Composite materials

6.4.3 Rare earth elements in magnet

6.4.4 Copper

6.4.5 Reinforced concrete

6.5 Light weight composite materials for wind turbine blades

6.5.1 Reinforcement

6.5.2 Matrix

6.6 Smart and stealth wind turbine blade materials

6.7 Permanent-magnet generators for wind turbine applications

6.8 Future prospects

Reference

Exercises

7 Advanced materials for ocean energy and hydropower

7.1 Materials requirements for ocean energy technologies

7.1.1 Tidal power

7.1.2 Ocean current

7.1.3 Wave energy

7.1.4 Ocean thermal energy

7.1.5 Salinity gradient

7.2 Advanced materials and devices for ocean energy

7.2.1 Structure & prime mover

7.2.2 Foundations & moorings

7.2.3 Power take off

7.2.4 Control

7.2.5 Installation

7.2.6 Connection

7.2.7 Operations & maintenance

7.3 Wave energy converters

7.3.1 Types of WEC

7.4 Tidal energy converters

7.4.1. Types of TEC

7.4.2. Further Permutations

7.5 Arrays

7.6 Challenges faced by the ocean energy

7.6.1 Predictability

7.6.2 Manufacturability

7.6.3 Installability

7.6.4 Operability

7.6.5 Survivability

7.6.6 Reliability

7.6.7 Affordability

7.7 Materials requirements for hydropower system

7.7.1 Retaining structure materials for dams and dikes

7.7.2 Structural materials and surface coatings for turbines runners, draft tubes

and penstocks

Reference

Exercises

8 Biomass for bioenergy

8.1 Materials requirements for biomass technologies

8.1.1 Biomass for power and heat

8.1.2 Biogas

8.1.3 Biofuels

8.1.4 Biorefineries

8.2 Corrosion resistant materials for biofuels

8.2.1 Metal and its alloys

8.2.2 Elastomers

8.3 Nanocatalysts for conversion of biomass to biofuel

8.3.1 Nanocatalysts for biomass gasification

8.3.2 Nanocatalysts for biomass liquefaction

8.4 Coal-to-liquid fuels

8.4.1 Basic chemistry

8.4.2 CTL technology options

8.5 Materials for combustion processes

8.6 Materials for capturing CO₂ for using as a nutrient to cultivate alga

8.7 Materials for water filtration and desalination

Reference

Exercises

9 Hydrogen and fuel cells

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Hydrogen generation technology

9.2.1 Steam methane reforming

9.2.2 Electrolysis

9.3 Hydrogen conversion and storage technology

9.3.1 Fuel cells

9.3.2 Hydrogen gas turbines

9.3.3 Compressed hydrogen gas

9.3.4 Liquid hydrogen storage in tanks

9.3.5 Physisorption of hydrogen and its storage in solid structures

9.4 Materials-based hydrogen storage

9.4.1 Nanoconfined hydrogen storage materials

9.4.2 Complex hydrides

9.4.3 Reversible hydrides

9.4.4 Hydrogen storage in carbonaceous materials

9.4.5 Hydrogen storage in zeolites and glass microspheres

9.4.6 Hydrogen storage in organic frameworks

9.4.7 Hydrogen Storage in Polymers

9.4.8 Hydrogen storage in formic acid

9.5 Fuel cell materials

9.5.1 Anode Materials

9.5.2 Cathode Materials

9.5.3 Electrolytes

9.5.4 Catalysts (Catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction)

9.5.5 Sputtering Targets

9.5.6 Current Collectors (Higher-temperature proton conducting materials)

9.5.7 Support Materials (Low-cost materials resistant to hydrogen-assisted

cracking and embrittlement)

