The historical context is indispensable to understanding the use of the Old Testament in the early Christian tradition. The Jewish milieu of the first century was characterized by diverse interpretations of the Scriptures. Groups such as the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and Zealots had differing views on key theological concepts such as the resurrection, messianism, and the nature of God's covenant with Israel. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran, for instance, reveals a community that saw itself as the "righteous remnant" awaiting divine vindication, interpreting the prophecies of Isaiah and the Psalms through an apocalyptic lens. Into this context stepped Jesus, who positioned himself as the embodiment of the promises made to Israel, declaring in passages such as Luke 4:16-21 that he had come to fulfill the prophetic announcement of liberation and restoration.
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