Until 1918/19, aside from Lutheran and Reformed traditions, no other Protestant confessions or denominations had constitutionally secured rights in the German small states. The author discusses inter-church experiences of churches that were not tolerated throughout history. Both state church traditions found themselves under the far-reaching influences of the political rulers. The lack of religious freedom secured under constitutional law in Germany until 1919 afforded to privileged state churches monopolistic preferential rights that also protected them from pre-reformation movements (such as the Waldenses and the Bohemian Brethren) and from later-appearing minority churches (such as Baptists and Methodists, among others). In the long term, this led to a one-sided understanding of church and initially to ecumenical restraint by virtue of some national affiliation.
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