9.6 Applications of fuel cells

9.6.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells

9.6.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

9.6.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

9.6.4 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells

9.6.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells

9.6.6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

9.6.7 Solid oxide fuel cells

9.6.8 Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Reference

Exercises

10 Role of materials to advanced nuclear energy

Abstract

10.1 Fission and fusion technologies

10.1.1 Nuclear reactors

10.1.2 Nuclear power fuel resources (fuel cycle)

10.1.3 Fusion energy

10.1.3.1 Magnetic fusion energy

10.1.3.2 Inertial fusion energy

10.2 Materials selection criteria

10.2.1 General considerations

10.2.2 General mechanical properties

10.2.2.1 Fabricability

10.2.2.2 Dimension stability

10.2.2.3 Corrosion resistance

10.2.2.4 Heat transfer properties

10.2.3 Special considerations

10.2.3.1 Neutronic properties

10.2.3.2 Susceptibility to induced radioactivity

10.2.3.3 Radiation stability

10.3 Materials for reactor components

10.3.1 Structure and fuel cladding materials

10.3.1.1 Advanced radiation resistant structural materials

10.3.1.1.1 Ultrahigh strength alloys

10.3.1.1.1 Ultrahigh toughness ceramic composites

10.3.1.2 Advanced refractory, ceramic, graphitic or coated materials

10.3.1.3 Corrosion and damage resistant materials

10.3.1.4 Pressure vessel steel

10.3.1.4.1 Corrosion resistant nickel base alloys

10.3.1.4.2 Dimensionally stable zirconium fuel cladding

10.3.1.5 Ultra high temperature resistance structural materials

10.3.2 Moderators and reflectors

10.3.3 Control materials

10.3.4 Coolants

10.3.5 Shielding materials

10.4 Nuclear fuels

10.4.1 Metallic fuels

10.4.2 Ceramic fuels

10.5 Cladding materials

^ Zirconium-based cladding 3-14

10.5.2 Iron-based cladding 3-19

10.5.3 Advanced gas-cooled reactor cladding 3-19

10.6 Low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter

10.7 Advanced computational materials performance modeling

References

Exercises

11. Emerging materials for energy harvesting

11. 1 Introduction

11.2 Thermoelectric Materials

11.2.1 Characterizations of thermoelectric Materials

11.2.2 Structures

Oxides and Silicides

Half-Heusler compounds

Skutterudite Materials

Clatherate Materials

11.2.3 Properties

Thermal Conductivity

Fermi Surface

Morphology

11.2.4 Nano-materials

11.2.5 Applications

11.3 Piezoelectric Materials

11.3.1 Fundamentals of piezoelectricity

11.3.2 Equivalent circuit of a piezoelectric harvester

11.3.4 Advances of piezoelectric materials

Ceramics

Single crystals

Polymers

Composites

11.3.5 Energy harvesting piezoelectric devices

11.3.6 Applications

11.4 Pyroelectric materials

11.4.1 The pyroelectric effect

11.4.2 Types of pyroelectric materials

11.4.3 Pyroelectric cycles for energy harvesting

11.4.4 Pyroelectric harvesting devices

11.4.5 Applications

11.5 Magnetic Induction system

11.5.1 Architecture and Operational Mechanism

11.5.2 Magnet-through-coil Induction

11.5.2.1 Geometry

11.5.2.2 Magnetic flux Generated by the Bar Magnet

11.5.2.3 Coil Inductance and Resistance

11.5.2.4 Voltage and Power Generation

11.5.3 Magnet-across-coils Induction

11.5.3.1 Geometry

11.5.3.2 Magnetic Field Generated by the Magnets

11.5.3.3 Magnetic Field Generated by Coil Current

11.5.3.4 Coil Self-Inductance, Mutual Inductance, and Resistance

11.5.3.5 Voltage and Power Generation

11.5.4 Magnetic materials

11.5.5 Magnetic devices

11.5.6 Applications

11.6 Mechanoelectric energy harvesting materials

References

Exercises

12 Perspectives and future trends

12.1 Sustainability

12.1.1 Efficient use of energy-intensive materials

12.1.2 Retention of strategic materials

12.1.3 Extraction technologies to recycle strategic materials

12.1.4 Green manufacturing and energy production processes

12.1.5 Mitigation of negative impacts of energy technology and economic growth

12.2 Metamaterials and nanomaterials for energy systems

12.3 Artificial photosynthesis

12.4 Structural power composites

12.5 Future energy storage materials

12.6 Hybrid Alternative Energy Systems

12.6.1 Combining alternative energy components

12.6.2 Uses for hybrid energy systems

12.6.3 Solar and wind power combinations

12.6.4 Pumped-storage and wind generated hydroelectricity

12.6.5 Harvesting zero-point energy from the vacuum

12.6.6 Combined energy harvesting techniques

Reference

Exercises

Rezensionen

"The book fulfills its intension of providing to students in science and engineering a comprehensive understanding of different energy processes and what role materials play in this conjunction. Also, it gives interested engineers and scientists an insight in this matter." (Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 70 (11), 2019)