Jupiter Jupiter, Gas Giants, Outer Planets Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar System, with a mass more than twice that of all the other planets combined. It is a gas giant primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, lacking a solid surface. Its thick atmosphere features colorful cloud bands, massive storms, and powerful winds driven by rapid rotation, completing one rotation in just 9.9 hours. Jupiter's most famous storm, the Great Red Spot, has existed for at least 300 years and is larger than Earth. The planet has a strong magnetic field, over 20,000 times stronger than Earth's, generating intense radiation belts. Jupiter possesses at least 95 confirmed moons, with the four largestIo, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto (the Galilean moons)being some of the most scientifically interesting bodies in the Solar System. Io is the most volcanically active world, Europa has a subsurface ocean that may support life, Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System, and Callisto has one of the most heavily cratered surfaces. Jupiter was first observed with a telescope by Galileo Galilei in 1610, and space missions like Pioneer, Voyager, Galileo, and Juno have provided detailed insights into its atmosphere, magnetic field, and moons. NASA's Juno spacecraft (2016Present) continues to study Jupiter's internal structure, gravity field, and atmospheric dynamics, while future missions like ESA's JUICE (2023 launch, 2031 arrival) and NASA's Europa Clipper (2024 launch, 2030 arrival) aim to explore its moons, particularly Europa, for signs of life. Jupiter's massive size and gravitational influence play a crucial role in shaping the Solar System, affecting the orbits of asteroids and comets, and acting as a potential shield for inner planets from impacts.
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